NRLF 


B   M   315   117 


IWRART 


THE   BOTANICAL  LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT  OF 

MR.  AND    MRS.  T.   S.   BRANDECEE, 
1906 


i 

0 


FLORA    OF    LOS  ANGELES 
AND  VICINITY 


BY 


LE  ROY  ABRAMS,  A.  M. 

INSTRUCTOR  IN  BOTANY  IN  LELAND  STANFORD  JUNIOR  UNIVERSITY 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY,  CAL. 

STANFORD    UNIVERSITY   PRESS 
APRIL  5,   1904 


A'  3  7 


Copyright,  1904,  by  LEROY  ABRAMS 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


PREFACE. 


As  a  student  of  the  flora  of  southern  California,  the 
author  has  long  felt  the  need  of  some  one  book  contain- 
ing descriptions  of  those  plants  known  to  occur  in  our 
region.  While  it  is  essential  that  one  doing  critical 
work  should  laboriously  search  through  scattered  liter- 
ature, the  average  student,  and  especially  the  novice, 
will  find  such  a  course  impossible.  In  an  endeavor  to 
supply  this  need,  the  author  has  written  this  book.  Not 
that  he  feels  that  the  flora  is  so  well  known  that  such  a 
work  will  prove  adequate  for  years  to  come,  but  rather 
to  bring  together  what  knowledge  now  exists  concerning 
the  systematic  side  of  our  most  interesting  plant  life. 
That  many  mistakes  must  unavoidably  occur,  and  that 
many  plants  are  yet  to  be  added,  is  clearly  apprehended. 

The  exact  area  included  in  this  volume  is  the  coast 
slope  of  Los  Angeles  and  Orange  Counties.  This  terri- 
tory comprises  a  large  portion  of  the  great  southern 
California  valley,  as  well  as  the  following  mountain 
ranges,  in  each  of  which  we  name  the  culminating  point  : 
Sierra  Santa  Monica  (Castro  Peak  3946  ft.),  Sierra  San 
Fernando  (San  Fernando  Peak  3793  ft.),  Sierra  San 
Gabriel  (Mt.  Gleason  6493  ft.,  San  Gabriel  Peak  6172  ft., 
Mt.  San  Antonio  10080  ft.),  Sierra  Santa  Ana  (Santiago 
Peak  5675  ft.).  Not  a  few  of  the  more  conspicuous  and 
common  plants  of  southern  California  not  known  to 
occur  within  our  boundaries  are  included,  however,  so 
that  the  student  will  find  that  a  great  majority  of  the 


1477?: 


iv  Preface 

plants  to  be  met  with  on  the  coast  slope  south  of  Point 
Conception  are  described. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  text  the  author  has  made 
frequent  use  of  published  descriptions,  especially  original 
ones,  only  such  changes  being  made  as  seemed  necessary 
either  on  account  of  uniformity  or  to  bring  out  unob- 
served characters.  Published  lists  of  our  local  flora 
have  also  been  constantly  consulted,  but  it  is  only  jus- 
tice to  the  author  to  say  that  he  has  personally  collected 
nearly  all  the  plants  included  in  this  work  and  has 
added  many  species  not  heretofore  reported  from  our 
region.  Duplicates  of  these  specimens,  as  well  as  many 
.others  from  southern  California,  are  to  be  found  in  the 
Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University  Herbarium. 

The  author  wishes  to  express  his  thanks  to  the  follow- 
ing persons  for  assistance  in  various  ways:  Mr.  S.  B. 
Parish,  Dr.  A.  Davidson  and  Dr.  H.  E.  Hasse  for  valuable 
notes;  M*s$  Alice  Eastwood  for  the  privilege  of  examin- 
ing the  niaterial  in  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences 
Herbarium  5  J)r.  N.  L.  Britton,  Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson,  Dr. 
E.  L.  Greene,$r.  P.  A.  Rydberg  and  Dr.  J.  K.  Small  for 
notes  on  doubtful  forms  ;  finally  to  Prof.  William  R. 
Dudley,  who  has  not  otnly  given  many  critical  notes  and 
valuable  suggestions  which  have  aided  greatly  toward 
the  completion  of  the  work,  but  has  also  shown  many 
personal  favors  which  have  rendered  the  task  a  pleasant 
one  to  the  author. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 


SUBKINGDOM  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale.          Class  1.  GYMNOSPERMAE. 
Ovules  and  seeds  contained  in  a  closed  cavity  (ovary). 

Class  2.  ANGIOSPERMAE. 

CLASS  I.  GYMNOSPERMAE. 

Represented  with  us  by  1  family.  PINACEAE,  1. 

CLASS  II.  ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Cotyledons  1 ;  stem  endogenous.  Subclass  1.  MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Cotyledons  2;  stem  exogenous.  Subclass  2.  DICOTYLEDONS. 

SUBCLASS  I.  MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Leaves  usually  parallel-veined;   flowers   mostly  3-merous  or 
6-merous. 

Perianth  of  minute  scales  or  bristles,  or  wanting. 

Flowers  aggregated  on  a  spadix  or  scattered,  the  clusters  surrounded  at 
base  by  a  spathe,  or  foliaceous  or  membranaceous  bract;  perianth  of 
minute  scales  or  bristles,  or  wanting. 
Reed-like  or  flag-like  marsh  plants;  flowers  unisexual. 

TYPHACEAE,  8. 

Immersed  aquatic  plants.  NAIADACEAE,  9. 

Marsh  or  subaquatic  plants;  flowers  perfect.  JDNCAGINACEAE,  14. 

Minute  floating  plants.  LEMNACEAE,  77. 

Flowers  in  the  axils  of  scales  (glumes) ;  perianth  wanting. 

Glumes  2  to  each  flower.  GRAMINEAE,  18. 

Glumes  1  to  each  flower.  CYPERACEAE,  64. 

Perianth  of  6  distinct  chaff-like  scales.  JUNCACEAE,  79. 

Perianth  petalold. 

Carpels  distinct,  numerous.  ALISMACEAE,  16. 

Carpels  united,  usually  3,  forming  a  3-celled  or  3-valved  ovary. 

Ovary  superior.  LILIACEAE,  82. 

Ovary  inferior. 

Stamens  3;  perianth  regular.  IRIDACEAE,  92. 

Stamens  1  or  2;  perianth  irregular.  ORCHIDACEAE,  93. 


vi  Key  to  the  Families 


SUBCLASS  II.  DICOTYLEDONS. 

Leaves  mostly  netted-veined ;    flowers  seldom   3-merous  or 
6-merous,  usually  4-merous  or  5-merous. 

Petals  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other  or  sometimes  wanting,  rarely 
somewhat  united.  Series  1.  CHORIPETALAE. 

Petals  partly  or  wholly  united,  rarely  separate  or  wanting. 

Series  2.  SYMPETALAE. 


SERIES  I.  CHOKIPETALAE. 

Petals  distinct,  at  least  at  base,  except  in  some  species  of 
Silene  and  Crassulaceae. 

Petals  wanting. 

(A)  flowers  unisexual,  one  or  both  kinds  in  aments,'  trees  or  shrubs. 

Staminate  flowers  in  aments,  pistillate  becoming  a  nut. 

Leaves  pinnate.  JUGLANDACEAE,  96. 

Leaves  entire  or  variously  lobed  or  toothed.  FAGACEAE,  104. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  in  aments. 

Leaves  opposite;  flowers  dioecious.  GARRYA,  293. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Pistillate  flowers  becoming  wax-coated  berries.        MYRICACEAE,  97. 
Pistillate  flowers  becoming  capsules.  SALICACEAE,  98. 

Pistillate  flowers  with  their  scales  becoming  a  woody  cone  in  fruit. 

BETCLACEAE,  103. 

(B)  Flowers  not  in  aments. 

*  Ovary  superior. 

1.  HERBS. 
Calyx  and  corolla  both  ivanting. 

Flowers  perfect,  in  spikes,  these  surrounded  at  base  by  a  conspicuous  white 

involucre.  ANEMOPSIS,  96. 

Flowers  monoecious. 
Aquatic  plants. 

Leaves  dissected.  CERATOPHYLLACEAE,  150. 

Leaves  entire.  CALLJTRICHACEAE,  237. 

Terrestial  plants;  flower-clusters  surrounded  by  a  petaloid  involucre; 
ovary  3-celled,  raised  above  the  Staminate  flowers;  the  whole  appear- 
ing as  a  single  flower.  EDPHORBIACEAE,  231. 


Key  to  the  Families  vii 

<Jalyx  present;  corolla  wanting. 

Pistil  ],  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 
Stipules  present. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Stipules  not  sheathing. 

Flowers  monoecious;  herbage  with  stinging  hairs. 

URTICACEAE,  106. 
Flowers  perfect,  fascicled;  diminutive  annual. 

ALCHEMILLA,  202. 
Stipules  sheathing;  calyx  usually  6-parted,  often  petaloid. 

POLYGONACEAE,   110. 

Leaves  opposite,  pungent;  petals  represented  by  minute  scales. 

PENTACAENA,  150. 
:Stipules  none. 

Calyx  petaloid. 

Calyx  6-  (rarely  5-)  parted;  seed  a  3-sided  or  lenticular  achene. 

POLYGONACEAE,  110. 
Calyx  tubular,  its  base  hardening  and  enclosing  the  achene. 

NYCTAGINACEAE,  136. 
Calyx  not  petaloid. 

Sepals  herbaceous;  herbage  more  or  less  succulent  and  scurvy. 

CHENOPODIACEAE,  123. 
Sepals  membranous  or  scarious;  flowers  with  bractlets. 

AMARANTH  ACE  A  E,  132. 

Pistils  several,  distinct,  each  1-celled,  1-ovuled.       THALICTRUM,  156. 
Pistil  1,  3-5-celled;  sepals  sometimes  petaloid;  flowers  perfect. 

AIZOACEAE,  138. 

Pistil  3-celled ;  flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious.      EUPHORBIACEAE,  231. 
Pistil  1,  10-celled;  fruit  a  berry.  PHYTOLACCACEAE,  135. 


2.  TREES  AND  SHRUBS. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Flowers  dioecious;  low  maritime  shrub;  leaves  fleshy. 

BATIDACEAE,  134. 
Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious;  sepals  petaloid;  fruit  a  tailed  achene. 

CLEMATIS,  154. 

Flowers  perfect;  fruit  a  samara.  FRAXINUS,  302. 

X«eaves  alternate. 

Flowers  perfect;  sepals  petaloid. 
Sepals  6;  stamens  9. 

Stamens  opening  by  uplifted  valves;  aromatic  tree. 

LAURACEAE,  157. 
Stamens  splitting  longitudinally;  shrubs. 

ERIOGONUM,  116. 

Calyx  5-cleft;  stamens  5,  monadelphous.          FREMONTODENDRON,  250. 
Flowers  monoecious  in  head-like  clusters.  PLATANACEAE,  194. 

Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual;  sepals  and  stamens  4  or  5;  fruit  berry-like. 

RHAMNUS,  241. 


viii  Key  to  the  Families 


**  Ovary  inferior. 

Herbs;  leaves  alternate,  divided.  DATISCACEAE,  257. 

Woody  plants,  parasitic  on  trees  or  shrubs.  LORANTHACEAE,  1C 


Petals  present. 

*  Ovary  superior. 

\.  STAMENS  HYPOGYNOUS,  MORE  THAN  10. 

Pistils  several  to  many. 

Pistils  simple  and  distinct. 

Pistils  becoming  achenes  or  follicles.  RANUNCULACEAE,  151. 

Pistils  at  first  united,  becoming  distinct  and  forming  tortulose  pods. 

PLATYSTEMON,  159. 

Pistils  cohering  around  a  central  axis.  MALVACEAE,  245. 

Pistil  l. 

Pistil  1-celled. 

Sepals  persistent. 

Sepals  2.  CALANDRINIA,  140. 

Sepals  5,  the  2  outer  smaller,  bract-like.  CISTACEAE,  252. 

Sepals  caducous;  petals  4  or  6,  twice  as  many  as  sepals. 

PAPAVERACEAE,  158. 
Pistil  more  than  1-celled.  MALVACEAE,  245. 


2.  STAMENS  HYPOGYNOUS,  10  OR  FEWER. 

Pistils  more  than  1,  distinct. 

Pistils  exceeding  the  sepals  and  petals  in  number.  RANUNCULACEAE,  151.. 
Pistils,  petals  and  sepals  of  the  same  number.         CRASSULACEAE,  183. 
Pistils  several,  more  or  less  united  around  a  central  axis,  elastically  separ 

ating  as  1-seeded  carpels.  GERANIACEAE,  227. 

Pistil  1. 

Corolla  regular. 
Ovary  1-celled, 

Anthers  opening  by  longitudinal  slits. 

Fruit  a  capsule  dehiscent  at  the  apex  by  valves  or  teeth. 
Placentas  central  or  basal. 

Calyx  tubular  or  of  4-5  distinct  sepals. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  143. 

Calyx  of  2  distinct  sepals.  PORTULACACEAE,  140. 

Placentas  parietal;  calyx  tubular.       FRANKENIACEAE,  251. 
Fruit  indehiscent;  sepals  and  petals  4.  CRDCIFERAE,  164. 
Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves;  shrubby  plants. 

BERBERIDACEAE,  156. 


Key  to  the  Families  ix 


Ovary  more  than  1-celled. 
Herbs. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Calyx  of  2  distinct  sepals.  ELATINACEAE,  251. 

Calyx  tubular.  SILENE,  143. 

Leaves  alternate  or  basal. 

Sepals  and  petals  4;  stamens  6,  sometimes  2  or  4. 

Ovary  1-celled,  stipitate.  CAPPARIDACEAE,  180. 

Ovary  2-celled,  not  stipitate.  CRUCIFERAE,  164. 

Sepals  and  petals  5;  capsule  5-celled. 

Stamens  10;  leaves  3-foliate.  OXALIDACEAE,  228. 

Stamens  10;  leaves  pinnate.  LIMNANTHACEAE,  237. 

Stamens  5;  leaves  simple.  LINACEAE,  229. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Petals  and  sepals  4;  stamens  6;  ovary  stipitate. 

ISOMERIS,    181. 

Petals  and  stamens  2;  fruit  a  simple  samara. 

FRAXINUS,  302. 
Corolla  irregular. 

Stamens  10;  diadelphous  or  monadelphous;  corolla  papilionaceous. 

LEGUMINOSAE,  204. 
Stamens  5;  petals  5,  1  spurred;  sepals  auricled. 

VlOLACEAE,  253. 

Stamens  6;  sepals  2;  petals  4,  in  2  dissimilar  pairs. 

BICDCULLA,  163. 
Stamens  6-8,  monadelphous;  petals  3,  papilonaceous-like. 

POLYGALACEAE,   230. 

3.  STAMENS  PERIGYNOUS. 

Stamens  on  an  hypogynous  disk  or  on  a  disk  lining  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Herbs ;  disk  1-sided.        .  RESEDACEAE,  182. 

Trees  or  shrubs. 

Stamens  equaling  the  petals  in  number  and  opposite  them. 
Shrubs;  petals  commonly  hooded;  ovary  usually  3-celled. 

RHAMNACEAE,  240. 
Woody  vines  climbing  by  tendrils;  petals  early  deciduous. 

VITACEAE,  244. . 

Stamens  exceeding  the  petals  in  number. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Fruit  drupe-like;  styles  or  stigmas  3.  ANACARDACEAE,  238. 
Fruit  a  double  samara;  leaves  simple. 

ACERACEAE,  240. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx. 

Corolla  irregular;  fruit  a  legume.  LEGUMINOSAE,  204. 

Corolla  regular. 

Stamens  more  than  10;  pistils  1-many.         ROSACEAE,  195. 
Stamens  10;  fruit  a  legume.  PROSOPIS,  205. 

Stamens  5-10. 

Calyx  campanulate.  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  188. 

Calyx  tubular.  LYTHRACEAE,  260. 


Key  to  the  Families 
**  Ovary  inferior. 


Trees  and  shrubs. 


Stamens  exceeding  the  petals  in  number;  fruit  a  pome. 

ROSACEAE,  195. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

RHAMNACEAE,  240. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them. 
Leaves  alternate;  fruit  a  smooth  or  prickly  berry. 

RIBES,  192. 
Leaves  opposite;  fruit  drupe-like.  CORNACEAE,  292. 

Herbs. 

Petals  and  stamens  many;  fleshy  maritime  herbs. 

MESEMBRIANTHEMUM,  139. 
Petals  5  or  fewer. 
Style  1. 

Sepals  and  petals  4;  capsule  4-celled.  ONAGRACEAE,  261,  452. 

Sepals  and  petals  5;  capsule  1-celled.  LOASACEAE,  255. 

Sepals  2;  petals  5;  style  3-8-parted;  capsule  1-celled. 

PORTULACA,  142. 
Style  none;  stigmas  4;  aquatic  plants  with  whorled  leaves. 

HALORAGIDACEAE,  273. 

Styles  4-5;  fruit  berry-like.  ARALIACEAE,  274. 

Styles  2;  flowers  umbellate  or  capitate;  fruit  forming  2  1-celled  carpels. 

UMBELLIFERAE,  275. 
Fleshy  spiny  plants,  with  jointed  stems.  CACTACEAE,  257. 


SERIES  II.  SYMPETALAE. 

Petals  united,  at  least  below,  except  in  Pyrolaceae,  Plumbagi- 
naceae  and  Oleaceae. 

*  Ovary  superior. 

Corolla  regular. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla;  anthers  opening  by  pores. 

Petals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  PYROLACEAE,  294. 

Petals  united;  shrubs  or  trees.  ERICACEAE,  295. 

Stamens  adnate  to  the  corolla. 

Stamens  opposite  the  corolla-lobes. 

Style  1 ;  fruit  capsular,  many-seeded.         PRIMULACEAE,  298. 
Styles  5;  fruit  utricular,  1-seeded.  PLUMBAGINACEAE,  SOU 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes. 
Ovaries  2,  separate,  becoming  follicles. 

Filaments  distinct.  APOCYNACEAE,  304. 

Filaments  monadelphous.  ASCLEPIADACEAE,  305. 


Key  to  the  Families  xi 


Ovary  1,  not  lobed. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire.  GENTIANACEAE,  303. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  seldom  entire. 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE,  319. 
Ovary  2-celled;  corolla  not  scarious. 
Leafy  plants. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  SOLANACEAE,  349. 

Sepals  5,  distinct.  CONVOLVULACEAE,  307,  452. 

Leafless  parasitic  plants;  herbage  yellowish. 

CUSCUTACEAE,  310. 

Ovary  3-celled;  styles  3-cleft;  capsule  3-valved. 

POLEMONIACEAE,  311. 

Ovary2-4-celled;  corolla  scarious.         PLANT AGINACEAE,  375. 
Ovary  1,  deeply  4-lobed,  forming  4  nutlets. 

Leaves  alternate.  BORAGINACEAE,  328. 

Leaves  opposite.  MENTHA,  348. 

Corolla  irregular. 
Stamens  4  or  2. 

Ovary  1-celled;  parasitic  plants.  OROBANCHACEAE,  373. 

Ovary  2-celled.  SCROPHDLARIACEAE,  355. 

Ovary  4-celled,  not  lobed,  splitting  into  4  nutlets. 

VERBENACEAE,  336. 

Ovary  4-lobed,  splitting  into  4  nutlets.  LABIATAE,  338. 

Stamens  5;  ovary  2-celled.  VERBASGUM,  356. 

**  Ovary  inferior. 

Stamens  distinct. 

Leaves  alternate.  CAMPANULACEAE,  385. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Stamens  1-3;  slender  spring  annuals.    VALERIANACEAE,  382. 
Stamens  2-4;  stout  late  summer  herbs. 

DIPSACEAE,  383. 
Ovary  2-5-celled. 

Ovary  2-celled;  flowers  regular,  minute;  stems  usually  4-angled. 

RUBIACEAE,  377. 

Ovary  2-5-celled;  flowers  regular  or  irregular. 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE,  380. 

Stamens  united  into  a  tube  around  the  ovary. 
Flowers  not  in  heads. 

Stamens  3;  flowers  regular.  CUCURBITACEAE,  384. 

Stamens  5;  flowers  irregular.  CAMPANULACEAE,  385. 

Flowers  in  heads  on  a  common  receptacle,  ligulate  or  tubular. 

COMPOSITAE,  389. 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


FLORA   OF    LOS   ANGELES 
AND  VICINITY. 


Family  1.  PINACEAE.     PINE  FAMILY. 

Resinous  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  nar- 
row entire  or  scale-like  leaves.  The  wood  uniform  in  tex- 
ture, without  tracheae,  these  marked  by  large  depressed 
disks.  The  pollen  sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate  spikes 
(cones).  Perianth  none.  Stamens  several  together, 
subtended  by  a  scale,  filaments  more  or  less  united  ; 
anthers  2-several-celled,  variously  dehiscent  ;  pollen 
grains  often  provided  with  2  lateral  inflated  sacs. 
Ovules  with  2  integuments,  borne  solitary  or  several  to- 
gether on  the  surface  of  a  scale,  which  is  often  subtended 
by  a  bract.  Fruit  a  cone  with  few-numerous  woody, 
papery  or  fleshy  scales,  sometimes  berry-like.  Seeds 
wingless  or  winged.  Endosperm  copious.  Embryo 
straight  slender.  Cotyledons  2  or  several. 

Leaves  not  scale-like. 

Leaves  usually  fascicled;  cones  maturing  the  second  year. 

1.  PTNUS. 

Leaves  scattered,  appearing  2-ranked;  cones  maturing  the  first  year. 
Cones  pendulous;  bracts  conspicuous.  2.  PSEUDOTSUGA. 

Cones  erect.  3.  ABIES. 

Leaves  scale-like. 

Monoecious;  cones  not  berry-like.  4.  LIBOCEDRDS. 

Dioecious;  cones  with  fleshy  scales,  berry-like.  5.  JUNIPERUS. 


2  Pinaceae 

1.  PINUS  L.     PINE. 

Evergreen  trees  with  2  kinds  of  leaves,  the  primary 
ones  linear  or  scale-like,  deciduous ;  the  secondary  ones 
forming  the  ordinary  foliage,  narrowly  linear,  arising 
from  the  axils  of  the  former  in  fascicles  of  2-5,  or  soli- 
tary in  a  single  species  ;  subtended  by  the  bud  scales, 
some  of  which  are  united  to  form  a  sheath.  Staminate 
cones  borne  at  the  bases  of  the  shoots  of  the  season,  the 
clusters  of  stamens  spirally  arranged  each  in  the  axil  of 
a  minute  scale  ;  filaments  very  short ;  anthers  2-celled, 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovule-bearing  cones  solitary 
or  clustered,  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  year, 
composed  of  numerous  imbricated  minute  bracts,  each 
with  an  ovule-bearing  scale  in  its  axil,  ripening  into  a 
large  cone,  which  matures  the  following  autumn,  its 
scales  elongating  and  becoming  woody.  Seeds  2  on 
the  base  of  each  scale,  winged  above,  the  testa  crusta- 
ceous. 

*  Scales  thin,  with  a  terminal  unarmed  umbo;  leaves  in  5's. 

1.  P.  Lambertiana  Dougl.     (SUGAR  PINE.)     Becoming  a  large 
tree,  with  light  brown  smoothish  bark,  splitting  in  small  sec- 
tions; leaves  8-10  cm.  long,  with  5-6  lines  of  stomata  on  each  of 
the  3  sides;  staminate  cones  oval,  1  cm.  long,  with  10-15  involu- 
cral  scales  ;  anthers  denticulate-crested ;  fruiting  cones  cylindric, 
bright  brown,  2-4  dm.  long,  8-10  cm.  broad,  on  peduncles  8 
cm.   long;    seeds  smooth,    black,  12  mm.  long;    wing  scarcely 
twice  as  long,  widest    below    the    middle,   obtuse;    cotyledons 
13-15. 

Frequent  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  6000-8000 
feet  altitude. 

2.  P.  flexilis  James.     A  middle-sized  tree  with  furrowed  gray 
bark;  leaves  5,  3-6  cm.  long,  thick  and   rigid;  staminate  cones 
oval,  12-14  mm.  long,  involucral  bracts  8-9;  anthers  tipped  by 
a  spur;  fruiting  cones  oval  to  subcylindric,  8-16  cm.  long,  light 
brown,  scales  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex;  seeds  oval,  com- 


Pine  Family  3 

pressed,  8-12  mm.  long;  wing  minute,  scarcely  exceeding  1  mm. 
in  width,  usually  remaining  attached  to  the  scale. 

Summits  of  San  Gorgonio,  San  Jacinto  and  Santa  Rosa  Mountains. 

**  Scales  with  a  thickened,  usually  awned  umbo. 
•*-  Staminate  cones  3-6  mm.  long;  leaves  1-5  in  a  cluster,  5  cm.  long 
or  less. 

3.  P.  monophylla  Torr.  &  Frem.     (NuT  PINE.)     A  small  tree, 
5-8  m.  high,  with  irregularly  spreading  branches  and  pale  flaky 
bark;    leaves  short,  spiny-tipped,  solitary,  terete,  3-5  cm.  long; 
staminate  cones  oval  with  6  involucral    bracts;    fruiting  cones 
3-6  cm.  long  and  nearly  as  broad,  bright  green,  apex  of  scale 
thickened,  4-angled,  narrowed  into  a  prominent  knob  with  a  usu- 
ally   truncate  umbo  ending  in  a  minute  incurved  tip;    seeds 
oblong,    12-20   mm.   long;    wing  light    brown,  8-12   mm.  wide, 
remaining  attached  to  the  scale. 

Frequent  on  the  desert  slopes  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains. 

4.  P.  quadrifolia  Parl.    (PARRY'S  PINE.)    A  small  tree,  6-10  m. 
high,  with  around  top;  bark  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  divi- 
ded by  shallow  fissures;  leaves  3-5  (mostly  4)  in  a  sheath,  stout, 
glaucous,  30-45  mm.  long  ;  staminate  cones  oval,  about  5  mm. 
long,  surrounded  by  4  conspicuous  bracts;  fruiting  cones   sub- 
globose,  3-5  cm.   broad;    scales  thickened    at    apex,    rounded, 
conspicuously  keeled,  narrowed  with  a  central  knob  terminating 
in  a  truncate  or  concave  umbo,  armed  with  a  minute  recurved 
mucro,  bright  chestnut  brown,  the  rest  of  the  scale  dull  red; 
seeds  oval,  10-16  mm.  long;    wings  brown,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
remaining  attached  to  the  scale.     (P.  Parry  ana  Engelm.) 

Santa  Rosa  Mountains,  Hall.   First  collected  at  Larkin's  Station  near  the 
Mexican  boundary  by  Parry. 

•*-  •*-  Staminate  cones  10-50  mm.  long;  leaves  2-5  in  a  cluster,  usually 
over  10  cm.  long. 

5.  P.  Torreyana  Parry.    (DEL  MAR  or  TORREY  PINE.)    A  small 
tree,  6-10  m.  high,  with  spreading  branches  and  dark  brownish 
bark;  leaves  5  in  a  cluster,  crowded   at  the  ends   of   the  thick 
branchlets,  stout,  20-28  cm.  long;  staminate  cones    cyclindric, 
about  5  cm.  long  and  8  mm.  thick,  involucral  bracts  14;  fruiting 
cones   broadly  ovate,  10-15  cm.   long,   chocolate  brown;   scales 


4  Pinaceae 

much  thickened  at  apex  into  broad  straight  or  reflexed  umbos 
terminating  in  minute  spines;  seeds  oval,  16-20  mm.  long,  nearly 
enclosed  by  the  thickened  rim  of  the  dark  brown  wings,  these 
8-10  mm.  wide. 

Delmar,  San  Diego  County;  Santa  Rosa  Island. 

6.  P.  ponderosa  Dougl.  (YELLOW  PINE.)  A  large  tree  with  very 
thick  red-brown  bark;  deeply  furrowed  and  split  in  large  plates; 
leaves  3  in  each  cluster  on  stout  branchlets,  dark  green,  15-25 
cm.  long;  staminate  cones  cylindric,  35-50  mm.  long,  involucral 
bracts   10-12;  fruiting   cones   oval,  7-12   cm.  long,  rich    brown; 
scales  thickened  into  a  central  knob  terminating  in  compressed 
straight  or  recurved  umbos,  awned    with  slender  spines ;  seeds 
ovate,  acute,  about  8  mm.  long,  c'oat  nearly  black,  rugose;  wing 
thin,  pale  brown,  25-30  mm.  long  and  about  20  mm.  wide  below 
the  middle. 

Common  on  all  our  mountains,  making  up  a  greater  part  of  the  coniferous 
forests.    The  cones  usually  fall  during  the  autumn  and  winter  after  maturity. 

7.  P.  Jeffrey!  Oreg.  Com.  (JEFFREY  PINE.)  Closely  resembling 
the  preceding  in  foliage  and  habit;  bark  deeply  furrowed,  not 
split  in  large  plates,  dark;  staminate  cones  3  cm.  long;  fruiting 
cones  oval,  rather  rich  brown,  15-30  cm.  long;  seeds  8-10  mm. 
long;  wings  about  25  mm.  long. 

With  the  last,  but  much  less  common.    Rather  frequent  in  the  San  Ber- 
nardino Mountains,  especially  about  Bear  Valley. 

8.  P.  Murray  ana  Oreg.  Com.     (MURRAY  PINE  or  TAMARACK 
PINE.)    Becoming  a  rather  large  tree,  15-40  m.  high  ;  bark  rather 
finely  furrowed,  grayish-brown;  leaves  2,  25-75  mm.  long,  very 
stout  and  rigid;  sheaths  8-12  mm.  long  when  young;  staminate 
cones  with  6-8   involucral   bracts,  cylindric,  10-15    mm.   long; 
fruiting  cones  clustered  or  in  pairs,  oval  or  subcylindric,  oblique, 
2-5  cm.  long;  scales  armed  with  slender  recurved  prickles;  seeds 
scarcely  2  mm.  long,  dark  brown   mottled  with   black;  wings 
light  brown,  widest  above  the  base,  tapering  to  apex,  12-15  mm. 
long. 

Frequent  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  coniferous  forests.     Mt.  San  An- 
tonio; Bear  Valley;  Mt.  San  Gorgonio;  Mt.  San  Jacinto. 

9.  P.  Sabiniana  Dougl.     (DIGGER  PINE  or  SILVER  PINE.)    A 
rather  small  open-topped  irregularly  branched  tree;  leaves  3  in  a 
cluster,  drooping,  light  green  or  glaucous,  2-3  cm.  long;  stami- 
nate cones  oblong,  about  2  cm.  long,  with  10-15  involucral  bracts; 


Pine  Family  5 

fruiting  cones  lateral,  short  oval,  acutish,  15-25  cm.  long,  10-15 
cm.  in  diameter,  deep  chestnut-brown;  scales  produced  into 
prominent  knobs  awned  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  incurved 
spines;  seeds  subcylindric,  dark,  18-24  mm.  long;  wing  about 
half  as  long. 

Antelope  Valley,  ranging  northward  to  the  upper  Sacramento.  Confined 
to  the  foothills. 

10.  P.  Coulter!  Lamb.   (COULTER'S  PINE.)  A  middle-sized  tree, 
with  thick  rough  bark ;  leaves  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  thick 
branches  in  clusters  of  3,  stiff  and  erect,   15-25  cm.  long,  dark 
blue-green;  staminate    cones  cylindric,   35-40  mm.   long,  with 
8-10  involucral  bracts;  fruiting  cones  long-oval,  pointed,  25-35 
cm.   long,  10-12  cm.  thick,  yellowish-brown,    persistent;   scales 
with  a  stout  elongated  urnbo  armed  with  thick  incurved  spines ; 
seeds  oval,  black,  12-16  mm.  long;  wing  20-30  mm.  long. 

Rather  frequent  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  San  Bernardino,  San 
Jacinto  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains,  4500-7000  feet  altitude.  Not  yet  reported 
from  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains. 

11.  P.  attenuata  Lemmon.   (KNOB-CONE  PINE.)  A  small  tree 
usually   less  than  10  m.  high,  somewhat  irregularly  branched; 
bark  light  brown,  roughish  ;  leaves  in  clusters  of  3,  10-15  cm. 
long, dark  green;  staminate  cones,  cylindric,  14-15  cm.  long,  with 
6  involucral  bracts ;  fruiting  cones  clustered  in  verticils,  persistent 
for  many  years,  light  chestnut-brown  becoming  grayish,  elon- 
gated-conic, oblique  at  the  base,  8-14  cm.  long;  scales  armed 
with   stout  prickles;   seeds  black,  grooved,  6  rnm.  long;  wing 
14-16    mm.   long,    widest     near     the    middle.     (P.    tuberculata 
Gordon.) 

Extending  in  a  narrow  belt  along  the  southern  slope  of  the  San  Bernar- 
dino Mountains,  2500-4000  feet  altitude. 

2.  PSEUDOTSUGA  Carr.     FALSE  SPRUCE. 

Evergreen  trees  with  flat  petioled  leaves,  appearing 
2-ranked  by  a  twist  of  the  petiole,  leaving  an  oval  scar 
on  the  smooth  branches.  Staminate  cones  oblong  or  cylin- 
dric, partly  enclosed  by  conspicuous  orbicular  bud-scales, 
scales  ending  in  a  short  spur  ;  anthers  2,  obliquely  split- 
ting. Pistillate  cones  with  the  scales  much  shorter  than 
the  broadly  linear  acutely  2-lobed  and  long-pointed 


6  Pinaceae 

aristulate  bracts,  maturing  the  first  year.  Seeds  without 
resinous-resides,  the  wing  at  last  breaking  off ;  coty- 
ledons 6-12. 

1.  P.  macrocarpa  (Torr.)  Mayr.  (BIG-CONE  SPRUCE.)  Tree 
12-18  m.  high,  rarely  1  m.  in  diameter,  branches  spreading; 
leaves  rather  narrow,  acutish;  staminate  cones  about  2  cm. 
long;  fruiting  cones  12-18  cm.  long,  5-6  cm.  thick;  scales  large, 
rather  thick;  bracts  somewhat  exceeding  the  scales;  seeds  in- 
cluding wing  about  10  mm.  long;  cotyledons  9-12. 

Rather  common  in  all  our  mountains  except  the  Santa  Monica.  Ranging 
mostly  from  2000-5000  feet  altitude,  being  confined  for  the  most  part  to 
canyons  and  north  slopes  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and 
extending  into  the  pine  belt. 

3.  ABIES  Link.     FIR. 

Evergreen  trees  with  sessile  leaves  appearing  2-ranked 
by  a  twist  of  the  petiole  leaving  a  circular  scar  on  the 
smooth  branches,  more  or  less  flattened  and  emarginate, 
bearing  stomata  only  or  mainly  on  the  lower  surface, 
with  2  longitudinal  resin-ducts  mostly  close  to  the  epi- 
dermis on  the  lower  side.  Staminate  cones  oval  or  cylin- 
dric,  scales  terminating  in  a  knob,  bearing  2  anthers, 
these  transversely  dehiscent.  Pistillate  cones  erect,  the 
bract  much  larger  than  the  scale.  Fruiting  cones  erect, 
maturing  the  first  year,  scales  and  enclosed  or  exserted 
membranous  bracts  falling  at  maturity  from  the  persist- 
ent axis.  Seeds  partly  and  permanently  enclosed  by 
the  base  of  the  wing.  Cotyledons  4-10. 

1.  A.  concolor  (Gord.)  Parry.  (WHITE  FIR.)  Often  becoming 
a  large  tree  with  rough  grayish  bark;  leaves  obtuse,  pale  green, 
with  stomata  on  both  sides,  2-3  cm.  long  or  on  young  trees  often 
5  cm.  long,  convex  above,  somewhat  falcate ;  mature  cones  oblong- 
cylindric,  8-12  cm.  long,  3-4  cm.  thick,  pale  green;  scales  24-30 
mm.  broad,  but  little  over  half  as  long;  bracts  short  enclosed, 
truncate  or  emarginate,  with  or  without  a  short  rnucro;  wing  of 
the  seeds  oblique,  as  broad  as  long;  cotyledons  5-7. 

Frequent  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino, 
San  Jacinto  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 


Pine  Family  '  7 

4.  L.IBOCEDRUS  Endl.     INCENSE  CEDAR. 

Evergreen  aromatic  trees  with  thin  fibrous  bark  and 
scattered  flattened  branches.  Leaves  scale-like  adnate 
and  imbricate  in  4  rows,  oblong,  with  free  acute  tips, 
somewhat  dimorphous.  Staminate  cones  of  12-16  sub- 
peltate  broadly  ovate  pointed  scales,  bearing  usually 
4  pollen-sacs.  Pistillate  cones  composed  of  4-6  small 
coriaceous  valvate  scales,  only  the  middle  pair  fertile  ; 
ovules  2.  Mature  cones  oblong,  scales  oblong ;  seeds 
unequally  2-winged,  maturing  the  first  year. 

1.  L.  decurrens  Torr.  Mostly  a  rather  small  tree  with  bright 
cinnamon-red  bark  and  spreading  branches;  leaves  pale  green, 
4-8  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  without  glands,  nearly  covering  the 
flattened,  obscurely  pitted  inner  ones;  staminate  cones  oblong- 
ovate,  5-6  mm.  long;  fruiting  cones  2  cm.  long  and  about  8  mm, 
thick ;  scales  with  short  somewhat  recurved  mucro ;  seeds  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 8-12  mm.  long,  the  narrow  outer  wing  scarcely 
longer,  the  inner  broader  and  nearly  equaling  the  scale. 

Frequent  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino, 
San  Jacinto  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

5.  JUNIPEBUS  L.     JUNIPER. 

Low  dioecious  or  monoecious  shrubs  or  trees,  with 
mostly  thin  shredded  bark  and  evergreen  binate  or  ter- 
nate,  free  and  subulate  or  adnate  and  scale-like  leaves, 
not  2-ranked.  Cones  small  solitary  axillary  or  terminal 
upon  short  lateral  branchlets  ;  scales  few,  decussately 
binate  or  ternate.  Staminate  cones  oblong-ovate  ;  an- 
ther-cells 4-8  under  each  shield-shaped  scale.  Pistillate 
cone  of  2  or  3  series  of  fleshy  scales,  with  2  erect  ovules  to 
each  scale,  becoming  united  into  a  blue-black  or  reddish 
drupe  in  fruit  and  ripening  the  second  year.  Seeds  1-12, 
bony  ;  cotyledons  usually  2,  rarely  4-6. 

1.  J.  Californica  Carr.  Shrub  usually  much  branched, 
with  stout,  spreading  branches  and  branchlets;  leaves  ternate, 


8  Typhaceae 

short  and  thick,  mostly  acute,  grayish  green ;  fruit  oblong-ovate, 
reddish,  dry  and  sweetish,  10-14  mm.  long,  of  6  or  rarely  4  scales, 
usually  1-seeded;  seed  8-12  mm.  long,  smooth,  often  angled  or 
grooved,  brown  with  a  whitish  2-3-lobed  hilum  ;  cotyledons  4-6. 

San  Fernando  Valley  and  San  Gabriel  Wash  near  the  mouth  of  the  can- 
yon. Common  on  the  desert  slope. 

2.  J.  occidentalis  Hook.  Usually  a  small  tree,  6-12  m.  high ; 
fruit  blue- black,  resinous-fleshy ;  seeds  deeply  pitted ;  cotyledons  2. 

Summit  of  Mt.  San  Antonio  and  in  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino 
Mountains. 

Family  2.  TYPHACEAE.     CAT-TAIL  FAMILY. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks  and 
solid  cylindric  stems,  bearing  long  linear  alternate 
leaves.  Flowers  monoecious,  in  dense  spikes  or  heads. 
Perianth  composed  of  bristles  or  irregular  scales.  Sta- 
mens 2-7,  filaments  distinct  or  connate.  Ovary  stipitate 
or  sessile,  1-2-ovuled.  Fruit  nut-like ;  endosperm 
copious. 

Flowers  in  spikes.  1.  TYPHA. 

Flowers  in  heads.  2.  SPARGANIUM. 

1.  TYPHA  L.     CAT-TAIL. 

Stems  tall  simple  terminating  in  a  long  spike,  the 
staminate  portion  above  contiguous  with  the  pistillate 
below  or  separate.  Perianth  of  numerous  fine  bristles. 
Filaments  connate.  Nuts  small,  enveloped  in  a  copious 
down. 

1.  T.  latifolia  L.     Stems    stout,  1.5-3  m.  high;  leaves  long, 
6-20  mm.  wide,  sheathing  at  base;  spike  15-25  cm.  long,  20  mm. 
or  more  in  diameter,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  portions  usually 
contiguous;  stigmas  rhomboid  or  spatulate;  pollen  grains  in  4's; 
fruit  furrowed,   bursting  in   water;    seeds  with   separate  outer 
coat. 

Frequent  throughout  our  range  along  the  margins  of  marshes  or  slow- 
running  streams.  May-July. 

2.  T.  angustifolia  L.     Stems  slender,  1.5-3.5  m.  high;  leaves 
4-9  mm.  wide;  spikes  15-30  cm.  long,  4-15  mm.  in  diameter,  the 


Naiadaceae  9 

staminate  and  pistillate  portions  usually  distant;  stigmas  linear 
or  linear-oblong;  pollen  grains  simple;  fruit  not  furrowed,  not 
bursting  in  water,  outer  coat  not  separable. 

In  similar  places,  but  not  common.  Near  Los  Angeles,  Davidson;  San 
Bernardino,  Parish. 

2.  SPABGANIUM  L.     BUR-REED. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  stems.  Flowers  in  globose  heads  along  the 
upper  portions  of  the  stem  and  branches,  the  upper 
heads  staminate  ;  the  lower  pistillate,  in  the  axils  of  leaf- 
like  bracts.  Perianth  of  minute  irregular  scales.  Sta- 
mens with  long  slender  distinct  filaments.  Ovaries  ses- 
sile, mostly  1-celled.  Fruit  nut-like. 

1.  S.  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Stems  rather  stout,  1-2.5  m.  high, 
branching;  leaves,  linear  flat,  slightly  keeled  beneath,  the  lowest 
1-1.5  m.long,  the  upper  shorter;  staminate  heads  numerous; 
pistillate  heads  2-4,  sessile  or  more  commonly  peduncled,  com- 
pact, 20-40  mm.  in  diameter  when  mature;  style  1;  stigmas  1-2; 
nutlets  sessile,  6-10  mm.  long;  perianth  segments  as  many  as 
the  angles  of  the  fruit  or  with  2-3  outer  ones,  spatulate  or  eroded, 
equaling  the  fruit. 

Occasional  along  streams,  usually  growing  with  Typha.  Ballona  Creek; 
New  River  near  Alamitos.  May-June. 

Family  3.  NAIADACEAE.     PONDWEED  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  plants  entirely  submerged  or  with  floating 
leaves.  Stems  jointed,  usually  branched.  Leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate  or  with  broad  floating  blades,  sheathing 
at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  naked  or  with  herbaceous 
or  hyaline  perianth,  commonly  borne  on  a  spike  or  spa- 
dix.  Stamens  1-6,  with  extrorse  anthers.  Ovaries 
mostly  distinct,  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Carpels  rarely  dehis- 
cent ;  endosperm  none  ;  embryo  often  curved. 


10  Naiadaceae 

Flowers  perfect. 

Perianth  of  4  distinct  segments.  1.  POTAMOGETON. 

Perianth  none.  2.  RUPPIA. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Fresh-water  plants;  flowers  monoecious. 

Leaves  entire.  3.  ZANNICHKLLIA. 

Leaves  spiny-toothed  on  the  margins.  4.  NAIAS. 

Marine  plants. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  carpels  ovoid.  5.  ZOSTERA. 

Flowers  dioecious;  carpels  heart-shaped.  6.  PHYLLOSPADIX. 

1.  POTAMOGETON  L.     PONDWEED. 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  the  uppermost 
often  opposite,  often  of  2  kinds,  submerged  and  float- 
ing, the  floating  elliptic  or  ovate,  the  submerged  linear. 
Spikes  sheathed  by  the  stipules  in  the  bud.  Peduncles 
axillary,  bearing  small  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  segments 
4,  herbaceous  concave,  valvate  in  the  bud,  short-clawed. 
Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  perianth  segments  ; 
anthers  sessile.  Ovaries  4,  sessile  distinct  1-celled, 
1-ovuled,  attenuate  into  a  short  erect  or  recurved  style. 

*  With  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 

1.  P.  natans  L.     Stems   1-1.5   m.   long,   simple  or  sparingly 
branched;     floating    leaves    thick    ovate-elliptic    to    lanceolate, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  4-8  cm.  long,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  petiole;  submerged  leaves  reduced  to  phyllodes  or  bladeless 
petioles;    peduncle  as  thick  as  the  stem,  4-8  cm.  long;  spike 
dense,  4  cm.  long;  fruit  turgid,  4  mm.  long,  narrowly  obovoid; 
nutlet  pitted  on  the  sides,  2-grooved  on  the  back. 

Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mountains.    Not  known  within  our  limits. 

2.  P.  lonchites  Tuckerm.     Stems  1-2  m.  long,  much  branched ; 
floating  leaves  rather  thin,  elliptic,  pointed  at  both  ends,  5-10 
cm.   long;  submerged  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  10-15  cm.  long, 
4-20  mm.  wide,  rounded  at  base  or  tapering  into  a  petiole;  stip- 
ules 2-8  cm.  long,  free  from  the  leaves;    peduncles    thickening 
upward,  4-6  cm.  long;  spikes  dense,  2-4  cm.  long;  fruit  4  mm. 
long,  obliquely  obovoid,  sides  smooth,  3-keeled  on  the  back.     (P. 
fluitans  Roth.?) 

Occasional  in  ponds  in  the  valley  region. 


Pondweed  Family  11 

**  With  submerged  leaves  only. 

3.  P.  foliosus  Californicus  Morong.    Stems  0.3-1  m .  long,  much 
branched,  flattened  or  winged;  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide, 
3-nerved  or  sometimes   5-nerved  toward  the  base;  stipules  free 
from  the  leaves,  small,  white,  becoming  setose;  peduncles  8-12 
mm.  long,  erect,  clavate,  flattened;  spikes subcapitate,  6-12-flow- 
ered;  fruit  lenticular  or  nearly  orbicular,  about  2mm.  long,  3- 
keeled  on  the  back,  middle   keel  winged,  sinuate-dentate,  face 
strongly   angled  or  arched;    style  apical.     (P.  pauciflorus  Cali- 
fornicus Morong.) 

Occasional  in  streams  and  irrigating  ditches  in  our  interior  valleys. 
June-September. 

4.  P.  pectinatus  L.     Stems    0.3-1    m.    long,    slender,  much 
branched,  branches  repeatedly  forking;  leaves  setaceous,  attenu- 
ate to  the  apex,  1-nerved,  often  capillary  and  nerveless,  2-10  cm. 
long;    stipules  half    free,  1-2  cm.  long,  their    sheaths    scarious 
on  the  margins;  peduncles  filiform,  4-10  cm.  long;  spike  1-4  cm. 
long;  flowers  in  whorls;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  about  4  mm. 
long,  with  two  obscure  lateral  ridges  on  the  back ;  style  straight 
or  curved,  facial. 

Common  in  streams  and  ponds.    May-August. 

2.  BUPPIA  L.     DITCH-GRASS. 

Stems  capillary,  widely  branched.  Leaves  all  sub- 
merged very  slender  attenuate  1-nerved,  with  mem- 
branous sheaths  at  the  base.  Flowers  on  a  capillary 
spadix-like  peduncle  naked  perfect,  consisting  of  2  ses- 
sile anthers,  2-celled,  attached  by  the  back  to  the 
peduncle,  having  between  them  several  pistillate  flowers 
with  sessile  peltate  stigmas  in  2  sets  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  rachis,  the  whole  at  first  enclosed  in  the  sheathing 
base  of  the  leaf  ;  in  development  the  peduncle  elongates, 
bearing  the  pistillate  flowers  at  the  end  ;  fertilization 
takes  place  at  the  surface,  after  which  the  peduncle  coils 
up.  Fruit  a  small  obliquely  pointed  drupe,  pedicelled. 

1.  B.  maritixna  L.  Stems  0.5-1  m.  long;  leaves  4-6  cm.  long; 
sheaths  membranous,  6-8  mm.  long;  peduncles  4-20  cm.  long  or 


12  Naiadaceae 

more  in  fruit;  pedicels  1-3  cm.  long  at  maturity;  drupes  with  a 
hard  shell,  2  mm.  long,  ovoid  oblique  or  gibbous  at  base,  pointed 
with  the  long  style. 

.Brackish  streams  along  the  coast.    June-August. 

3.  ZANNICHELLIA  L.     HORNED  PONDWEED. 

Stems  capillary,  sparsely  branched  from  a  creeping  rhi- 
zome. Leaves  all  submerged,  filiform  but  flat,  1-nerved. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  axil,  en- 
closed in  the  bud  by  a  hyaline  spathe-like  envelope; 
staminate  solitary,  with  2-celled  anther  on  a  short  pedi- 
cel-like filament ;  pistillate  2-5.  Ovary  flask-shaped, 
istipulate  at  base,  tapering  into  a  short  style  with  a  broad 
€up-shaped  stigma,  its  margins  angled  or  dentate.  Fruit 
a  flattish  falcate  nutlet,  ribbed  or  sometimes  toothed  on 
the  back. 

1.  Z.  palustris  L.  Stems  3-6  dm.  high;  leaves  2-6  cm.  long; 
fipathe  separating  from  the  leaves  and  fruit  at  maturity ;  fruits 
2-6  in  a  cluster,  2-4  mm.  long,  sessile  or  short  pedicelled,  some- 
times the  whole  cluster  peduncled ;  style  persistent,  straight  or 
curved,  1-2  mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  marshes  and  ponds. 

4.  NAIAS  L.     NAIAD. 

Stems  slender,  branching,  from  fibrous  roots.  Leaves 
all  submerged,  opposite  or  whorled,  spiny-toothed, 
sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious, 
axillary,  solitary,  sessile  or  pedicelled.  Staminate  with  a 
double  perianth ;  the  outer  entire  or  4-toothed  at  the  apex, 
the  inner  one  hyaline,  adhering  to  the  anthers.  Stamens 
sessile  or  stalked  ;  anthers  1-4-celled,  apiculate  or  2-lobed 
at  the  summit.  Pistillate  flowers  of  a  single  ovary, 
which  tapers  into  a  short  style  ;  stigmas  2-4,  subulate. 
Fruit  a  solitary  carpel,  sessile,  ellipsoidal,  with  a  crusta- 
ceous  pericarp. 


Pondweed  Family  13 

1.  N.  flexilis  (Willd.)  R.  &  S.  Stem  slender,  forking;  leaves 
linear  pellucid,  acuminate  or  acute,  1-2  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide, 
numerous  and  crowded  on  the  upper  branches  with  25-30  minute 
teeth  on  each  margin ;  fruit  2-4  mm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.  in  diameter ; 
style  long,  persistent;  stigmas  short. 

Near  Soldiers'  Home,  Ifasse,  Davidson. 

4.  ZOSTEBA  L.     EEL-GRASS. 

Marine  plants,  wholly  submerged,  with  slender  root- 
stocks  and  branching  compressed  stems.  Leaves 
2-ranked,  sheathing  at  the  base,  the  sheaths  with  in- 
flexed  margins.  Spadix  linear,  contained  in  a  spathe. 
Flowers  monoecious,  arranged  alternately  in  2  rows  on 
the  spadix.  Staminate  flower  merely  an  anther  attached 
to  the  spadix  near  its  apex,  1-celled  ;  pollen  thread-like. 
Pistillate  flower  fixed  on  its  back  near  the  middle. 
Ovary  1  ;  style  elongated  ;  stigmas  capillary.  Mature 
carpels  flask-shaped,  beaked  by  the  persistent  style. 
Seeds  ribbed  ;  embryo  ellipsoidal. 

1.  Z.  marina  L.  Leaves  ribbon-like,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  0.5-2 
m.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide;  spadix  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  about  6 
mm.  long,  crowded. 

Shoal  waters  in  bays  on  muddy  bottoms.    San  Pedro. 

5.  PHYLLOSPADIX  HOOK. 

Submerged  marine  plants  with  thickened  rootstocks 
and  slender  stems,  which  bear  the  inflorescence  at  the 
summit  or  in  clusters  along  the  upper  part.  Leaves 
linear,  sheathing.  Flowers  dioecious  in  spathes  like 
those  of  Zostera.  Spathes  with  membranous  edges,  the 
back  thickened  and  terminating  in  long  leaf-like  ap- 
pendages. Spadix  with  a  series  of  short  dilated  foli- 
aceous  flaps,  which  close  over  the  flower,  spreading  open 
at  maturity.  Staminate  flowers  of  numerous  sessile 
stamens  in  2  rows  ;  anthers  1-celled.  Pistillate  of  sim- 
ple sessile  ovaries,  attenuate  into  a  short  style  ;  stigmas 


14  Juncaginaceae 

2,  capillary.     Fruit  beaked  by  the  short  persistent  style, 
cordate-sagittate. 

1.  P.  Torreyi  Wats.  Stems  slender,  flat,  0.5  m.  long  or  more, 
bearing  the  spathes  in  clusters  along  the  upper  part ;  leaves  4-8 
cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  thick  and  smooth;  sheaths  long,  their 
margins  membranous;  spathes  3-5  in  a  cluster,  2-4  cm.  long, 
slightly  curved;  appendages  of  the  pistillate  spadix  elliptic,  of 
the  staminate  oblong-ovate;  fruit  heart-shaped,  5  mm.  long. 

Growing  on  rocks  which  are  uncovered  at  low  tide.    San  Pedro;  La  Jolla. 

Family  4.  JUNCAGINACEAE.     ARROW-GRASS 
FAMILY. 

Marsh  plants  with  rush-like  or  cylindric  leaves. 
Flowers  spicate,  racemose  or  solitary,  perfect  or  monoe- 
cious. Perianth  none,  1-bracted  or  4— 6-parted.  Stamens 
1  or  3-6.  Ovaries  1  or  3-6,  when  more  than  1  they  are 
more  or  less  united  while  immature.  Seeds  anatropous  ; 
embryo  straight. 

Flowers  perfect ;  perianth  segments  3-6.  1.  TRIGLOCHIN. 

Flowers  polygamous ;  perianth  wanting.  2.  LILAEA. 

1.  TBIGLOCHIN  L.     ARROW-GRASS. 

Marsh  plants  with  radical  semiterete  fleshy  leaves, 
which  have  membranous  sheaths  at  the  base.  Flowers 
small  perfect  in  spikes  or  racemes,  on  long  smooth  naked 
scapes.  Perianth  segments  3-6,  concave,  the  3  inner  in- 
serted higher  up  than  the  others  when  present.  Sta- 
mens 3-6 ;  anthers  2-celled  extrorse  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  segments  and  deciduous 
with  them.  Ovaries  6,  united  or  rarely  free,  1-celled  ; 
style  short ;  stigmas  as  many  as  ovaries,  plumose. 
Fruit  of  3-6  oblong  or  ovoid  carpels,  when  ripe  separat- 
ing from  the  base  upward  from  a  persistent  central  axis, 
dehiscing  by  a  ventral  suture. 


Arrow-grass  Family  15 

1.  T.  maritima  L.  Perennial  plants  with  a  long  rootstock  and 
a  thick  caudex,  which  is  usually  covered  with  the  sheaths  of  old 
leaves;  spathes  stout,  2-4  dm.  high,  commonly  solitary;  leaves 
much  shorter  than  the  scapes,  tapering  to  a  long  acute  or  obtuse 
point,  4-6  mm.  wide;  racemes  4-10  cm.  long;  pedicels  decurrent, 
2-5  mm.  long;  perianth  segments  6,  the  3  inner  smaller,  ovate, 
greenish-white;  stamens  6;  ovaries  6,  united,  each  1-celled, 
1-ovuled ;  carpels  3-angled,  with  the  dorsal  angles  making  a 
broad  groove  on  the  back,  5-6  mm.  long;  stigmas  persistent  and 
recurved. 

Salt  marshes  along  the  coast. 

2.  LILAEA  H.  B.  K. 

Subaquatic  stemless  annuals,  with  simple  slender 
scapes  and  radical  leaves,  which  are  slightly  dilated  at 
base.  Flowers  polygamous,  the  one  sort  solitary,  pistil- 
late and  disposed  among  the  leaves  at  the  base,  with 
long  thread-like  styles  ;  the  other  monoecious,  in  dense 
spikes  at  the  apex  of  slender  scapes.  Staminate  flowers 
imbricated  in  narrow  oblong  spikes  ;  anthers  nearly  ses- 
sile in  the  axis  of  a  white  linear  petaloid  bract.  Pistil- 
late flowers  imbricated  in  conical  crowded  spikes,  bract- 
less,  consisting  of  a  1-celled,  1-ovuled  ovary  ;  stigma 
capitate.  Fruit  ovoid,  costate,  indehiscent. 

1.  L.  subulata  H.  B.  K.  Leaves  cylindric,  numerous,  12-20 
cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  in  diameter,  tapering  to  a  point  at  the  apex; 
scapes  8-16  cm.  high,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  terete;  styles  of 
the  solitary  flowers  often  12  cm.  long  and  tipped  with  a  capi- 
tate stigma;  fruit  6  mm.  long. 

Occasional  about  San  Bernardino,  Parish.  Frequent  about  San  Diego  and 
in  the  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 


16  Alismaceae 


Family  5.  AL.ISMACEAE.  WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  scapose  stems  and  radi- 
cal long  petioled  sheathing  leaves.  Inflorescence  race- 
mose or  paniculate.  Flowers  regular  perfect,  monoecious 
or  dioecious,  pedicelled  ;  the  pedicels  in  whorls  and  sub- 
tended by  bracts.  Perianth  segments  6,  the  outer  3 
small  herbaceous  persistent ;  the  inner  3  larger  and  peta- 
loid,  deciduous.  Stamens  6  or  more  ;  anthers  2-celled, 
extrorse  or  dehiscing  by  lateral  slits.  Ovaries  numerous 
distinct  on  a  flat  or  convex  receptacle,  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 
Carpels  becoming  achenes  in  fruit. 

Flowers  perfect.  1.  ECHINODORUS. 

Flowers  polygamous.  2.  LOPHOTOCARPUS. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  3.  SAGITTARIA. 

1.  ECHINODOR-US  Rich.     BUR-HEAD. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  long-petioled,  elliptic 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  often  cordate  or  sagittate  leaves, 
3-9-ribbed  and  mostly  punctate  with  dots  or  lines. 
Scapes  often  longer  than  the  leaves.  Inflorescence  race- 
mose or  paniculate.  Flowers  perfect,  in  whorls,  each 
whorl  with  3  outer  bracts  and  numerous  inner  bracteoles. 
Petals  white.  Receptacle  large  convex  or  globose.  Sta- 
mens 12-30.  Ovaries  numerous  ;  style  obliquely  apical, 
persistent ;  stigmas  simple.  Achenes  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, ribbed  and  beaked,  forming  spinose  heads. 

1.  E.  cordifolius  (L.)  Griseb.  Leaves  variable,  usually  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  at  the  base,  12-16  cm.  long  and  wide,  some- 
times lanceolate  and  smaller;  petioles  angular,  striate,  5-15  cm. 
long;  scapes  1  or  more,  erect  10-30  cm.  high;  flowers  3-6  in  each 
whorl,  on  pedicels  6-12  mm.  long;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate dilated  at  the  base ;  inner  perianth  segments  shorter  than 
the  outer,  4-6  mm.  long;  stamens  usually  12;  styles  exceeding 
the  ovaries  in  length;  fruiting  heads  bur-like,  4-6  mm.  in  diam- 


Water-Plantain  Family  17 

eter;  achenes  obovate  or  falcate,  6-8-ribbed;  beak  apical  oblique, 
1.5  mm.  long.     (E.  rostratus  Engelrn.) 

Occasional  along  streams  and  banks  of  ponds.    May-July. 

2.  LOPHOTOCARPUS  Durand. 

Annual  aquatic  or  bog  plants  with  basal  long  petioled 
sagittate  or  cordate  leaves,  simple  erect  scapes  bearing 
flowers  in  several  verticils  of  2-3  at  the  summit,  the 
lower  perfect,  the  upper  staminate.  Petals  white. 
Sepals  distinct,  enclosing  or  enveloping  the  fruit.  Re- 
ceptacle strongly  convex.  Stamens  9-15,  hypogynous 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle.  Pistillate  numer- 
ous with  solitary  ovules  and  an  elongated  persistent 
style.  Achenes  winged  or  crested  ;  embryo  horseshoe- 
shaped. 

1.  It.  calycinus  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Smith.  Scapes  weak,  at  length 
decumbent;  leaves  floating  or  ascending,  entire,  hastate  or  sagit- 
tate, the  basal  lobes  spreading  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-16 
cm.  long;  verticils  of  flowers  1-5;  bracts  membranous,  orbicular 
or  ovate,  or  those  of  the  staminate  flowers  lanceolate ;  pedicels 
recurved  in  fruit ;  petals  6-8  mm.  long ;  filaments  flattened,  papil- 
lose; achenes  obovate,  2  mm.  long,  narrowly  winged  on  the  mar- 
gins, tipped  with  a  short  horizontal  triangular  beak.  (Sagittaria 
calycina  Engelm.) 

Ballona  Creek. 

3.  SAGITTABIA  L.     ARROW-HEAD. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs  with  tuber-bearing 
or  nodose  rootstocks.  Leaves  with  nerves  connected  by 
numerous  veinlets.  Scapes  erect  decumbent  or  floating. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  near  the  summit 
of  the  scapes  in  whorls  of  3's,  pedicelled,  the  staminate 
usually  uppermost,  whorls  3-bracted.  Perianth  seg- 
ments 6,  the  outer  3  herbaceous  persistent  and  reflexed 
or  spreading  in  the  pistillate  flowers.  Stamens  numer- 
ous inserted  on  the  convex  receptacle  ;  anthers  2-celled, 


18  Gramineae 

dehiscent  by  lateral  slits.  Pistillate  flowers  with  num- 
erous distinct  1-ovuled  ovaries  and  small  persistent 
stigmas.  Achenes  densely  aggregated  in  globose  heads, 
compressed  ;  seeds  curved  ;  embryo  horseshoe-shaped. 

1.  S.  latifolia  Willd.  Roots tock  slender ;  scapes  0. 2-1  m.  high, 
angled ;  leaves  very  variable,  ovate-sagittate  to  linear,  acute, 
lobes  more  or  less  divergent,  acuminate;  flowers  monoecious 
with  the  lower  verticils  pistillate  or  dioecious,  2-4  mm.  wide; 
petals  white;  stamens  numerous  25-35;  filaments  glabrous; 
pistillate  pedicels  shorter  than  the  staminate;  achenes  broadly 
winged  on  both  margins,  3  mm.  long,  with  a  lateral  horizontal  or 
curving  beak,  /^-/3  its  length.  (S.  variabilis  Engelm.) 

Occasional  on  margins  of  ponds  about  Los  Angeles. 

Family  6.  GRAMINEAE.     GRASS  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  of  various  habit,  rarely 
shrubs  or  trees.  Stems  (culms)  generally  hollow  or 
sometimes  solid,  the  nodes  closed.  Leaves  sheathing, 
the  sheaths  usually  split  to  the  base  on  the  side  opposite 
the  blade,  a  scarious  or  cartilaginous  ring  (ligule) 
borne  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-blade.  Inflorescence  spicate, 
racemose  or  paniculate,  consisting  of  spikelets  composed 
of  2-many  2-ranked  imbricated  bracts  (glumes), 
the  2  lowest  in  the  complete  spikelet  always  empty, 
1  or  both  sometimes  wanting.  One  or  more  of  the 
upper  glumes  usually  contains  in  the  axil  a  flower,  which 
is  usually  inclosed  by  a  bract-like  awnless  organ  called 
the  palea,  placed  opposite  the  glume  with  its  back  to  the 
axis  (rachilla)  of  the  spikelet,  generally  2-keeled. 
Flowers  perfect  or  staminate,  sometimes  monoecious  or 
dioecious,  subtended  by  1-3,  usually  2  minute  hyaline 
scales  (lodicules). placed  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  oppo- 
site the  palea.  Stamens  1-6,  usually  3  ;  anthers  2-celled 
versatile  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled,  1- 
ovuled ;  styles  1-3,  usually  2  and  lateral  ;  stigmas 


Grass  Family  19 

hairy  or  plumose.     Fruit  a  seed-like  grain  (caryopsis). 
Endosperm  starchy. 

KEY  TO  THE    TRIBES. 

I.  PANICACEAK.    Spikelets   1-flowered  or  with  a  rudimentary  or  staminate 

flower  below,  rarely  above,  the  perfect  one;  rachilla  articulated  below 
the  empty  glumes. 

Axis  of  inflorescence  articulated;   empty   glumes  firmer  in  texture  than 
the  flowering  ones.  Tribe  1.  ANDROPOGYNKAK. 

Axis  of  inflorescence  not  articulated;  flowering  glumes  firmer  in  texture 
than  the  empty  ones.  Tribe  2.  PANICEAE. 

II.  POACEAE.    Spikelets  1-many-flowered;  rachilla  usually  articulated  above 

the  empty  glumes. 
Spikelets  1-flowered. 

Spikelets  arranged'on  one  side  of  a  continuous  rachis  forming  a  unilat- 
eral spike.  Tribe  6.  CHLORIDEAE. 
SpiUelets  not  arranged  in  unilateral  spikes. 

Inflorescence  spicate;  spikelets  sessile  on  alternate  notches  of  the 

rachis.  Tribe  8.  HORDEAE. 

Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate,  rarely  spicate  or  apparently 

capitate  ;  spikelets  pedicellate. 
Glumes  5,  the  flrst  4  usually  empty,  the  fifth  with  a  hermaphrodite 

flower;  palea  1-nerved.  Tribe  3.  PHALARIDEAE. 

Glumes  3  or  sometimes  4,  the  first  two  empty :  palea  2-nerved. 

Tribe  4.  AOROSTIDEAE. 
Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Spikelets  pedicellate  in  panicles  or  racemes,  never  unilateral. 

Empty  glumes  usually  longer  than  the  flowering  glumes,  1  or  more 
of  the  latter  usually  awned  on  the  back  or  from  beneath  the 
teeth  of  the  bifid  apex;  awn  twisted. 

Tribe  5.  AVENEAE. 

Empty  glumes  generally  shorter  than  the  flowering  glumes,  these 
awnless  or  with  1-many  terminal,  rarely  dorsal  straight  or 
simply  divergent  awns.  Tribe  7.  FESTUCEAK. 

Spikelets  sessile  in  true  spikes  or  on  very  short  pedicels  in  unilateral 

racemes. 
Spikelets  in  unilateral  spikes  or  racemes. 

Tribe  6.  CHLORIDEAE. 

Spikelets  inserted  on  the  alternate  notches  of  the  rachis  forming 
equilateral,  flattened  or  cylindric  spikes. 

Tribe  8.  HORDEAE. 


20  Andropogoneae 


Tribe  1.  ANDROPOGONEAE.     SORGHUM  TRIBE. 

Spikelets  in  spike-like  racemes,  2  at  each  joint  of  the 
rachis,  1  pedicellate  and  hermaphrodite,  staminate  or 
rudimentary.  Glumes  usually  4,  the  first  and  second 
empty,  large  and  much  firmer  in  texture  than  the  others, 
the  third  usually  empty  or  with  a  staminate  flower  in 
its  axil,  rarely  awned,  the  fourth  or  flowering  glume 
hyaline,  usually  awned,  the  awn  generally  twisted  or 
geniculate. 

Inflorescence  composed  of  spike-like  silky  racemes.  1.  ANDROPOGON. 

Inflorescence  paniculate  ;  spikelets  somewhat  silky-pubescent. 

2.  SORGHUM. 

1.  ANDROPOGON   L. 

Slender  or  rather  coarse  perennials  with  solid  culms. 
Spikelets  heterogamous,  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  the 
articulate  and  usually  hairy  rachis,  one  of  each  pair  ses- 
sile, hermaphrodite  and  1-flowered,  the  other  pedicellate 
and  staminate  or  rudimentary.  Glumes  of  the  fertile 
spikelet  4,  the  first  coriaceous,  flattened  on  the  back  with 
a  strong  nerve  near  each  margin  and  usually  with 
fainter  ones  between,  second  glume  hyaline  awned. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct  ;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
unfurrowed,  free  within  the  hardened  outer  glumes. 

1.  A.  glomeratus  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  Culms  erect,  4-6  dm.  high, 
smooth,  simple  below,  much  branched  above,  upper  nodes  of 
branches  barbed;  sheaths  compressed,  glabrous  or  pubescent; 
leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  long  acuminate,  nearly  equaling 
the  culms,  those  of  the  culms  15-45  mm.  long;  branches  elon- 
gated, forming  a  compact  terminal  inflorescence;  spikes  in  pairs, 
about  25  mm.  long,  loose,  protruding  from  the  sides  of  the 
scabrous  sheaths  ;  rachis  flexuous,  the  joints  and  pedicels  pubes- 
cent with  long  spreading  silky  hairs ;  outer  glume  about  3  mm. 
long;  awn  12-18  mm.  long,  scabrous;  pedicelled  spikelet  reduced 
to  a  single  scale  or  wanting.  (A.  macrourus  Michx.) 

Rubio  and  Eaton's  Canyons,  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  McClatchie. 


Sorghum  Tribe  21 

2.  A.  saccharoides  Swartz.  Culms  erect,  4-10  dm.  high, 
simple  or  branched,  glabrous,  the  nodes  pubescent  with  silky 
hairs  ;  sheaths  smooth  ;  leaves  8-16  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  broad, 
long-acuminate,  scabrous,  glaucous  ;  ligule  hairy  ;  spikes  25-35 
mm.  long,  in  an  exserted  panicle,  5-10  cm.  long  ;  first  glume  of 
sessile  spikelet  ovate-lanceolate,  4  mm.  long,  about  equaling  the 
terminal  hairs  of  the  rachis  joints,  pubescent  at  base  with  long 
silky  hairs,  scabrous  above  ;  awn  10-15  mm.  long,  spiral,  bent, 
scabrous  ;  pedicelled  spikelet  reduced  to  a  single  narrow  scale. 

Occasional  on  stony  south  slopes  in  the  chaparral  belt.  Sepulveda  Can- 
yon and  Cahuenga  Pass,  Santa  Monica  Mountains;  Tia  Juana,  San  Diego 
County;  Gaviota,  Santa  Barbara  County. 

2.  SORGHUM  Pers. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  long  broad  flat  leaves 
and  terminal  ample  panicles.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  the 
nodes,  or  in  3's  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  1  sessile  and 
perfect,  the  lateral  pedicelled,  staminate  or  empty.  Sessile 
spikelet  consisting  of  4  glumes,  the  outer  indurated  and 
shining,  obscurely  nerved,  the  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth 
awned  and  subtending  a  small  palea  and  perfect  flower, 
or  palea  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain 
free. 

1.  S.  Halepense  (L.)  Pers.  (JOHNSON-GRASS.)  Culms  erect, 
9-15  dm.  high,  simple  or  sometimes  much  branched,  smooth; 
sheaths  smooth;  leaves  2  dm.  long  or  more,  7-25  mm.  wide, 
long-acuniinate  ;  panicle  open,  15-45  cm.  long  ;  branches  gener- 
ally whorled,  spreading,  naked  towards  the  base;  outer  glumes 
of  sessile  spikelet  4-6  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  purplish, 
pubescent  with  long,  appressed  hairs ;  awn  8-16  mm.  long,  more  or 
less  bent,  sometimes  wanting;  pedicelled  spikelets  of  4  glumes, 
the  outer  2  about  6  mm.  long,  membranous,  the  inner  2  shorter 
and  narrower,  sometimes  with  staminate  flowers. 

Becoming  a  troublesome  grass  in  moist  places  along  roadsides  and  in 
fields.  Especially  common  about  Santa  Ana. 


22  Paniceae 


Tribe  2.  PANICEAE.     MILLET  TRIBE. 

Spikelets  hermaphrodite,  terete  or  flattened  on  the 
back.  Glumes  3-4,  rarely  2,  when  4  the  third  usually 
includes  a  staminate  flower  in  its  axil ;  flowering  glume 
firmer  in  texture  than  the  outer  ones.  Axis  of  the  in- 
florescence not  articulated,  the  rachilla  being  articulated 
below  the  empty  glumes  and  the  spikelets  falling  off 
singly  from  the  pedicels. 

Spikelets  not  surrounded  by  a  bristly  or  spiny  involucre. 

Glumes   3;   spikelets  sessile  or  on  short  pedicels  in  unilateral  spikes  or 

racemes.  3.  PASPALUM. 

Glumes  4,  the  first  usually  short,  rarely  wanting. 

Spikes  digitate.  4.  SYNTHERISMA. 

Spikes  not  digitate.  5.  PANICUM. 

Spikelets  surrounded  by  a  bristly  or  spiny  involucre. 
Bristles  slender,  not  falling  with  the  spikelets. 

6.  CHAETOCHLOA. 
Bristles  thickened  below,  spine-like,  falling  with  the  spikelets. 

7.  CENCHRUS. 

3.  PASPALUM  L.     DITCH-GRASS. 

Perennial  grasses  of  various  habit,  with  generally  flat 
leaves  and  1-flowered  spikelets  borne  in  2—4  rows  on  1- 
sided  spikes,  which  are  single,  in  pairs  or  panicled. 
Spikelets  oblong  to  orbicular,  flat  on  the  inner  surface, 
convex  on  the  outer.  Glumes  3,  rarely  2  by  the  absence 
of  the  outermost,  the  outer  ones  membranous,  the  inner 
one  indurated  and  subtending  a  palea  and  perfect  flower. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct ;  stigmas  plumose.  Ovary 
oblong  or  ovoid,  smooth. 

1.  P.  distichum  L.  Culms  erect,  15-35  cm.  high,  creeping  at 
the  base;  sheaths  smooth,  sometimes  ciliate  on  the  margins  or 
sparsely  pubescent;  leaves  flat,  4-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
smooth;  spikes  25-50  mm.  long,  in  pairs,  or  occasionally  with  a 
third,  exserted;  rachis  flat,  1-2  mm.  wide,  smooth;  spikelets 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  elliptic,  somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous,  acute, 


Millet  Tribe  23 

nearly  sessile  in  2  rows  ;  outer  glumes  3-5-nerved,  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  acute  third  one,  which  is  sparingly  bearded  at  the 
apex. 

Frequent  along  streams  and  irrigating  ditches.    Los  Angeles ;  Santa  Ana. 

4.  SYNTHEBISMA  Walt.     CRAB-GRASS. 

Annual  grasses  with  flat  leaves.  Spikelets  borne  in 
pairs  or  in  3's  in  secund  spikes  which  are  digitate  or 
approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Glumes  4  or  3, 
the  innermost  one  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palea  of 
similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Stig- 
mas plumose. 

1.  S.  sanguinalis  (L.)  Dulac.  Culms  erect  or  decumbent, 
often  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  3-9  dm.  long,  smooth ;  sheaths 
glabrous  or  pubescent;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide, 
acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  spikes  3-10,  narrowly  linear, 
4-15  cm.  long,  digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culms;  rachis  flat, 
winged;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  in  pairs,  1  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  lanceolate;  first  glume  minute,  second  a  half  to  a  third  as  long 
as  the  spikelet.  (Panicum  sanguinale  L.) 

Common  along  irrigating  ditches  and  in  neglected  orchards  and  gardens. 

5.  PANICUM  L.     PANIC-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  varying  greatly  in  habit 
and  inflorescence.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  when  2-flow- 
ered  the  lower  one  staminate  only.  Glumes  4,  the  3 
lower  membranous,  empty  or  the  third  with  a  staminate 
flower  ;  the  fourth  chartaceous  shining,  enclosing  a 
palea  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Awns 
commonly  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct  ;  stig- 
mas plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  hardened 
fruiting  glume  and  palea. 

*  Awns  present. 

1.  P.  Crus-galli  L.  Culms  3-8  dm.  high,  usually  branching 
at  base;  sheaths  smooth;  leaves  1-5  dm.  long,  3-12  mm.  wide, 
smooth  or  scabrous ;  panicle  composed  of  5-15  sessile  mostly 


24  Paniceae 

erect  or  ascending  branches  ;  spikelets  ovate,  green  or  purple, 
densely  crowded  in  2-4  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis;  second 
and  third  glumes  about  3  mm.  long,  scabrous  or  hispid,  the  third 
glume  more  or  less  awned,  empty,  the  fourth  ovate  abruptly 
pointed. 

Frequent  in  neglected  orchards  and  gardens  and  in  waste  places. 

**  Awns  none. 

2.  P.  colonum  L.    Culms  tufted,  smooth,  2-6  dm.  high,  often 
decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  sheaths  compressed, 
usually  crowded;  ligule  wanting;    leaves  flat,  3-15  cm.  long,  2-8 
mm.  wide;    panicles    composed  of  3-18,   1-sided   more    or    less 
spreading  dense  branches,  these  1-3  cm.  long,  spikelets  single,  or 
in  2's  or  3's  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  hispidulous  triangular 
rachis,  obovate,  pointed;   first  glume  about  half  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  3-nerved,  the  second  and   third  glumes  a  little  more 
than  2  mm.  long,  awnless,  5-nerved,  hispid  on  the  nerves,  the 
fourth  cuspidate. 

Occasional  along  irrigating  ditches  and  in  waste  places  about  Los  Angeles 
and  Santa  Ana. 

3.  P.  capillare  L.     Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  3-6  dm.  high, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  sheaths  papillose-hirsute ;   leaves 
15-30  cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  wide,  more  or  less  pubescent;  terminal 
panicle  usually  2-4  dm.  long,  lower  branches  exserted  and  widely 
spreading,  1-2  dm.  long;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long,  acuminate; 
first  glume  }£-)•£  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  second  and  third  glumes 
nearly  equal,  acute,  the  fourth  1.5  mm.  long. 

Occasional  along  irrigating  ditches  and  in  neglected  orchards  and  gardens. 

4.  P.   scoparium  Lam.     Culms  simple  and  erect,  becoming 
profuse   with  age;  sheaths  hirsute  to  villous,   often    papillose; 
leaves  usually  rounded  or  truncate  at  the   base,   pubescent  or 
glabrate,  thoee  of  the  culms  4-6  cm.  long,  those  of  the  branches 
much  shorter;  terminal  panicles  less  than  8  cm.  long,  ovoid,  their 
branches  ascending;  lateral  panicles  much  shorter,  not  exceed- 
ing the  leaves;  spikelets  scarcely  2  mm.  long,  pubescent.     (P. 
pubescens  Lam.) 

Not  known  to  occur  within  our  limits,  but  it  has  been  found  in  the  San 
Jacinto  Mountains  by  Mr.  Hall,  and  at  Glenn  Ranch  in  Lytle  Creek  Canyon 
by  the  author. 


Millet  Tribe  25 

6.  CHAETOCHLOA  Scribn.     BRISTLY  FOXTAIL. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  erect  culms,  flat 
leaves,  and  dense  cylindric  or  somewhat  open  bristly 
.spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  hermaphrodite,  usually  1- 
flowered.  Glumes  4,  the  outer  3  membranous,  the  third 
often  subtending  a  hyaline  palea  and  rarely  a  staminate 
flower,  the  fourth  or  flowering  glume  chartaceous, 
.smooth  or  transversely  rugose,  inclosing  a  palea  similar 
in  texture.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  within  the  glume  and  palea. 

1.  C.  glauca   (L.)  Scribn.     An   erect  or  ascending  csespitose 
glaucous  annual,  3-12  dm.  high;  culms  branching  at  the  base, 
•compressed,  glabrous;  nodes  smooth;    sheaths   glabrous;  ligule 
short  ciliate;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  long  acumi- 
nate, nearly  glabrous  or  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  mar- 
gins,  generally  pilose  with    scattered  long  hairs  at   the  base; 
spikes  about  1  cm.  in  diameter;  rachis  pubescent;  setae  5-12  at 
each    spikelet,    unequal,    yellowish,    3-8    mm.    long;    spikelets 
broadly  ovate,  3  mm.  long;  palea  convex  at  the  base,  concave 
above,  transversely  striate. 

Occasional  along  streets  in  Los  Angeles,  Davidson. 

2.  C.   imberbis    (Poir.)  Scribn.      Perennial;    culms  erect  or 
.ascending,  more    or  less   csespitose,   from    creeping    rootstocks, 
slender,    compressed,    scabrous     below    the    panicle,  otherwise 
smooth ;  sheaths  glabrous,  the  lower  much  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  on  the  hyaline  margins ;  leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  3-7 
mm.  wide,  long  tapering  to  the  apex,  slightly  scabrous  on  the 
upper  surface  and  margins;  spikes  2-5  cm.   long,  nearly  1  cm. 
broad;  rachis  angular,  pubescent,  branches  short,  1-  or  rarely  2- 
flowered;  setse  8-12,  spreading,  5-10  mm.  long,  unequal,  slender, 
finely  antrorsely   scabrous;    spikelets    ovate,  acute,  2-2.5  mm. 
long ;  first  glume  about  %-%  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  ovate,  acute, 
5-7-nerved  ;  third  glume  equaling  the  flowering  glume,  5-nerved, 
subtending  a  broad   palea  of    its  own  length;  flowering  glume 
elliptic-ovate,  finely  transversely  rugose;  palea  plane  or  concave 
-above. 

Frequent  along  irrigating  ditches.    Los  Angeles;  Santa  Ana;  San  Ber- 
mardino. 


26  Phalarideae 

7.  CENCHBUS  L.     BUR-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  usually  flat  leaves 
and  spike-like  inflorescence.  Spikelets  subtended  by  a 
spiny  involucre,  which  is  deciduous  at  maturity  with  them. 
Glumes  4,  the  first  hyaline,  the  second  and  third  mem- 
branous, the  latter  sometimes  subtending  a  palea  and 
staminate  flower,  the  fourth  chartaceous,  subtending  a 
palea  of  similar  texture  which  incloses  a  perfect  flower. 
Stamens  3.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

1.  C.  tribuloid.es  L.  Culms  erect  or  decumbent  from  an  an- 
nual root,  usually  robust,  15-45  cm.  high,  freely  branching; 
sheaths  generally  very  loose,  compressed  smooth;  leaves  6-10 
cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide;  spikes  25-50  mm.  long;  involucres 
crowded  on  the  scabrous  rachis,  globose,  pubescent  except  at  the 
base,  spines  stout;  spikelets  2-flowered,  about  6  mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  orchards  and  gardens.  San  Bernardino,  Pariah;  Rialto. 
Native  of  Europe. 

Tribe  3.  PHALARIDEAE.     CANARY-GRASS  TRIBE. 

Spikelets  more  or  less  laterally  compressed,  1-flowered 
or  rarely  3-flowered  ;  glumes  5,  the  first  2  empty  and 
below  the  articulation  of  the  rachilla,  the  third  and 
fourth  above  the  articulation,  usually  empty  or  rarely 
subtending  staminate  flowers,  very  unlike  the  other  ones, 
sometimes  reduced  to  bristles,  the  fifth  glume  with  a 
1-nerved  or  nerveless  palea  and  a  hermaphrodite  flower. 

Represented  with  us  by  the  single  genus.  8.  PHALARIS. 

8.  PHAL.ABIS  L.     CANARY-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and 
spike-like,  capitate  or  narrowly  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  crowded,  1-flowered.  Glumes  5,  the  first  and 
second  about  equal  in  length,  strongly  compressed  later- 
ally, usually  wing-keeled,  the  third  and  fourth  much 


Agrostideae  27 

smaller  or  rudimentary,  fifth  subtending  a  palea  similar 
to  itself  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct. Grain  oblong  free  smooth,  enclosed  in  the 
glumes. 

1.  P.  minor  Retz.     Culms  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  4-10 
dm.  high,  erect  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  smooth;  sheaths  usu- 
ally shorter  than  the  internodes   more  or  less   inflated;    ligule 
rounded,  2-6  mm.  long;  blades  5-15  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.   wide, 
smooth  or  faintly  scabrous;  spike  2-8  cm.  long,  dense;  spikelets 
5  mm.  long;   empty  glumes  more  or  less  scabrous,   3-nerved, 
wing-keeled;    third  and   fourth  glumes   subulate,   hairy;    fifth 
twice  as  long  as  the  third  and  fourth,  acuminate,  pubescent  with 
long  appressed  hairs. 

Very  common  in  all  our  valleys  in  rather  moist  or  heavy  soil.  March- 
May. 

2.  P.  Lemmoni  Vasey.     Culms  rather  slender,  3-10  dm.  high, 
smooth;    sheaths    smooth;  blades    3-5    mm.   long,    acuminate; 
ligule  6  mm.   long;  spike    dense,   nearly    cylindric,    sometimes 
slightly  interrupted  or  lobed ;  empty  glumes  4-5  mm.  long,  acute 
or  acuminate;  second  pair  about  1  mm.  long;  flowering  glume 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  equaling  the  empty  glumes,  pubes- 
cent; palea  nearly  as  firm  in  texture  as  its  glume  and  a  little 
shorter. 

Racher  local.  First  collected  near  Santa  Cruz  by  Lemmon.  Collected  by 
the  author  at  Inglewood,  so  far  the  only  locality  known  for  it  in  southern 
California. 

Tribe  4.  AGROSTIDEAE.     BENT-GRASS  TRIBE. 

Spikelets  all  hermaphrodite,  1-flowered,  with  3  glumes, 
the  first  2  empty  or  rarely  wanting,  usually  exceeding  or 
equaling  the  third  or  flowering  glume  in  length  ; 
rachilla  sometimes  prolonged  behind  the  palea  into  a 
naked  or  plumose  bristle.  Palea  usually  2-nerved. 


28  Agrostideae 

Flowering  glumes  awned  or  mucronate  pointed. 

Awn  of  flowering   glume    terminal    or   from  between  the  teeth  of   the 

bifid  apex,  sometimes  wanting  in  Epicampes. 
Awns  3-branched.  9.  ABISTIDA. 

Awns  simple. 

Awns  articulate  with  the  glumes. 

Awns  usually  long,  geniculate  and  twisted  below,  persistent. 

10.  STIPA. 

Awns  short,  caducous,  or  wanting.  15.  EPICAMPES. 

Awns  not  articulate  with  the  glume.  11.  MUHLENBERGIA. 

Awn  dorsal. 

Spikelets  articulated  with  the  pedicel  below  the  empty  glumes. 

16.  POLYPOGON. 

Spikelets  not  articulated  below  the  empty  glumes. 

Empty  glumes  saccate  at  the  base,  several  times  larger  than  the 

flowering  glumes;  inflorescence  spike-like.  18.  GASTRIDIUM. 
Empty  glumes   not  saccate,  never  exceeding  the  flowering  glumes 

more  'than  a  third. 
Empty  glumes  smooth  or  minutely  scabrous  along  the  keel. 

17.  AGROSTIS. 
Empty  glumes  more  or  less  hairy;  inflorescence  spike-like. 

13.  ALOPECURUS. 
Flowering  glumes  awnless. 

Pericarp  free  from  the  grain.  14.  SPOROBOLUS. 

Pericarp  closely  adherent  to  the  grain. 

Empty  glumes  abruptly  awn-pointed.  12.  PLEUM. 

Empty  glumes  not  abruptly  awn-pointed.  17.  AGROSTIS. 

9.  ABISTIDA  L.    TRIPLE-AWNED  GRASS. 

Plants  various  in  habit  and  inflorescence,  with  very 
narrow,  often  involute  setaceous  leaves.  Spikelets  nar- 
row, 1-flowered.  Glumes  3,  narrow,  the  2  empty  ones 
carinate  ;  the  third  rigid  and  convolute,  bearing  3 
awns,  sometimes  rudimentary  or  rarely  wanting.  Palea 
2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  free, 
tightly  enclosed  in  the  glumes. 

1.  A.  Americana  bromoides  (H.  B.  K.)  Scribn.  &  Merrill. 
Culms  slender,  branching  below  and  tufted,  8-35  cm.  high ; 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  reduced  to  a  short 
fringe;  sterile  shoots  few,  the  leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  involute, 
setaceous,  scabrid  above;  panicle  exserted,  spike-like,  secund, 
purplish,  2-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  on  short  pedicels;  empty 
glumes  narrow,  linear,  abruptly  pointed,  scabrous  on  the  back,, 
the  first  3-5  mm.  long,  second  5-9  mm.  long;  flowering  glume 


Bent-grass  Tribe  29 

scabrous  on  the  keel,  about  as  long  as  the  second  glume ;  central 
awn  shorter  to  a  little  longer  than  its  glume,  the  lateral  ones  a, 
little  shorter,  all  scabrous;  palea  less  than  1  mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  dry  open  places  in  the  chaparral  belt  about  Pasadena  and 
San  Diego;  Catalina  Island. 

2.  A.  purpurea  aequiramea  (Schule)  Merrill.  Rather  stout r 
tufted,  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high;  culms  simple;  sheaths  longer 
than  the  internodes,  pilose  at  the  throat;  leaves  involute,  the 
lower  numerous,  3-10  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm 
about  3,  usually  3-4  cm.  long;  panicle  purplish,  the  branches 
capillary,  generally  erect  or  ascending,  usually  many-flowered, 
3-5  at  each  node;  spikelets  pale  or  purplish;  second  empty 
glume  twice  as  long  as  the  first,  equaling  the  flowering  glume, 
both  cleft  at  the  apex,  the  midnerve  excurrent  as  a  scabrous  awn, 
1-2  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  about  10  mm.  long,  strongly 
tuberculate-scabrous ;  awns  equal,  5-7  cm.  long.  (A.  purpurea- 
Calif  arnica  Vasey.) 

Occasional  in  the  lower  altitudes  of  the  chaparral  belt. 

10.  STIPA  L.     FEATHER-GRASS. 

Generally  rather  tall  grasses  with  convolute,  rarely 
flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  1- 
flowered,  narrow.  Glumes  3,  the  outer  2  narrow  acute 
or  rarely  bearing  an  awn,  the  third  rigid  convolute  with 
a  hairy  callus  at  the  base  and  bearing  a  more  or  less 
bent  awn,  which  is  spiral  at  the  base  and  articulated  to 
the  glume.  Stamens  3,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  short,  dis- 
tinct. Grain  narrow  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

*Awn  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth. 

1.  S.  Hassei  Vasey.  Culms  slender  and  wiry,  tufted,  more  or 
less  branching  below,  erect,  3-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  setaceous,  1-2  dm.  long,  erect;  ligule  minute;  sheaths 
narrow,  striated;  panicle  5-7.5  cm.  long,  narrow,  loose,  erect ; 
branches  erect,  mostly  2-3  together,  the  larger  ones  25  mm.  long 
or  more,  naked  below,  others  flowering  to  the  base;  spikelets 
small;  empty  glumes  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
about  5  mm.  long,  nearly  equal ;  flowering  glume  nearly  as  long  as 


30  Agrostideae 

the  empty  ones,  membranaceous,  smooth ;  rachilla  short  with  a 
few  short  hairs;  palea  half  as  long  as  its  glume;  awn  16-18  mm. 
long,  bent  above  the  middle,  twisted  below,  nearly  smooth  ;  grain 
oblong,  about  2  mm.  long. 
Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Hasse. 

2.  S.  eminens  Cav.     Culms  tufted,  slender,  3-9  dm.  high,  pu- 
bescent at  the  nodes;  leaves  convolute-setaceous,    basal    ones 
about  half  as  long  as  the  culm,  lower  culm  leaves  15-20  cm.  long, 
the  uppermost  5  cm.  long;  ligule  very  minute;  sheaths  striate, 
smooth;  panicle  10-15  cm.  long,  exserted,  somewhat  secund,  the 
very  slender   short  rays  in  pairs,  few-flowered;   lower  glumes 
about  10  mm.  long,  the  upper  8  mm.  long,  acuminate,  purplish ; 
flowering  glume  5-6  mm.  long,  pubescent;  awn  about  25  mm. 
long,  slender,  bent  near  the  middle,  minutely  and  evenly  sca- 
brous. 

Occasional  on  dry  ridges  in  the  chaparral  belt  about  Pasadena  and  San 
Diego. 

3.  S.  eminens  Andersonii  Vasey.     Culms    and   leaves    more 
slender;  panicle  thinner;  empty  glumes  6-8  mm.  long;  flowering 
glume  4mm.  long,  nearly  cylindric ;  awn  20-24  mm.  long.    Other- 
wise like  the  type. 

Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Hasse. 

4.  S.  coronata  Thurb.     Culms  10-20  dm.  high,  stout,  6-8  mm. 
thick  at  the  base,  lower  culm  leaves  often  10  dm.  long,  8-12  mm. 
wide  at  base,   gradually  tapering  to  a  long  involute  point,  the 
uppermost  about  15  cm.  long,  nearly  filiform  and  rigid,  all  slightly 
scabrous  on  both  surfaces  and  margins;  ligule  short;  sheaths 
rather  loose,  the  uppermost  dilated,  smooth  except  the  margins, 
these  ciliate  especially  at  the  throat;  panicle  3-5  dm.  long,  at 
length  exserted  and  loose,  narrow  with  erect  branches;  spikelets 
short-pedicelled ;  empty  glumes  acuminate  and   bristle-pointed, 
slightly  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  lower  16mm.  long,  the  upper 
12  mm.  long;    flowering    glume  10  mm.  long,  silky-pubescent; 
awn  about  25  mm.  long,   slender,  bent  below  the  middle  and 
minutely  scabrous;    palea  about  half  the  length  of  its  glume; 
anthers  naked. 

Frequent  on  dry  open  ridges  in  the  chaparral  belt.    Santa  Monica,  Santa 
Ana  and  San  Gabriel  Mountains  ;  also  in  the  foothills  of  San  Diego  County. 

5.  S.  Parishii  Vasey.     Culms  tufted,  leafy  below,  3-4.5  dm. 
high,  rather  stout;  sheaths  smooth  longer  than  the  internodes, 


Bent-grass  Tribe  31 

the  margins  of  the  throat  pubescent;  blades  involute,  rigid, 
smooth  below,  scabrous  above,  the  lower  ones  12-18  cm.  long,  the 
upper  8-10  cm.  long;  panicle  included  at  base  by  the  somewhat 
inflated  upper  sheath,  12-15  cm.  long,  open;  the  lower  branches 
in  3's,  the  upper  in  2's  or  single,  rather  few-flowered ;  empty 
glumes  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  first  12-16  mm.  long,  second 
about  2  mm.  shorter;  flowering  glume  about  7  mm.  long,  silky 
with  white  hairs  often  5  mm.  long,  2-toothed;  awn  16-20  mm. 
long,  smooth  below,  scabrous  above. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains,  5000-7000 
feet  altitude,  Parish,  Hall. 

6.  S.  setigera  Presl.     Culms  3-9  dm.  high,  tufted,  rather  stout, 
pubescent  at  the  nodes ;  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat,  the  lower 
shorter  than  the  internodes  ;  basal  leaves  %  as  long  as  the  culms ; 
culm-leaves  flat,  4-6  mm.  wide,  the  uppermost  nearly  equaling 
the  panicle;  ligule  about  2  mm.  long,  truncate;  panicle  10-25 
cm.  long,  mostly  included  below,  loose,  flexuous,  more  or  less 
secund  when  young,   the   slender  branches   in  pairs;  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  spikelets;  empty  glumes  12-18  mm.  long,  long- 
acuminate;  flowering  glume    10   mm.   long,  silky-hairy  on   the 
nerves;  awn  geniculate  above  the  middle,  bent  again, twisted  and 
pubescent  below,  6-10  cm.  long ;  anthers  bearded  at  the  apex. 

Common  on  the  mesas,  grassy  hills,  and  in  open  places  in  the  chaparral 
belt. 

*  Awn  villous  or  pubescent,  at  least  below. 

7.  S.  speciosa  Trin.  &  Rupr.     Perennial;  culms  tufted,  erect, 
2-5  dm.  high;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper- 
most inflated ;  basal  leaves  half  as  long  as  the  culms,  scabrous, 
culm  leaves,  usually  3,  5-15  cm.  long,  closely  involute;  panicle 
often  somewhat  included,  spike-like,  6-20  cm.  long,  the  branches 
usually  in  pairs,  bearing   1-3  spikelets ;  empty  glumes   nearly 
equal,  hyaline,  acuminate,  about  16  mm.  long;  flowering  glumes 
silky-pubescent,  8-12  mm.  long,  2-toothed  at  the  apex;  awn  3-4 
cm.  long,  geniculate  below  the  middle,  the  twisted  portion  pilose 
with  white  hairs  3-6  mm.  long. 

Occasional  on  dry  hillsides  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt. 
San  Fernando  Valley;  Elsinore;  San  Bernardino;  San  Diego. 

8.  S.  viridula  Trin.     Culms  stout,  strict,  simple,  4-7  dm.  high  ; 
sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes;  blades   smooth  or 


32  Agrostideae 

scabrid,  involute  setaceous  at  the  apex;  basal  leaves  about  ^  as 
long  as  the  culm,  culm  leaves  3-4,  2-6  mm.  wide,  the  upper  3-6 
cm.  long;  ligule  short  with  some  hairs  at  the  throat;  panicle 
exserted,  narrow,  12-40  cm.  long,  the  shorterect  branches  in  2'sor 
3's ;  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  ovate-lanceolate,  bristle-pointed, 
6-12  mm.  long;  flowering  glumes  pubescent,  5-6  mm.  long;  awn 
slender,  flexuose,  usually  twice  bent,  2-4  cm.  long,  pubescent  or 
plumose  below ;  palea  about  half  as  long  as  its  glume ;  anthers 
naked. 

Elysian  Park,  Davidson.    Mt.  Wilson  in  open  pine  woods. 

11.  MUHLENBEBGIA  Schreb.     DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

Perennial  or  annual  grasses  with  convolute  or  flat 
leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Rootstocks  often 
scaly.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered.  Glumes  3  or  rarely  4  ; 
the  outer  ones  empty,  membranous  or  hyaline,  acute 
and  sometimes  awned  ;  the  third  3-5-nerved,  subtending 
a  palea  and  perfect  flower,  obtuse,  acute  or  produced 
into  a  capillary  awn  ;  stamens  usually  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct. Callus  minute.  Grain  narrow  free,  tightly  en- 
closed in  the  glume. 

1.  M.    Californica    (Vasey).      Culms     spreading,     diffusely 
branched,  4-8  dm.  high  ;  panicles  terminating  the  long,  leafy,  ter- 
minal and  lateral  branches,  10-15  cm.  long,  its  branches  mostly 
alternate,  the  lower  distant  and  subspicate ;  spikelets  sessile  and 
crowded  on  the  branches;  empty  glumes  membranous  except  the 
hispid  green  keel,  equal,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  4  mm. 
long,  somewhat  exceeding  the  flowering  glume ;  flowering  glume 
about  3  mm.  long,  firm,  scabrous,  acute  and  terminating  in  a 
straight  awn  of  about  its  own   length,  sparingly  villous  at  the 
base ;  palea  about  equaling  the  glume,  acute.     (M.  sylvatica  Cali- 
fornica Vasey,  Bot.  Gaz.  7 :  93.  1882.     M.  Parishii  Vasey,  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club.  13  :  53.  1886.) 

San  Bernardino  Mountains,  Parish;  near  Pasadena,  Davidson;  San  Diego. 

2.  M.  debilis  Trin.     Culms   tufted,  decumbent   at   base  and 
much  branched,  purplish  throughout,  1-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  25- 
50  mm.  long,  puberulent;  ligule  1  mm.  long,  lacerate;  panicle  5- 
12  cm.  long,  usually  spreading,  branches  25-35  mm.  long,  mostly 


Bent-grass  Tribe  33 

single,  sessile ;  spikejets  2-3  mm.  long,  short-pedicellate ;  empty 
glumes  nearly  equal,  V*  to  V5  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume, 
mostly  obtuse  or  eroded,  hyaline ;  flowering  glume  slender,  taper- 
ing, scabrous  throughout,  terminated  by  a  slender  awn  25-35 
mm.  long;  palea  about  equal  to  the  flowering  glume. 

Common  on  dry  ridges  and  exposed  places  in  the  chaparral  belt.  Santa 
Monica,  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains,  south  to  San  Diego. 

12.  PHLEUM  L.     TIMOTHY. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spike- 
like  inflorescence.  Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  3,  the 
2  outer  empty,  membranous,  compressed  keeled,  the 
apex  obliquely  truncate,  midnerve  produced  into  an 
awn,  the  third  much  shorter  and  broader,  hyaline,  trun- 
cate denticulate  at  the  apex.  Palea  narrow,  hyaline. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  ovoid,  free,  enclosed 
in  the  glume  and  palea. 

1.  P.  pratense  L.  Culms  more  or  less  tufted,  erect,  leafy,  3-9 
dm.  high,  simple;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  minutely  scabrous; 
spike  about  6  mm.  wide,  3-10  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  about  2 
mm.  long,  hyaline  except  the  3  scabrous  nerves;  flowering  glume 
nearly  2  mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  lawns,  and  in  mountain  meadows.    Cuyamaca. 

13.  AliOPECUBUS  L.    FOX-TAIL  GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  erect  or  decumbent 
culms,  usually  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  1-flowered,  flattened.  Glumes  3  ;  the  2  outer 
empty  acute,  sometimes  short-awnecl,  more  or  less  united 
below,  compressed,  keeled ;  keel  ciliate  or  somewhat 
winged  ;  third  glume  truncate  or  obtuse,  hyaline,  acute, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct  or 
rarely  united  at  the  base.  Stigmas  elongated. 

1.  A.  geniculatus  L.  Perennial;  culms  decumbent  and  often 
rooting  from  the  lower  nodes,  2-4  dm.  high,  smooth;  sheaths 
smooth,  upper  inflated ;  blades  1-3  mm.  wide,  the  lowest  often 
nearly  equaling  the  culm,  the  uppermost  equaling  or  exceeding 


34  Agrostideae 

the  spike;  spike  2-4  cm.  long,  about  4  mm.- wide;  spikelets  2-3 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  silky,  obtuse;  flowering  glumes  gla- 
brous, their  margins  united  to  near  the  middle ;  awn  about  4  mm. 
long,  slender. 

In  low  ground  on  the  mesas  near  Inglewood.  In  a  similar  location  near 
San  Diego. 

14.  SPOROBOLTJS  R.  Br.     DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

Perennial  or  annual  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute 
leaves  and  open  or  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets  usu- 
ally small,  1-flowered,  sometimes  2-3-flowered.  Glumes 
in  the  1-flowered  spikelets  3,  membranous  ;  the  2  outer 
empty,  the  first  somewhat  the  shorter  ;  the  third  equal- 
ing or  longer  than  the  empty  ones  enclosing  a  perfect 
flower  and  a  2-nerved  palea.  Stamens  2-3.  Styles  very 
short,  distinct.  Grain  free. 

1.  S.  airoides  Torr.     Perennial;  culms  erect,  rather  stout  and 
tufted,  4-9  dm.  high;  sheaths  somewhat  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  the  throat  ciliate;    ligule  very  short;   leaves    convolute, 
tapering  to  a  filiform  apex,  those  of  the  culm  4-5,  the  upper 
filiform,    2-3    cm.  long  ;    panicle    terminal,  ovoid,  often    partly 
included  at  the  base,  2-3  dm.  long,  its  branches  again  branching 
and  bearing  scattered  spikelets  above  the  middle;  spikelets  light 
lead-color    or   brown;    empty    glumes    obovate,    nerveless,  first 
0.5-1   mm.  long,   second  1.5-2  mm.  long;   flowering  glume  con- 
cave, broadly  oval,  1-nerved,  2  mm.  long;  palea  broader  than  its 
glume  and  a  little  shorter,  truncate. 

Occasional  in  low  ground.  Wilmington;  Westminster;  San  Bernardino; 
San  Diego. 

2.  S.  asperifolius  (Nees.)  Thurb.     Culms  branching,  2-4  dm. 
high,  ascending  from  stout  creeping  rootstalks,  sheaths  smooth, 
loose,  longer  than  the  numerous  short  internodes,  leaves  flat, 
scabrous,  3-8  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide;  panicle  included  at  the  base, 
open,  9-18  cm.  long,  its  branches  scabrous,  bearing  single  spike- 
lets  at  the  ends  of  very  slender  stiff  branchlets  ;  spikelets  tinged 
with   purple;  empty  glumes    lanceolate,  3-nerved,  first  0.3-0.5 
mm.  long,  second  slightly  longer;  flowering  glume  oval,  obtuse, 
1-1.5  mm.  long;  palea  equaling  the  glume. 

San  Bernardino,  Parish;  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 


Bent-urn ss  Tribe  :5."> 

15.  EPICAMPES  Presl. 

Tall  perennial  tufted  Brasses  with  usually  very  long 
spike-like  panieles.  Spikclets  small,  1-ilowered.  Empty 
glumes  '2.  membranous,  slightly  unequal,  convex  on  the 
hack,  carinate.  often  finely  )>-nerved  ;  flowering  glumes 
.'{-nerved,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  a  little  shorter  or  about 
equaling  the  empty  glumes,  usually  tipped  with  a  slen- 
der rather  short  awn.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
short  ;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  included  within 
the  glumes. 

1.  E.  rigens  Benth.  Perennial,  tufted  ;  culms  rigid,  erect, 
smooth,  5-10  dm.  high;  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes, 
loose,  smooth  ;  ligule  4-6  mm.  long  ;  leaves  scabrous,  rigid,  in- 
volute apex  attenuate,  1-3  dm.  long  ;  panicle  exserted  or  some- 
what included,  erect  dense  spike-like,  2-5  dm.  long,  5-8  mm. 
broad;  spikelets  minutely  scabrous,  elliptic;  empty  glumes 
white,  about  3  mm.  long,  nearly  equal ;  flowering  glume  awnless, 
minutely  pubescent,  about  2  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  in  canyons,  confined  mostly  to 
the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt. 

16.  POLYPOGON  Desf.     BEARD-GRASS. 

Annual  or  rarely  perennial  grasses  with  decumbent  or 
erect  culms,  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  1 -flowered.  Glumes  3  ;  the  outer  2  empty,  each  ex- 
tended into  an  awn,  the  third  smaller,  usually  hyaline, 
short-awned  from  below  the  apex,  subtending  a  palea 
and  perfect  flower.  Palea  shorter  than  the  glume. 
Stamens  1-3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Grain  free,  en- 
closed in  the  glume  and  palea. 

1.  P.  Monspeliensis  (L.)  Desf.  Annual;  culms  erect  orgenicu- 
late,  2-5  dm.  high;  sheaths  about  equaling  the  nodes,  the  upper 
slightly  inflated;  leaves  flat,  scabrous;  panicle  spike-like,  oval 
or  cylindric,  3-8  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  broad,  pale  often  yellowish- 
green  ;  spikelets  numerous,  nearly  concealed  by  the  slender 


36  Agrostideae 

awns ;  empty  glumes  pubescent  or  ciliate,  obtuse,  elliptic ;  awns 
4  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  1  mm.  long,  hyaline,  truncate- 
jagged;  awn  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  glume  or  wanting; 
palea  2-toothed. 

Common  in  low  moist  places  along  the  coast  and  along  streams  through- 
out our  range,  ascending  the  mountains  to  the  pine  belt. 

2.  P.  littoralis  Sin.  Perennial,  3-6  dm.  high,  ascending 
from  rootstocks;  sheaths  nearly  equaling  the  internodes,  the 
upper  slightly  inflated;  leaves  flat,  scabrous;  panicle  dense, 
somewhat  lobed,  4-8  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long;  awns 
equaling  the  empty  elliptic  glumes;  flowering  glume  1  mm. 
long,  truncate,  hyaline,  its  awn  nearly  twice  as  long;  palea 
2-toothed. 

Occasional  along  streams  in  the  valleys  and  foothills. 

17.  AGBOSTIS  L.     BENT-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  bristle-like 
leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  1-flow- 
ered.  Glumes  3 ;  the  2  outer  empty,  membranous, 
keeled,  acute  ;  the  third  shorter,  obtuse,  hyaline,  some- 
times bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  subtending  a  perfect  flower. 
Palea  shorter  than  the  glume,  sometimes  minute  or 
wanting.  Stamens  generally  3.  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

1.  A.  verticillata  Vill.     Perennial  from    slender    rootstocks; 
culms  decumbent,  3-6  dm.  high,  often   rooting  from  the  lower 
nodes;  sheaths  inflated,  smooth;  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  2-6  mm. 
wide,  scabrid  above;  panicle  loosely  contracted,  4-10  cm.  long, 
8-12  mm.  wide ;  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,   obtuse,  1-nerved, 
scabrous;  callus  naked;  flowering  glume  1  mm.  long,  5-toothed, 
glabrous ;  palea  nearly  equaling  the  glume. 

Common  along  streams  in  the  mountains  and  valleys  throughout  our 
range.  Native  of  southern  Europe. 

2.  A.  asperifolia  Trin.    Annual;  culms   erect,  tufted,   leafy, 
3-6  dm.  high ;  sheaths  minutely  scabrid ;  leaves  7-15  cm.  long, 
3-5  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  interrupted,  lobed  and  dense 
above,  10-15  cm.  long;  branches  crowded,  erect;  spikelets  2.5-3 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  scabrous  on  the  nerves; 


Bent-grass  Tribe  37 

callus  with  a  tuft  of  minute  hairs  at  the  base  of  each  margin  of 
the  flowering  glume;  flowering  glume  1.5  mm.  long,   glabrous, 
minutely  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  awnless  ;  palea  obsolete. 
Occasional  in  low  moist  places  in  the  coast  valleys. 

3.  A.  Diegoensis  Vasey.  Perennial  from  slender  stoloniferous 
rootstocks  ;  culms  erect,  4-8  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  minutely  scabrid ; 
blades  6-15  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  scabrid;  panicle  lax,  narrow, 
6-14  cm.  long,  its  branches  erect;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  nearly  equal,  scabrid;  callus  hairy  at  the  base  of  each 
margin  of  the  flowering  glume  ;  flowering  glume  2.5-3  mm.  long, 
scabrid  especially  on  the  margins,  4-toothed  ;  palea  obsolete. 

Not  known  within  our  limits,  but  occasional  in  San  Diego  County  and  ex- 
tending north  to  Washington. 

18.  GASTBIDIUM  Beauv.    NIT-GRASS. 

Caespitose  annuals  with  flat  leaves  and  shining 
spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  hermaphrodite  ; 
rachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palea.  Empty  glumes  2, 
equal,  enlarged  or  saccate  at  the  base,  keeled  above  ; 
flowering  glume  much  shorter  than  the  empty  ones, 
hyaline,  truncate  or  obtusely  2-lobed,  awnless  or  bearing 
a  slender  awn  just  below  the  apex.  Palea  narrow,  about 
the  length  of  the  glume.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  dis- 
tinct ;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  subglobose,  free,  included 
within  the  ventricose  base  of  the  glume. 

1.  G-.  lendigerum  (L.)  Gaud.  Culms  more  or  less  tufted, 
erect,  15-60  cm.  high;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth ;  leaves,  3-10  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  acuminate, 
scabrous;  panicle  spike-like,  5-10  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide,  pale 
green  and  shining;  spikelets  lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  scabrous  above ;  flowering  glume  hairy,  bearing  a  slender 
awn  below  the  middle. 

Common  on  dry  ground  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range.  Na- 
tive of  southern  Europe. 


38  Aveneae 


Tribe  5.  AVENEAE.     OAT  TRIBE. 

Spikelets  2-several-flowered ;  outer  empty  glumes 
usually  longer  than  the  first  flowering  glume  ;  1  or  more 
of  the  flowering  glumes  awned  on  the  back  or  from  be- 
tween the  teeth  of  the  bifid  apex  ;  awn  usually  twisted 
or  geniculate. 

Spikelets  articulated  with  the  pedicels  below  the  empty  glumes. 

19.  HOLCUS. 

Spikelets  not  articulate  below  the  empty  glumes. 
Awns  dorsal. 

Spikelets  small,  less  than  1  cm.  long.  20.  DESCHAMPSIA. 

Spikelets  1  cm.  long  or  more.  21.  AVENA. 

Awns  terminal,  rising  from  between  the  lobes  or  teeth. 

22.  DANTHONIA. 

19.  HOLCUS  L.     VELVET-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spike- 
like  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  deciduous,  2-flowered  ; 
lower  flowers  perfect,  upper  staminate.  Glumes  4  ;  the 
2  lower  empty,  membranous,  keeled,  the  first  1-nerved, 
the  second  3-nerved  and  often  short  awned  ;  flowering 
glumes  chartaceous,  the  upper  ones  bearing  a  bent  awn. 
Palea  narrow,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Grain  oblong,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

1.  H.  lanatus  L.  Densely  and  softly  pubescent  throughout; 
culms  4-6  dm.  high,  erect,  often  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple; 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes  ;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long;  leaves 
3-8  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide;  spikelets  4  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  white-vilious,  the  upper  awn-pointed ;  flowering  glumes 
2  mm.  long,  smooth  and  shining,  the  lower  sparsely  ciliate  on  the 
keel,  somewhat  obtuse,  the  upper  2- toothed  and  bearing  a  hooked 
awn  below  the  apex. 

Santa  Anita  and  Oak  Knoll,  McClatchie,  Davidson. 

20.  DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv.     HAIR-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute 
leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2- 


Oat  Tribe  39 

flowered  ;  both  flowers  perfect,  the  hairy  rachilla  ex- 
tended beyond  or  rarely  terminated  by  a  staminate  one. 
Glumes  4,  the  2  outer  empty,  keeled,  acute,  membranous, 
shining,  persistent ;  the  flowering  glumes  similar  in  tex- 
ture, deciduous,  bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  toothed  at  the 
apex.  Palea  narrow.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Grain  oblong,  free  and  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

1.  D.  calycina  Presl.  Annual;  culms  slender,  1-6  dm.  high; 
sheaths  smooth;  leaves  few,  3-6  cm.  long,  1  mm.  wide  or  less; 
panicle  spreading,  about  %  the  length  of  the  culms,  bearing  1-5 
spikelets  above  the  middle,  the  lowest  of  which  are  on  spreading 
pedicels;  spikelets  2-flo\vered  ;  empty  glumes  about  2  mm.  long, 
hairy  below,  shining  above,  5-nerved,  emarginate  with  4  minute 
ciliate  teeth ;  awn  inserted  below  the  middle,  about  6  mm.  long, 
bent  near  the  middle  and  twisted  below. 

Occasional  on  dry  mesas  or  in  open  places  in  the  foothills  and  mountains. 

21.  AVENA  L.     OAT. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  generally  flat  leaves 
and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  2-several-flower- 
ed  or  rarely  1-flowered  ;  the  lower  flowers  perfect,  the 
upper  usually  staminate.  Glumes  4-many,  the  2  outer 
empty,  somewhat  unequal,  membranous,  persistent  ; 
flowering  glumes  deciduous,  rounded  on  the  back,  acute, 
generally  bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  apex  often  2-toothed. 
Palea  narrow,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short, 
distinct.  Grain  oblong,  deeply  furrowed,  enclosed  in 
the  glume  and  palea,  free  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the 
latter. 

1.  A.  fatua  L.  (WILD  OAT.)  Culms  usually  tufted,  5-15  dm. 
high;  leaves  scabrid,  rather  long  and  broad;  panicle  1-4  dm. 
long,  its  branches  unequal,  long  filiform  ;  spikelets  drooping,  2-3- 
flowered ;  empty  glumes  subequal,  ovate-lanceolate,  20-25  mm. 
long,  9-11-nerved;  flowering  glumes  18  mm.  long,  acute,  bifid, 
yellowish  hairy  especially  below,  9-nerved ;  awn  from  near  the 


40  Aveneae 

middle  of  the  glume,  1-2  cm.  long,  geniculate;  palea   15  mm. 
long,  hairy  on  the  nerves. 

Very  common  in  all  the  valleys  and  on  grassy  hills.  Native  of  southern 
Europe. 

2.  A.  fatua  glabrescens  Coss.  (BASTARD  OATS.)  Like  the 
type  except  that  the  flowering  glumes  are  glabrous.  In  this  re- 
spect resembling  A.  saliva  L.,  the  cultivated  oat,  but  it  is  easily 
distinguished  from  that  by  its  longer  and  geniculate  awn  and 
wide,  9-nerved  flowering  glume.  A .  saliva  is  awnless  or  has  a 
short  straight  awn  and  a  7-nerved  glabrous  flowering  glume. 

Occasional  in  our  valleys.    San  Bernardino,  Parish;  Inglewood. 

22.  DANTHONIA  DC.     WILD  OAT-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute 
leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  3-many- 
flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  or  the  upper  stami- 
nate  ;  rachilla  pubescent  extending  beyond  the  flowers. 
Glumes  5— many,  the  2  outer  empty,  keeled,  acute,  sub- 
equal,  persistent,  generally  extending  beyond  the  upper- 
most flowering  glume  ;  flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the 
back,  2-toothed,  deciduous  ;  the  awn  arising  from  be- 
tween the  acute  or  awned  teeth,  flat  and  twisted  at  base, 
bent.  Palea  hyaline,  2-keeled  near  the  margins,  obtuse 
or  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  glume. 

1.  D.  Californica  Boland.  Perennial,  tufted;  culms  4-8  dm. 
high,  erect  or  somewhat  decumbent  at  base;  sheaths  smooth, 
villous  or  bearded  at  the  summit ;  blades  flat  or  convolute,  10-15 
cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  spikelets  1-5,  terminal,  15-25 
mm.  long,  usually  purplish ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  minute- 
ly hirsute ;  empty  glumes  equaling  the  spikelet ;  flowers  usually 
7;  flowering  glume  about  8  mm.  long,  hairy  on  the  callus  and 
margins  below  the  middle,  teeth  about  2  mm.  long;  awn  about 
equaling  the  glume,  scabrous. 

In  dry  usually  stony  ground.    Newhall,  Davidson. 


Chlorideae  41 


Tribe  6.  CHLORIDEAE.     FINGER-GRASS  TRIBE. 

Spikelets  1-several-flowered  in  1-sided  spikes  or 
racemes  ;  the  racemes  digitate  or  fasciculate,  rarely  soli- 
tary ;  flowering  glumes  usually  keeled,  entire  and  un- 
armed or  toothed  and  with  1-3  straight  awns. 

Spikelets  imbricated  in  2  rows,  forming  unilateral  spikes,  which  are  scat- 
tered along  a  common  rachis.  24.  SPABTINA. 

Spikes  2-6,  digitate.  23.  CYNODON. 

Spikes  slender,  alternating  and  more  or  less  remote  along  a  common 
axis.  25.  LKPTOCBLOA. 

23.  CYNODON  Pers.    BERMUDA-GRASS. 

Perennial  mostly  from  running  rootstocks,  with  short 
flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence.  Spikes  digitate, 
slender.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  secund.  Glumes  3  ;  the  2 
outer  empty,  keeled  ;  the  third  broader  membranous, 
compressed.  Palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  flowering 
glume,  hyaline  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Grain  free. 

1.0.  Dactylon  (L.)  Pers.  Culms  1-3  dm.  high,  erect,  from 
long  creeping  and  branching  stolons,  smooth;  sheaths  glabrous 
or  somewhat  hairy,  crowded  at  the  bases  of  the  culms  and  along 
the  stolons;  ligule  pilose;  leaves  25-50  mm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide, 
flat,  rigid,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  spikes  4-5,  12-25 
mm.  long,  digitate;  rachis  flat;  spikelets  2  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  hispid  on  the  keel,  narrow,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second, 
about  %  as  long  as  the  broad  and  strongly  compressed  third  one. 

Common  along  irrigation  ditches  and  roadsides.  Native  of  Europe. 
Commonly  called  Bermuda  Grass  and  extensively  used  for  lawns. 

24.  SPABTINA  Schreb.     CORD-GRASS. 

Perennial  glabrous  grasses  with  long  horizontal  root- 
stocks,  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  an  inflorescence  of 
1-sided  spreading  or  erect  alternate  spikes.  Spikelets 
1-flowered  narrow  deciduous,  borne  in  2  rows  on  the  rachis, 


42  Chlorideae 

articulated  on  very  short  pedicels  below  the  glumes. 
Glumes  3 ;  the  outer  2  empty  keeled  very  unequal, 
the  third  subtending  a  perfect  flower,  keeled,  equaling  or 
shorter  than  the  second.  Palea  often  larger  than  its  glume, 
2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  filiform,  elongated  ;  stig- 
mas filiform,  papillose  or  shortly  plumose.  Grain  free. 

1.  S.  glabra   Muhl.     Culms   simple,   stout,   6-15  dm.    high; 
sheaths  glabrous,  the  lower  ones  crowded;  leaves  5-7  dm.  long, 
1-1.5  cm.  wide,  usually  flat,   tapering  to  a  long  involute  tip, 
smooth;  panicles  2-4  dm.    long,    strict;  spikes   5-15  cm.    long; 
spikelets  crowded,  10-14  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  glabrous  or 
sparingly  scabrous  on  the   keel,  the   first  6-8  mm.,  the  second 
10-14  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  8-10  mm.  long;  palea  slightly 
exceeding  the  glume. 

Occasional  in  the  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.    Wilmington. 

2.  S.  foliosa  Trin.     Culms  erect,  6-8  dm.  high,  stout;  sheaths 
smooth,  crowded  at  least  above;  leaves  2-3  dm.  long,  about  1  cm. 
wide,  smooth,  tapering  to  a  long  involute  tip;  panicle  10-15  cm. 
long,  nearly  cylindric;  spikes  2-5  cm.  long,  appressed ;  spikelets 
crowded,  12-14  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  the  empty  glumes  usually 
stoutly  ciliate  on  the  keels ;  the  first  empty  glume  narrow,  7-8 
mm.,  the  second  12-14  mm.  long;  flowering   glume  10-12   min. 
long,  slightly  shorter  .than  the  palea. 

This  has  been  found  at  San  Diego  and  may  occur  within  our  limits.  It  is 
easily  recognized  by  its  dense  spike-like  inflorescence  and  leafy  culms. 

25.  LiEPTOCHliOA  Beauv. 

Mostly  rather  tall  annual  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and 
numerous  spikes  forming  a  simple  panicle.  Spikelets 
2— many-flowered,  flattened,  alternating  in  2  rows  on  one 
side  of  the  rachis.  Glumes  4-many,  the  2  lower  empty, 
keeled,  3-nerved.  Palea  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palea. 

1.  !L.  mucronata  (Michx.)  Kunth.  Culms  3-9  dm.  high, 
erect,  branched,  smooth;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth;  ligule  short,  lacerate-toothed ;  leaves  5-18  cm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  spikes  numerous,  slender,  rigid,  ascend- 


Festuceae  43 

ing  or  sometimes  spreading,  the  lower  5-15  cm.  long;  spikelets 
usually  3-flowered,  about  2  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  shorter 
than  the  spikelets,  acute,  1-nerved,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  keel ; 
flowering  glumes  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  ciliate  on  the  nerves. 

Common  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  and  at  Imperial  along  irrigating 
canals.  Known  within  our  limits  only  from  near  Santa  Monica,  Davidson. 

Tribe  7.  FESTUCEAE.     FESCUE  TRIBE. 

Spikelets  2-mnny-flowered,  usually  hermaphrodite, 
pedicellate  in  racemes  or  panicles,  the  latter  sometimes 
dense  and  spike-like.  Flowering  glumes  usually  larger 
than  the  empty  glumes,  awnless  or  with  1-several 
straight,  rarely  bent,  awns,  which  are  either  terminal  or 
borne  just  below  the  apex. 

Spikelets  of  2  kinds  in  the  same  inflorescence,  hermaphrodite  and  sterile. 
Fertile  spikelets  2-3-flowered,  awnless.  32.  CYNOSURUS. 

Fertile  spikelets  1-flowered,  long  awned.  33.  LAMABCKIA. 

Spikelets  all  alike  in  the  same  inflorescence. 
Plants  dioecious,  saline  or  maritime. 

Spikelets  solitary,  concealed  in  the  axils  of  the  crowded  short  and 
rigid  leaves.  26.  MONANTHOCHLOE. 

Spikelets  in  exserted  spike-like  panicles.  30   DISTICHLIS. 

Plants  not  dioecious. 

Flowering  glumes  1-3-nerved  or  nerveless. 

Annual;  inflorescence  a  lax  panicle.  27.  ERAGROSTIS. 

Perennial;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  panicle.   28.  KOELERIA. 
Flowering  glumes  5-many-nerved. 

Flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back. 

Nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  prominent. 

29.  MELICA. 
Nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  obscure  or  manifest  only  near  the 

apex. 

Flowering  glumes  obtuse  and  awnless.     34.  POA. 
Flowering  glumes  acute,  often  awned. 

Flowering  glumes  entire,  acute  or  awned  from  the  apex. 

35.  FESTUCA. 
Flowering  glumes  usually  awned  just  below  the  entire  or 

2-toothed  apex.  36.  BROMUS. 

Flowering  glumes  compressed  or  keeled. 

Spikelets  nearly  sessile  in  dense  1-sided  clusters  at  the  ends  of 

the  few  panicled  branches.  31.  DACTYLIS. 

Spikelets  1-2  cm.  long;  glumes  short-awned. 

36.  BROMUS. 
Spikelets  smaller;  glumes  awnless.                34.  POA 


44  Festuceae 

26.  MONANTHOCHLOE  Engelm. 

A  creeping  or  stoloniferous  grass  with  stout  rigid 
crowded  leaves.  Spikelets  2-3-flowered  unisexual  some- 
what unlike  usually  sessile  in  4's  and  concealed  within 
the  leaf  fascicles,  the  upper  floral  leaves  becoming  smaller 
at  .length  reduced  to  sheaths  and  resembling  the  outer 
glumes.  Flowering  glumes  membranous  rigid  obtuse  or 
denticulate.  Palea  2-nerved  included  within  the  flower- 
ing glume.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  plants  3.  Styles 
in  the  pistillate  plants  distinct,  elongated  ;  stigmas  bar- 
bellate.  Grain  free,  included  within  the  glume  and 
palea. 

1.  M.  littoralis  Engelm.  Culms  firm,  creeping  or  ascending; 
leaves  crowded,  subulate,  usually  about  1  cm.  long,  conduplicate ; 
flowering  glumes  9-12-nerved. 

Occasional  on  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.    San  Pedro;  San  Diego. 

ARUNDO  DONAX  L.  (GIANT-REED.)  A  tall  reed-like  grass  with 
hollow  culms,  broad  flat  leaves  and  ample  terminal  panicles.  In- 
troduced from  southern  Europe  and  cultivated  for  ornament, 
sometimes  found  as  an  escape. 

GYNERIUM  ARGENTIUM  Nees.  (PAMPAS-GRASS.)  Tall  reed-like 
grass  with  solid  culms,  long  narrow  leaves  and  large  showy  plu- 
mose panicles.  Introduced  from  South  America  and  cultivated  for 
ornament. 

27.  ERAGROSTIS  Beauv. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  con- 
tracted or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2— many-flowered, 
more  or  less  flattened.  Glumes  4-many  ;  the  2  outer 
empty,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones,  keeled, 
1-nerved  or  the  second  3-nerved  ;  flowering  glumes  mem- 
branous, keeled,  3-nerved.  Palea  shorter  than  the 
glumes,  prominently  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  usually  per- 
sisting on  the  rachilla  after  the  glume  has  fallen.  Sta- 


Fescue  Tribe  45 

mens  2-3.     Styles  distinct,  short.    Grain  free,  loosely  en- 
closed in  the  glume  and  palea. 

1.  E.  major  Host.     Culms  2-6  dm.  high,  erect  or  decumbent 
at  base,  usually  branched,  smooth;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  sparingly  pilose  at  the  throat,  otherwise  smooth  ;  blades 
5-15  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.   wide,  flat,  smooth   beneath,  scabrous 
above;  panicle  5-15  cm.  long,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, 2-4  cm.  long;  spikelets  8-35-flowered,  5-15  mm.  long,  about 
3  mm.  wide,  flat;  empty  glumes  obtuse,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  lateral 
nerves  prominent. 

Along  ditches  and  streams  about  Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Ana. 

2.  E.  pilosa  (L.)  Beauv.     Annual,  4-5  dm.  high,  somewhat  tuft- 
ed, smooth;  sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  leaves 
flat,  8-15  cm.  long,  smooth  ;  panicle  spreading,  15-30  cm.  long ;  rays 
decompound,  smooth  or  slightly  bearded  in  the  axils;  spikelets 
on  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long,  narrowly  linear,  5-8  mm.  long,  7-20- 
flowered,  dark  lead  color  or  purplish;  empty  glumes  lanceolate, 
first  1.5  mm.  long,  second  2  mm.  long,  flowering  glume  ovate, 
1.5-1.8  mm.  long;  palea  about  equaling  its  glume,  scaberulouson 
the  keel;  grain  1  mm.  long.     (E.  Orcuttiana  Vasey.) 

Occasional  along  irrigating  ditches  about  San  Bernardino  and  Santa  Ana. 

28.    KOELEBIA  Pers. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  setace- 
ous leaves  and  mostly  spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  2- 
5-flowered.  The  2  outer  glumes  empty,  narrow,  unequal, 
acute,  keeled,  scarious  on  the  margins  ;  flowering  glumes 
3-5-nerved.  Palea  hyaline,  acute,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  very  short.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume 
and  palea. 

1.  K.  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Perennial;  culms  erect,  tufted,  3-7 
dm.  high;  sheaths  smooth,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  basal  leaves  %~/4  as  l°ng  as  the  culms,  culm  leaves  2-4, 
6-12  cm.  long,  all  glabrous;  panicle  spike-like,  somewhat  lobed 
and  interrupted,  5-12  cm.  long ;  axis  and  branches  soft-pubescent ; 
spikelets  2-4-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long ;  first  glume  2.5-3.5  mm.  long, 
second  3-4  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  equaling  the  second  empty 
one. 

Common  on  grassy  hills. 


46  Festuceae 

2.  K.  cristata  pinetorum.  Closely  resembling  the  type  in 
habit  and  floral  characters,  but  the  sheaths  and  leaves  soft-pubes- 
cent. (K.  cristata  pubescens  Vasey,  not  of  Beauv.) 

Occasional  in  open  pine  forests.  Wilson's  Peak;  San  Bernardino  Moun- 
tains; San  Jacinto  Mountains. 


29.  MEL.ICA  L.     MELIC-GRASS. 

Perennial  often  tufted  grasses  with  usually  flat  leaves 
and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  1-several- 
flowered,  often  secund.  The  rachilla  extended  beyond 
the  flowers  and  generally  bearing  2-3  empty  club-shaped 
or  hooded  glumes,  convolute  around  each  other.  Two 
outer  glumes  empty,  membranous,  3-5-nerved  ;  flowering 
glumes  larger,  rounded  on  the  back,  7-13-nerved,  some- 
times bearing  an  awn,  the  margins  more  or  less  scari- 
ous.  Palea  broad,  shorter  than  the  glume,  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the 
palea  and  glume. 

1.  M.  imperfecta  Trin.     Culms  slender,  somewhat  tufted,  3-10 
dm.  high;  sheaths  exceeding  the  internodes;  blades  6-7,  flat  or 
becoming  involute,  usually  glabrous  or  more  or  less  scabrous, 
15-20  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide;   panicle  2-3  dm.  long,  its 
branches  in  remote  clusters,  unequal,  the  longer  5-7  cm.  long; 
spikelets  scabrid  1-flowered,  with  an  imperfect  flower  or  rarely 
2-flowered:  empty  glumes  ovate  or  nearly  so,  the  first  about  3 
mm.  long,  3-nerved,  second  slightly  longer,  5-nerved;  flowering 
glume  about  4  mm.  long,  ovate,  obtuse,  7-nerved,  often  purplish; 
palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Common  on  grassy  slopes  on  the  mesas  and  grassy  hills.    March-May. 

2.  M.  imperfecta  flexuosa  Boland.     Much    resembling    the 
type  in  habit  and  foliage,  but  the  branches  of  the  panicle  few- 
flowered,   generally  in   pairs,    often   reflexed;   spikelets  larger, 
acuter,  paler  and  more  coriaceous. 

Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Davidson. 

3.  M.   imperfecta  minor   Scribn.     Usually  densely   tufted ; 
culms  compressed  or  angular;  leaves  mostly  basal ;  branches  of 


Fescue  Tribe  47 

the  panicles  short,  divergent  or  reflexed ;  spikelets  smaller  than 
in  the  species ;  the  outer  glumes  shorter  and  more  obtuse. 
San  Fernando  Mountains,  near  Chatsworth  Park. 

4.  M.  imperfecta  refracta  Thurb.     Densely  velvety-pubescent 
throughout;  panicle  slender,  flexuous,  its  branches  few,  distant, 
strongly  refracted ;  spikelets  very  acute. 
Santa  Monica,  Davidson. 

30.  DISTICHLIS  Raf.     SALT-GRASS. 

Dioecious  grasses  of  saline  or  maritime  habit  with 
rigid  culms,  creeping  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  flat  or 
convolute  leaves  and  spike-like  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  flattened  more  on  the  staminate  plants  than  on 
the  pistillate.  Two  outer  glumes  ejnpty,  narrow,  keeled, 
acute  ;  flowering  glumes  longer  than  the  empty  ones, 
many-nerved,  acute,  rigid  ;  palea  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  thickened  at  the  base,  rather  long,  distinct. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palea. 

1.  D.  spicata  (L.)  Greene.  (SALT-GRASS.)  Culms  rather  stout, 
from  creeping  scaly  rootstocks,  rigid,  erect,  1-5  dm.  high;  sheaths 
numerous,  glabrous,  bearded  at  the  throat;  blades  pale  green, 
3-10  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide  at  base,  spreading,  rigid,  margins 
minutely  ciliate ;  panicle  spike-like,  3-8  cm.  long,  its  branches  ap- 
pressed ;  spikelets  8-12  mm.  long,  keeled;  empty  glumes  obtuse, 
first  2-3  mm.  long,  second  4  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  ot sterile 
spikelets  3-5  mm.  long,  of  fertile  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long. 

Very  common  in  low  subsaline  places  along  the  coast  and  in  our  interior 
valleys. 

31.  DACTYLIS  L.     ORCHARD-GRASS. 

A  tall  perennial  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate 
inflorescence.  Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  short  pedicelled, 
in  dense  capitate  clusters.  Flowers  perfect  or  the  upper 
staminate.  The  2  outer  empty  glumes  thin  membran- 
ous, unequal,  keeled,  mucronate  ;  flowering  glumes  larger 
than  the  empty  ones,  rigid,  5-nerved,  keeled,  the  mid- 
nerve  extended  into  a  point  or  short  awn.  Palea  shorter 


48  Festuceae 

than  the  glume,  2-keeled.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palea. 

1.  D.  glomerata  L.  Culms  6-12  dm.  high,  tufted,  erect, 
simple,  smooth ;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth  or 
rough;  ligule  2-4  mm.  long;  blades  7-20  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
flat,  scabrous;  panicle  7-18  cm.  long,  its  branches  spreading  or  as- 
cending in  flower,  erect  in  fruit,  the  lower  25-60  mm.  long;  spike- 
lets  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  3-5-flowered ;  empty  glumes  1-3- 
nerved,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  glumes  4-6 
mm.  long,  rough,  pointed  or  short  awned,  ciliate  on  the  keel. 
Occasional  in  yards  about  Los  Angeles. 

32.  CYNOSUBUS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses  with  flat  leaves 
and  dense  spike-like  inflorescence.  Spikelets  consisting 
of  narrow  empty  glumes  with  a  continuous  rachilla,  the 
terminal  spikelets  of  2-4  broader  glumes  with  articulate 
rachilla,  and  subtending  perfect  flowers.  The  2  outer 
glumes  broad,  1-3-nerved,  pointed  or  short  awned  ; 
upper  glumes  narrower,  usually  empty.  Glumes  of  the 
sterile  spikelets  pectinate,  spreading,  linear-subulate; 
1-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Grain 
finally  adherent  to  the  palea. 

1.  C.  cristatus  L.  Perennial;  culms  tufted,  erect,  slender, 
3-6  dm.  high;  sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
blades  of  the  culm  flat,  2-10  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide ;  spike  near- 
ly cylindric,  oblong  or  linear,  3-10  cm.  long;  the  clusters  of  spike- 
lets  all  turned  to  one  side,  the  empty  ones  forming  involucres  to 
each  cluster. 

On  lawns,  rarely  seen.    Los  Angeles,  Davidson.    Native  of  Europe. 

33.  LAMABCKIA  Moench. 

A  low  annual  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  showy  1-sided 
panicles  of  crowded  fasciculate  spikelets,  the  fertile 
spikelets  nearly  enclosed  by  the  numerous  sterile  ones. 
The  terminal  spikelet  of  each  fascicle  fertile,  the  others 


Fescue  Tribe  49 

(1-3)  linear  and  consisting  of  many  distichously  imbri- 
cated obtuse  empty  glumes.  Fertile  spikelets  1-flowered, 
with  rachilla  prolonged  into  a  slender  stipe  and  bearing 
a  small  empty  awned  glume  or  reduced  to  an  awn. 
Empty  glumes  2,  1-nerved,  acuminate  or  short-awned, 
slightly  unequal;  flowering  glume  broader,  1-nerved, 
bearing  a  slender  awn  just  below  the  apex.  Palea  nar- 
row, 2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct ;  stig- 
mas barbellate. 

1.  L.  aurea  (L.)  Moench.  (GOLDEN-TOP.)  Annual;  culms 
tufted,  2-5  dm.  high;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  5-8  mm.  wide; 
panicle  linear  or  oval,  5-8  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  of  the  fertile 
spikelets  narrow,  keeled,  4-4.5  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  3  mm. 
long,  oval,  bearing  a  dorsal  awn  a  little  below  the  apex,  6-9  mm. 
long. 

Common  on  grassy  plains  and  hills.    Native  of  southern  Europe. 

34.  POA  L.     MEADOW-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute 
leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-6- 
flowered,  compressed,  the  rachilla  usually  glabrous. 
Flowers  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious.  Glumes  membran- 
ous, keeled  ;  the  2  lower  empty,  1— 3-nerved  ;  the  flower- 
ing glumes  longer  than  the  empty  ones,  generally  with 
a  tuft  of  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the  mar- 
ginal nerves  usually  pubescent,  often  also  the  dorsal  one. 
Palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  glumes,  2-nerved  or 
2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Grain 
free  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  palea. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  P.  annua  L.  Annual;  culms  weak,  compressed,  5-30  cm. 
long,  decumbent ;  ligule  2-3  mm.  long ;  blades  of  the  sterile  shoots 
Mt~%  as  l°ng  as  the  culms ;  culm  leaves  3,  flat;  panicle subsecund, 
ovoid,  2-5  cm.  long,  its  branches  usually  in  pairs,  the  longest 
2.5  cm.  long,  bearing  spikelets  above  the  middle;  spikelets  nearly 


50  Festuceae 

sessile,  3-7-flowered,  4-6  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  compressed, 
about  2.5  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  ovate,  smooth,  erose  at 
apex,  2.8-3.1  mm.  long,  with  soft  hairs  on  the  keel  and  lower 
part  of  the  lateral  nerves;  palea  2.5-2.8  mm.  long,  ciliate  or 
pubescent  on  the  keels. 

Common  in  moist  places  in  all  our  valleys.    Native  of  Europe. 

2.  P.  infirma  H.  B.  K.    Annual;  culms  slender,  spreading,  1-2 
dm.  long;  sheaths  compressed,  loose;  ligule  2  mm.  long;  leaves 
smooth;  panicle  ovoid,  2-4  cm.  long,  its  branches  mostly  in  pairs 
bearing  2-5  spikelets  above;    spikelets  subsessile,  oblong,  2-4- 
flowered,  3-4  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  scarious  on  the  tips  and 
margins,  the  second  larger  than  the  first,  2-2.2  mm.  long;  flower- 
ing glume  broadly  oval,  about  3  mm.  long,  scarious  toward  the 
apex  and  on  the  margins,  ciliate  on  the  keels  and  margins  below  ; 
palea  nearly  equaling  the  glume,  ciliate  on  the  keels. 

In  moist  rather  shady  places.    Glenn  Ranch,  Lytle  Creek. 

**  Perennials. 

3.  P.  pratensis    L.       (KENTUCKY    BLUE-GRASS.)      Perennial; 
culms  terete,  glabrous,  from  running  rootstocks,  3-6  dm.  high; 
sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  truncate,  1.5  mm.  long ;  leaves  of  the  ster- 
ile shoots  flat,  abruptly  concave-pointed,  those  of  the  culms  3, 
smooth  or  scabrous;  panicle  usually  rather  open  pyramidal,  its 
branches  in  half  whorls  of  3-6,  densely  flowered  on  tiie  upper 
half;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  4-7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  acute, 
scabrous  on  the  keels,  first  2.5-3  mm.  long,  second  3-3.5  mm. 
long;  flowering  glume  webbed  at  the  base,  scabrous  toward  the 
apex,  pubescent  on  the  marginal  nerves  and  on  the  keel  below; 
palea  linear,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  keels. 

Frequent  in  lawns  and  occasional  in  mountain -meadows.    Bear  Valley; 
Cuyamaca. 

4.  P.  Fendleriana  (Steud.)  Vasey.     Perennial;  culms  tufted, 
3-7  dm.  high,  usually  dioecious;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  usually 
flat,  6-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  culm  leaves  2-3,  conduplicate, 
1-10  cm.  long;  ligule  3-5  mm.  long;  panicle  spike-like,  8-12  cm. 
long,  its  branches  in  2's  or  3's,  flower-bearing  on  the  upper  half; 
spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  flattish,  often  tinged  with  purple,  3-7- 
flowered;    empty  glumes  nearly  equal,   compressed,   4-5    mm. 


Fescue  Tribe  51 

long;  flowering  glume  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long,  often  denticulate  at 
the  apex,  scabrous;  palea  lanceolate,  scabrous,  shorter  than  or 
equaling  its  glume. 

Frequent  on  dry  open  hillsides  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

5.  P.  scabrella  (Thurb.)  Vasey.  Perennial;  culrns  slender, 
4-7  dm.  high,  scabrid ;  leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  flat  or  con- 
duplicate,  12-20  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  2-3,  £-7 
cm.  long;  ligule  5-12  mm.  long;  panicle  rather  open,  12-15  cm. 
long,  its  branches  in  pairs,  the  longest  5-7  cm.  long;  spikelet 
flower-bearing  at  least  above  the  middle;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long, 
3-5-flowered ;  first  empty  glume  2.5  mm.,  the  second  3  mm.  long; 
flowering  glume  3  mm.  long,  rough,  hairy  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  nerves,  apex  denticulate;  palea  slightly  shorter. 

Occasional  in  the  canyons  of  our  coast  mountains.  Pasadena,  Davidson; 
Santa  Monica  Mountains. 

35.  FESTUCA  L.     FESCUE-GRASS. 

Mostly  tufted  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute 
leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  2-several- 
flowered.  The  2  lower  glumes  empty,  more  or  less  un- 
equal, acute,  keeled  ;  flowering  glumes  membranous, 
narrow,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  usually  acute 
and  often  awned  at  the  apex.  Palea  scarcely  shorter 
than  the  glume.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  very  short,  dis- 
tinct. Grain  glabrous,  elongated,  often  adherent  to  the 
glume  or  palea. 

1.  F.  microstachys  (Munro)  Nutt.  Annual;  culms  slender, 
erect,  tufted,  1-4  dm.  high;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  pubescent;  ligule  0.5  mm.  long  or  less;  culm-leaves 
2-4,  erect,  3-8  cm.  long,  very  narrow;  panicle  3-10  cm.  long,  its 
branches  secund,  divergent,  remote,  the  longec  3-5  cm.  long; 
spikelets  remote,  5-10  mm.  long,  1-5-flowered;  empty  glumes 
awnless,  scabrous  or  glabrous,  the  first  3  mm.,  the  second  5  mm. 
long;  flowering  glume  3-4  mm.  long,  scabrous;  awn  slender,  6-8 
mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  and  in  our  dry  interior  valleys. 


52  Festuceae 

2.  F.  microstachys  Grayi.     Spikelets  or  at  least  the  flower- 
ing glumes  more  or  less  densely  pubescent.     Otherwise  as  in  the 
type.     (F.  microstachys  ciliata  Gray.) 

Cuyamaca  Mountains.  Not  known  within  our  limits,  but  intermediate 
forms  have  been  collected  near  San  Bernardino. 

3.  F.  Myuros  L.     Annual;   culms  slender,    smooth,   mostly 
erect,  2-5  dm.  high ;  sheaths  smooth,  longer  than  the  internodes; 
culm-leaves  3-5,  erect,  slender,  5-10  cm.  long;  panicle  narrow, 
7-25  cm.  long;  branches  scabrous,  erect,  appressed ;  spikelets  5-8- 
flowered,  8-10  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  scabrous,  the  first  2  mm. 
long  or  less,  second  involute,  4-6  mm.  long;  awn  5-8  mm.  long; 
palea  lanceolate,  scabrous  on  the  keels,  nearly  equaling  its  glume, 
with  2  short  awns. 

Occasional  in  grassy  places  that  have  been  pastured.  Capistrano.  Na- 
tive of  Europe. 

4.  F.  Myuros  ciliata  Coss.    Empty  glumes  slightly  more  un- 
equal; flowering  glumes,  at  least  the  uppermost,  conspicuously 
ciliate  above  the  middle. 

Common  on  mesas  and  grassy  hillsides,  and  along  streets  and  waste 
places.  Native  of  southern  Europe. 

5.  F.  octoflora  Walt.     Annual;   culms   usually  tufted,   15-30 
cm.  high;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth;  culm- 
leaves  2-5,  erect,  slender,  3-6  cm.  long ;  panicle  simple  erect,  5-10 
cm.  long,  rather  narrow;    spikelets  oval,  6-10  mm.  long,  7-13- 
flowered;  empty  glumes  involute,  first  3  mm.  long,  second  4  mm. 
long;   flowering  glume  involute,  acuminate,  scabrous  3-4  mm. 
long;  awn  1-7  mm.  long;  palea  lanceolate,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  glume ;  stamens  2. 

Frequent  throughout  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  the  hills  and  mountains. 

36.  BROMTJS  L.     BROME-GBASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  ter- 
minal panicles  thickened  at  the  summit.  Spikelets  few- 
many-flowered.  The  2  lower  glumes  empty,  unequal, 
acute  ;  flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back  or  some- 
times compressed  and  keeled  below  the  summit.  Palea 
shorter  than  the  glume,  2-keeled.  Stamens  generally  3. 
Stigmas  sessile,  inserted  below  a  hairy  cushion  at  the 
top  of  the  ovary.  Grain  adherent  to  the  palea. 


Fescue  Tribe  53 

*  Awns  very  slender,  usually  twisted  or  bent. 

1.  B.  hordeaceus  L.     Annual;    culms   erect,   2-8  dm.   high, 
usually  pubescent  at  the  nodes;   sheaths  retrorsely  soft  pilose- 
pubescent;  ligule  1.5-2  mm.  long  laciniate;  leaves  linear,  pilose- 
pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  5-15  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide;  pan- 
icle  contracted,  5-14  cm.  long,   2-4  cm.   wide;   spikelets  5-13- 
flowered,  12-15   mm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  ovate-lanceolate,  be- 
coming obtuse;  empty  glumes  coarsely  pilose  or  scabrous-pubes- 
cent, the  lower  3-5-nerved,  4-6  mm.  long,  the  upper  5-7-nerved, 
7-8  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  8-9  mm.  long,  coarsely  pilose  or 
scabrous-pubescent;  awn  rather  stout,  rough,  straight  or  some- 
times becoming  twisted,  6-9  mm.  long.     (B.  mollis  L.) 

Frequent    in  our  coast   valleys  along  roadsides.      Native  of   southern 
Europe. 

2.  B.   secalinus   L.     Annual;    culms  3-7  dm.  high,  smooth 
throughout  or  somewhat  pubescent  on  the  nodes ;  sheaths  smooth 
or  sometimes    sparsely  pilose-pubescent;    leaves   1-2  dm.  long, 
coarsely  and  sparsely  pubescent  above,  smooth  beneath ;  panicle 
8-18  cm.  long,  erect,  the  upper  part  drooping  in  fruit;  spikelets 
ovoid-lanceolate,  10-18  mm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide  in  fruit;  empty 
glumes  smooth,  obtuse,  the  first  4-6  mm.  long,  3-5-nerved,  the 
second    broader,  6-7  mm.    long,  7-nerved ;    flowering  glume   7- 
nerved,  6-8  mm.  long,  elliptic,  obtuse,  smooth  or  scabrous;  awn 
undulate,  3-5  mm.  long;  palea  equaling  the  glume. 

Los  Angeles  River,  Davidson. 

3.  B.  Trinii  Desv.    Annual ;  culms  3-6  dm.  high,  often  branched 
above,  smooth  or  pubescent  at  the  nodes ;  sheaths  pilose-pubescent 
or  nearly  smooth;  leaves  6-15  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  usually 
pilose-pubescent  throughout  or  nearly  smooth;    panicle  rather 
crowded  and  narrow,  suberect,  8-20  cm.  long;  branches  slender 
ascending;    spikelets    lanceolate,   5-7-flowered,  1.5-2  cm.   long; 
empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  the  first  1-nerved, 
8-11  mm.  long,  the  second  broader,  3-nerved,  13-16  mm.  long; 
flowering  glume  coarsely  and  rather  sparsely  pubescent,  5-nerv- 
ed,  12-15  mm.  long,  acuminate,  with  2  narrow  teeth  2-3  mm. 
long;  awn  15-20  mm.  long,  twisted  below,  bent  below  the  mid- 
dle.    (Trisetum  barbatum  Steud.) 

Occasional  in  the  foothills  and  in  the  dry  interior  valleys.    Pasadena; 
Santa  Ana  Mountains;  San  Bernardino;  San  Diego. 


54  Festuceae 

4.  B.  Trinii  pallidiflorus  Desv.     A   more   robust   and   larger 
plant,  6-12  dm.  high;  sheaths  pilose-pubescent;  leaves  broadly 
linear-lanceolate,  smooth  or  somewhat  sparsely  pilose-pubescent; 
panicle  more  elongated,  mostly  2-4  dm.  long;   branches  mostly 
6-12  at  the  lower  whorls,  weak  and  spreading. 

Same  range  as  the  last  and  apparently  more  common. 

**  Awns  stout,  straight. 
•*-  Awns  over  1  cm.  long. 

5.  B.  Madritensis  L.    Annual;  culms  3-7  dm.  high,  smooth; 
sheaths  smooth  or  the  lower  sparsely  pubescent;  ligule  about  2 
mm.  long;  leaves  linear,  puberulent  or  nearly  smooth,  5-15  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  panicle  erect,  5-12  cm.  long,  lower  branches 
2-4,  1-3  cm.  long,  unequal,  spreading  in  flower,  slender;  spikelets 
3-4  cm.  long,  nearly  smooth  or  scabrous-puberulent,  7-11-flower- 
ed;  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  first  1-nerved,  9-12 
mm.  long,  the  second  3-nerved,  13-16  mm.  long;  flowering  glume 
linear-lanceolate,   15-18  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  scabrous;   awn 
stout,  tapering,  rough,  somewhat  curved,  16-22  mm.  long;  palea 
pectinate-ciliate  on  the  keels,  equaling  the  insertion  of  the  awn. 

Santa  Ana  Mountains,  on  the  Santiago  Peak  trail,  altitude  3000  feet. 

6.  B.  maximus  Gussoni  Parl.     Annual;   culms  erect  or  as- 
cending, 4-7  dm.  high,  smooth;  sheaths  pilose-pubescent;  ligule 
3-4  mm.  long;  leaves  linear,  2-3  dm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  pilose 
on  both  sides;  panicle  somewhat  drooping,  secund,  lax,  1-2  dm. 
long;  lower  branches  2-4,  3-5  cm.  long;   spikelets  5-7-flowered, 
3.5-5  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  the 
first  15-20  mm.  long,  1-nerved,  the  second  broader,  25-30  mm. 
long,   3-nerved;    flowering    glume    5-nerved,   25-30    mm.    long, 
strongly  scabrous,  2-toothed,  teeth  hyaline,  3-4  mm.  long;   awn 
stout,  3.5-4.5  cm.  long,  rough;  palea  somewhat  shorter  than  its 
glume. 

Common  along  streets  and  in  waste  places. 

7.  B.  rubens  L.     Annual;   culms  about  2-5  dm.  high,  erect, 
puberulent  above;  sheaths  pubescent;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long,  leaves 
3-15  cm.  long,  pubescent  on  both  sides;  panicle  erect,  compact, 
usually  purplish,  4-7  cm.  long;  spikelets  mostly  7-11-flowered, 
2-2.5  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  acuminate,  pubescent  or  scabrous, 
the  first  narrow,  1-nerved,  7-9  mm.  long,  the  second  3-nerved, 
10-12  mm.  long;   flowering  glume  13-16  mm.  long,  lanceolate, 


Fescue  Tribe  55 

acute,  5-nerved,  scabrous  or  appressed  scabrous-pubescent,  teeth 
4-5  mm.  long;  awn  18-21  mm.  long;  palea  long  ciliate-pectinate 
on  the  keels. 

Common  in  sandy  soils  along  the  coast  and  in  our  interior  valleys.    Port 
Ballona;  Fullerton;  Capistrano;  San  Bernardino. 

-«-  -*-Awns  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

8.  B.  Richardson!  Link.     Perennial;    culms  6-13  dm.   high, 
smooth ;  sheaths  smooth  below  or  sparsely  pilose,  pilose  at  the 
throat;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  15-25  cm. 
long,  5-12  mm.  wide,  usually  scabrous  above  and  glabrous  be- 
neath;    panicle   drooping,    15-25   cm.    long;    spikelets   drooping, 
terete,  acuminate,  becoming  oblong-larrteolate  and  compressed, 
2-3  cm.  long,  6-11-flowered;  empty  glumes  smooth,  the  first  acut- 
ish,  8-10  mm.  long,  the  second  9-12  mm.  long;  flowering  glume 
obtuse,   7-nerved,  12-15   mm.  long,  appressed   ciliate-pubescent 
nearly  to  the  apex;  awn  straight,  3-5  mm.  long;  palea  slightly 
shorter  than  its  glume. 

Frequent  on  wooded  slopes  and  in  canyons  in  all  our  mountains  and  foot- 
hills. 

9.  B.  Orcuttianus  Vasey.     Perennial;  culms  erect,  8-12  dm. 
high,  puberulent  near  the  nodes,  leafy  below;    sheaths  glabrous 
or  sparingly  pilose-pubescent ;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long ;  leaves  smooth, 
broadly  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  dm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide;  panicle 
erect  or  nearly  so,  10-15  cm.  long,  its  branches  few,  widely  divar- 
icate in  fruit  and  rather  rigid;   spikelets  2-2.5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm. 
broad,  on  short,  stout  pedicels,  terete,  acuminate,  5-9-flowered ; 
empty  glumes  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  first  acute,  6-8  mm.  long; 
the  second  broader,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  8-10  mm.  long;  flowering 
glume  10-12  mm.  long,  obtuse,  scabrous  to  scabrous-pubescent, 
5-7-nerved,  apex  emarginate;   awn  about  5-7  mm.  long;  palea 
about  equaling  its  glume. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  in  the 
upper  altitudes  of  the  chaparral  belt. 

10.  B.  unioloides    (Willd.)    H.  B.  K.     Annual  ;   culms    5-10 
dm.  high,  smooth;  sheaths  usually  pilose-pubescent,  sometimes 
smooth;  ligule  3-4  mm.  long;    leaves   linear,  scabrous  on  both 
sides  or  sparingly  pilose-pubescent;  panicle  erect  or  nearly  so, 
1.5-3.5  dm.  long,  its  lower  branches  2-4,  short  or  on  larger  plants 
spreading  or  somewhat  drooping;  spikelets  2-3.5  cm.  long,  5-9 
mm.  broad,  7-11-flowered ;  empty  glumes  broad,  subacute,  smooth 


56  Festuceae 

or  faintly  scabrous,  the  first  usually  5-nerved,  7-10  mm.  long,  the 
second  7-nerved,  10-13  mm.  long;  flowering  glumes  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute,  subcoriaceous,  more  or  less  scabrous,  slightly 
2-toothed  at  the  apex,  13-16  mm.  long;  awn  rarely  exceeding  2 
mm.  in  length;  palea  K~%  the  length  of  its  glume. 

Occasional    along  streets  and   irrigating  ditches    about   Los   Angeles. 
Fruitland. 

11.  B.  unioloides  Haenkeanus  (Presl)  Shear.     Smaller  than 
the  type,  1.5-5  dm.  high ;  sheaths  retrorsely  pilose;  leaves  linear, 
narrow,  retrorsely  pilose-pubescent  on  both  sides ;  panicle  erect, 
5-10  cm.  long. 

Reported  from  Mentone,  Leiberg. 

12.  B.  marginatus  Nees.     Perennial;  culms  6-12  dm.  high, 
mostly  puberulent  to  pubescent ;  sheaths  pilose-pubescent ;  ligule 
3-3.5  mm.  long;  leaves  rather  sparsely  pilose-pubescent  through- 
out and  scabrous,    1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide;   panicle 
erect,  1-2  dm.  long,  its  lower  branches  2-4,  erect  or  spreading  in 
flower,  unequal,  the  lowest  about  7  cm.  long  and  bearing  2  spike- 
lets;  spikelets  2.5-4  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  laterally  compressed, 
7-9-flowered,   erect  or   ascending;    empty  glumes    scabrous  to 
scabrous-pubescent,  the  first  subacute,  3-5-nerved,  7-9  mm.  long, 
second  5-7-nerved,   9-11   mm.  long;    flowering    glume  coarsely 
pubescent,  acute,  11-14  mm.  long,  mostly  7-nerved,  teeth  very 
short,  subacute  ;  awn  4-7  mm.  long;  palea  ciliate-pectinate  on  the 
keels,  equaling  its  glume  or  nearly  so. 

Frequent  in  all  our  mountains  in  the  pine  belt  and  in  the  upper  portions 
of  the  chaparral  belt  on  wooded  slopes. 

13.  B.  carinatus  H.  &  A.    Annual  or  biennial;  culm  5-8  dm. 
high,  slightly  pubescent  at  the  nodes;   sheaths  retrorsely  soft 
pilose ;  ligule  3-4  mm.  long ;  leaves  flat,  mostly  narrow,  1-2.5  dm. 
long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  sparsely  pilose  on  both  sides;  panicle  rather 
lax,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  lower  branches  3,  spreading  or  drooping; 
spikelets  compressed,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  5  mm.  broad,  5-9-flowered ; 
empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous  to  slightly  scabrous- 
pubescent,  the  first  3-5-nerved,  7-9  mm.  long,  second  5-7-nerved, 
9-10  mm.  long;  flowering  glume  puberulent  or  short  pubescent, 
7-nerved,  13-16  mm.  long,  shortly  2-toothed  at  apex  and  tapering 
into  an  awn  7-10  mm.  long;   palea  nearly  equaling  its  glume, 
ciliate-pectinate  on  the  keels. 

Rather  common  in  grassy  places  in  the  lower  hills  and  valleys.    Verdugo 
Hills ;  Inglewood ;  San  Bernardino. 


Hordeae  57 

14.  B.  carinatus  Californicus  (Nutt.)  Shear.  Sheaths  and 
blades  nearly  smooth  ;  flowering  glumes  merely  scabrous,  other- 
wise as  in  the  type. 

Occasional  in  the  coast  valleys.    Ballona  Creek  near  Mesmer. 

Tribe  8.  HORDEAE.     BARLEY  TRIBE. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  usually  hermaphrodite,  sessile 
along  the  common  rachis,  forming  a  simple  or  compound 
spike.  Glumes  awned  or  awnless. 

Spikelets  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

Spikes  very  slender;  spikelets  1-2-flowered.  38.  LEPTDRUS. 

Spikes  stout;  spikelets  usually  2-  (or  more)  flowered. 

Spikelets  placed  with  one  edge  against  the  rachis.        37.  LOLJUM. 

Spikelets  placed  with  one  side  against  the  rachis.         39.  AGROPYRON. 
Spikelets  2-3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis.  40.  HORDEUM. 

Spikelets  2  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

Axis  of  the  spike  continuous ;  empty  glumes  entire.      41.  ELYMUS. 

Axis  of  the  spike  articulate;  empty  glumes  usually  2-many-cleft. 

42.  SlTANION. 

37.  LOLIUM  L.     DARNEL  or  RAY-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  simple  erect  culms, 
flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  several- 
flowered,  solitary,  sessile  and  alternate  in  the  notches  of 
the  usually  continuous  rachis,  compressed,  the  edge  of 
the  spikelet  turned  toward  the  rachis.  Glumes  rigid, 
the  first  in  the  lateral  and  the  2  lower  in  the  terminal 
spikelets  empty ;  flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back, 
5-7-flowered.  Palea  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct, very  short ;  stigmas  2.  Grain  adherent  to  the 
palea. 

1.  L.  perenne  L.  (ENGLISH  RAY-GRASS.)  Perennial;  culms 
3-6  dm.  high,  erect  or  commonly  geniculate  at  the  base,  smooth; 
sheaths  smooth;  leaves  scabrid  on  the  edges  and  upper  side; 
spike  1-3  dm.  long,  bearing  6-10  spikelets;  rachis  smooth,  chan- 
neled; spikelets  6-8  mm.  long,  smooth,  shining,  7-11-flowered ; 
empty  glumes  strongly  ribbed,  much  shorter  than  the  spikelet; 


58  Hordeae 

flowering  glume  linear-oblong,  terete,  obtuse  to  shortly  awned, 
ribbed. 

Occasional  in  moist  places  along  irrigating  ditches  and  in  low  ground. 
Flowering  the  year  round. 

2.  L.  perenne  multiflorum  (Lam.)  Auct.    Annual  or  biennial ; 
spikes  often  purplish,  somewhat  curved ;  spikelets  15-30-flowered ; 
flowering  glumes  usually  with  a  short,  slender  awn. 

In  similar  locations  and  apparently  more  common  than  the  type. 

3.  L,  temulentum  L.   (DARNEL.)     Annual;  culms  rather  stout, 
3-8  dm.  high,  smooth ;  sheaths  smooth,  usually  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  nodes;  spikes  stout,  with  9-15  spikelets;  spikelets  5-7- 
flowered  ;  empty  glumes  not  ribbed,  equaling  or  usually  exceeding 
the  spikelets;    flowering   glume    turgid,  awnless    or    commonly 
with  a  straight  awn  2  cm.  long  or  less. 

Occasional  along  roadsides  and  in  grain  fields. 

38.  LEPTUBUS  R.  Br.     HARD-GRASS. 

Mostly  low  annual  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves  and 
strict  or  curved  elongated  slender  spikes  ;  spikelets  1-2- 
flowered,  sessile  and  single  in  alternate  notches  of  the 
jointed  rachis.  Empty  glumes  1-2,  narrow,  rigid,  acute, 
5-nerved  ;  flowering  glumes  much  shorter,  hyaline,  keeled, 
1-sided  to  the  rachis.  Palea  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Sta- 
mens 3  or  less.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Grain  narrow 
glabrous  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

1.  L.  cylindricus  Trin.     Culms  slender,  erect,  straight,  2-4 
dm.   high,   somewhat    tufted,   simple  or    commonly  branched, 
smooth;   sheaths   smooth,  much   shorter  than  the  internodes; 
leaves  ascending,  1-2  mm.  wide,  3-8  cm.   long,   smooth;    spike 
green,  5-15  cm.  long,  straight;    empty  glume  very  acute,  about 
4  mm.  long. 

Occasional  on  borders  of  salt  marshes  toward  the  coast.  Mesmer;  Wil- 
mington; Oceans  ide. 

2.  L.  incurvatus  (L.)  Trin.  Culms  much  branched,  internodes 
more  or  less  curved,  more  or  less  purplish  throughout;    spikes 
numerous,  incurved ;  empty  glumes  2,  about  6  mm.  long,  narrow, 
acute. 

Not  known  within  our  limits,  but  it  occurs  on  the  salt  marshes  at  San 
Diego  and  about  San  Francisco. 


Barley  Tribe  59 

39.  AGBOPYRON  J.  Gaertn.     WHEAT-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  uTasses  with  flat  or  involute 
leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  3— many-flowered, 
sessile,  single  and  alternate  at  eaeli  notch  of  the  rachis, 
the  sides  of  the  spikelet  turned  toward  the  rachis.  The 
lower  glumes  empty,  narrower  and  usually  shorter  than 
the  flowering  glumes,  acute  or  awned ;  flowering  glumes 
rijrid,  rounded  on  the  hack,  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or 
awned  at  the  apex.  Palea  2-keeled,  the  keels  often 
eiliate.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Grain 
pubescent  at  the  apex,  usually  adherent  to  the  palea. 

1.  A.  Parishii  Scribn.  &  Smith.     Culms  5-10 dm.  high,  smooth, 
retrorsely  pubescent  on   the  nodes;    sheaths   pubescent  below, 
sparingly  eiliate  on   the  margins,  the  lower  shorter,  the  upper 
longer  than  the  internodes;  leaves  smooth  below,  scabrous  above 
and  on  the  margins,  the  lower  1-2  dm.  long,  the  uppermost  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide  at  the  somewhat  constricted  base,  linear 
attenuate  ;  spike  composed  of  8-12  compressed  oblanceolate  spike- 
lets;    spikelets  5-7-flowered,  16-20  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the 
internodes  of  the  rachis,  these  scabrous  on  the  margins ;  empty 
glumes   %   as  long  as  the  spikelet,  nearly  equal,  linear,  acute 
or   acuminate,   5-nerved,    scarious    on    the    margins;    flowering 
glume  lanceolate,  acute,  9-11  mm.  long,  5-nerved  and   scabrous 
above,   minutely   3-toothed,  awnless   or  awned;   awn   straight, 
slender,  6-8  mm.  long;  palea  equaling  its  glume,  acute  or  obtuse. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains.  First  collected  in  Water- 
man's Canyon  by  S.  B.  Parish. 

2.  A.  Parishii  laeve  Scribn.  &  Smith.     Habit  of  the  type,  but 
nodes  and   sheaths  glabrous;   awns  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
glumes  in  length. 

Ballona  Creek,  near  Mesmer;  Santa  Ana  Mountains;  San  Bernardino 
Mountains.  First  collected  in  the  Cuyamaca  Mountains  by  Palmer. 

40.  HOBDEUM  L.     BARLEY-GRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  ter- 
minal cylindric  spikes.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  usually  in 
3's  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  the  lateral  generally  short 


6Q  Hordeae 

stalked  and  imperfect ;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the 
flower.  Empty  glumes  2,  all  alike  and  subulate ; 
flowering  glumes  narrow  lanceolate,  rounded  on  the 
back,  rigid,  persistent,  obscurely  5-nerved  above,  usually 
awned.  Palea  nearly  equaling  the  glume,  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Grain  usually 
adherent  to  the  glume,  hairy  at  summit. 

1.  H.  nodosum  L.     Perennial;  culms  erect,  slender,  2-6  dm. 
high,  sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  often  deflexed,  flat,  scabrous,  5-8 
mm.  wide;  spike  slender,  compressed,  usually  nodding,  6-10  cm. 
long,  8-10  mm.  wide;  rachis  very  brittle;  lateral  spikelets  awn- 
less,   staminate  or  neutral;   flower  of  central   spikelet  sessile; 
empty  glumes  not  flattened  or  dilated  above  the  base,  all  alike 
and  subulate;  flowering  glume  including  its  awn  14-18  mm.  long; 
awn  usually  brownish  or  purplish. 

Frequent  in  moist  places  in  all  our  valleys. 

2.  H.  uodosum  depressum  Scribn.  &  Smith.     Lower  and  more 
tufted  than  the  type;   culms  geniculate  at  the  base  or  erect,  1-3 
dm.  high ;  upper  sheaths  inflated ;  leaves  shorter  than  in  the  type, 
usually  pubescent;  empty  glumes  18  mm.  long;  fertile  flowering 
glume  with  an  awn  equaling  its  own  length. 

Occasional  in  marshes  along  the  coast.    Resembling  the  next  in  habit. 

3.  H.  maritimum  L.     Annual,  rather  glaucous ;    culms  more 
or  less  decumbent  at  base,  tufted,  1-2  dm.  high;  spikes  2—4  cm. 
long,  rather  pale ;  lateral  spikelets  neutral  or  sometimes  stami- 
nate, their  inner  empty  glumes  obliquely  lanceolate,  1  mm.  wide; 
fertile  flower  sessile. 

Occasional  along  the  coast.    San  Diego. 

4.  H.  Gussoneanum  Parl.    Much  resembling  the  last  in  habit, 
but   the   inner   empty  glumes  only  narrowly   flattened  instead 
of  wing-margined  along  the  inner  side,  0.5  mm.  wide. 

Occasional  along  the  coast  marshes. 

5.  H.  murinum  L.    Annual ;  culms  tufted,  decumbent  at  base, 
2-5  dm.  high;  upper  sheaths  smooth,  scarious  on  the  margins, 
often  dilated,  the  lower  pilose;  leaves  softly  pubescent  and  sca- 
brous;  spikes  stout,  compressed,  5-10  cm.  long;  central  spikelet 
pedicelled;  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  flat, ciliate;  awns  18-24  mm. 


Barley  Tribe  61 

long;  outer  empty  glumes  of  lateral  spikelets  similar,  the  inner 
awn-like  and  not  ciliate;  flowering  glume  about  12  mm.  long, 
scabrous  above;  awn  2-5  cm.  long;  flowering  glumes  of  the  lat- 
eral spikelets  smaller;  awn  15-40  mm.  long;  palea  ciliate  on  the 
keels. 

A  very  common  and  troublesome  grass  in  all  our  valleys,  especially  in 
pastured  land.  Commonly  called  Fox-tail. 

41.  ELYMUS  L.     WILD  RYE. 

Mostly  erect  rather  tall  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and 
closely  flowered  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  2-6-flowered, 
the  uppermost  imperfect,  sessile,  in  2's  rarely  in  3's  or 
4's  at  the  alternate  notches  of  the  continuous  or  articu- 
late rachis  ;  rachilla  articulate  above  the  empty  glumes 
and  between  the  flowers.  Empty  glumes  2,  nearly 
equal,  rigid,  narrow,  1-3-nerved,  acute  or  awn-pointed, 
persistent,  and  subtending  the  flowers  like  an  involucre  ; 
flowering  glumes  shorter,  rounded  on  the  back,  obscure- 
ly 5-nerved,  obtuse,  acute  or  awned  from  the  apex. 
Palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  glume,  2-keeled.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Grains  adherent  to  the 
glumes  and  palea,  hairy  at  the  summit. 

1.  E.  condensatus  Presl.     Culms  stout,  from  stout  creeping 
rootstocks,  10-25  dm.  high ;  sheaths  smooth  :  ligule  2-4  mm.  long ; 
leaves  3-5  dm.  long,  25  mm.   wide  or  less  at  the  base,   long 
acuminate,  smooth  or  nearly  so  toward  the  base,  becoming  sca- 
brous toward  the  apex,  flat,  the  edges  somewhat  involute  above; 
spike  rather  dense  and  ample  or  somewhat  lobed,  2-5  dm.  long, 
erect;   spikelets  imbricated  in  2's  or  3's  or  more,  4-5-flowered ; 
empty  glumes  subulate,  scabrid,  about  12  mm.  long;  flowering 
glumes  scabrous  below,  11  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  7-nerved;  palea 
equaling  the  glume,  scabrous  and  ciliate  on  the  keels  above. 

Frequent  in  canyons  and  in  somewhat  moist  places  on  all  the  hills  and  in 
the  chaparral  belt  of  the  mountains. 

2.  E.   triticoides   (Xutt.)   Buckley.     Culms  rather    slender, 
smooth  and  usually  glaucous,  from  slender  rootstocks,  6-10  dm. 
high;   sheaths  smooth;    ligule  a  ciliate  ring;    leaves  15-30  cm. 
long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins  and  nerves  above; 


62  Hordeae 

spike  9-18  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  wide  or  less;  rachis  puberulent 
and  with  a  narrow  ciliate  wing;  spikelets  in  2's  or  3's,  rather  dis- 
tant below,  crowded  in  the  middle,  often  single  above,  4-6-flower- 
ed;  empty  glumes  8-10  mm.  long,  subulate,  scabrous  on  the 
nerves  above;  flowering  glumes  6-10  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  9- 
nerved,  glabrous;  palea  about  equaling  its  glume,  scabrous  on 
the  keels. 

Common  in  low  ground,  especially  in  the  coast  valleys. 

3.  E.  Orcuttianus  Vasey.     Culms  usually  several  from  short 
rootstocks,  5-10  dm.  high,  slender,  leafy;  sheaths  smooth;  ligule 
a  short    ciliate  ring;    leaves  erect,    15-25  cm.   long,  "3-8    mm. 
wide,  scabrous   on   the   margins;    spike   10-15   cm.    long,  erect, 
loosely    flowered;    spikelets    2    or    frequently   only   1    at    each 
joint,  5-7-flowered;  empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  long- 
pointed,  8-12  mm.  long;  lower  flowering  glumes  8-10  mm.  long, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  and  smooth  on  the  back,  scabrous 
at  the  apex,  5-nerved  on  the  inside,  the  upper  ones  shorter  and 
more  scabrous;  palea  K-/-S  shorter  than  its  glume,  ciliate  on  the 
keels.    ' 

Elysian  Park,  Davidson;  near  San  Diego,  Orcutt.  Closely  related  to  the 
preceding  and  possibly  only  a  form  of  it. 

4.  E.  glaucus  Buckl.     Culms  erect  and  tufted,  from  stolonifer- 
ous  rootstocks,  6-10  dm.  high,  smooth  ;  sheaths  smooth  or  mi- 
nutely scabrid  ;  ligule  about  0.5  mm.  long,  entire ;  leaves  flat,  sca- 
brid  on  both  sides,  6-10  mm.  wide,  the  lowest  about  2  dm.  long; 
spike  linear,  erect,  6-15  cm.  long,  5—8  mm.  wide;  spikelets  usual- 
ly in  2's,  sometimes  in  3's,  3-4-flowered  ;  empty  glumes  8-12  mm. 
long;  awn-pointed,  scabrid  on  the  2-4  prominent  nerves;  flower- 
ing glumes  scabrid  above,  9-12  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  straight 
awn  7-14  mm.  long;  palea  scabrid,  9-10  mm,  long,  emarginate; 
rachis  scabrid  on  the  margins. 

Frequent  in  open  shady  places  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt 
and  in  the  pine  belt.  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains.  June-July. 

42.  SITANION  Rafin. 

Csespitose  perennials,  with  usually  flat  leaves  and 
bearded  spikes.  Spikelets  usually  2  (1-3)  at  each  joint 
of  the  articulate  rachis  of  the  spike,  2-several-flowered. 


Barley  Tribe  63 

Empty  glumes  2  or  sometimes  3,  many-parted  from  near 
the  base  or  bifid  or  subulate  and  entire,  awned  ;  flower- 
ing glumes  terminating  in  a  single  awn  or  trifid  or 
3-awned.  Palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  entire,  bidentate 
or  2-awned.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short.  Grain  adherent 
to  its  glume  and  palea,  hairy  at  the  summit. 

*  Empty  glumes  deeply  cleft  into  3-11  or  more  sectaceous  awns. 

l.S.  jubatum  Smith.  Culms  erect,  6-9  dm.  high,  smooth; 
lower  sheaths  hirsute,  the  upper  minutely  pubescent  or  sparsely 
hirsute,  becoming  smooth ;  ligule  1  mm.  long;  leaves  10-18  cm. 
long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  strigose-pubescent  throughout  and  sparsely 
hirsute  above,  midnerve  prominent  beneath  ;  spike  1-2  dm.  long, 
densely  flowered  ;  empty  glumes  4,  3-many-parted  from  about  the 
middle,  the  lobes  setaceous,  mostly  8-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-4- 
flowered,  the  second  hermaphrodite,  the  other  sterile  or  the  upper 
staminate;  flowering  glume  linear-lanceolate,  8-10  mm.  long, 
smooth  below,  sparsely  scabrous  above,  5-nerved,  trifid  at  the 
apex,  lateral  lobes  setaceous,  the  middle  prolonged  into  a  slender 
scabrous  awn,  8-12  cm.  long;  internodes  of  the  rachis  5-7  mm. 
long,  glabrous. 

Ojai  Valley,  Hubby;  Coldwater  Canyon,  San  Antonio  Mountains,  growing 
under  pines  at  about  7000  feet  altitude. 

2.  S.  multisetum  Smith.  Culms  tufted,  3-5  dm.  high,  gla- 
brous or  minutely  strigose-pubescent ;  sheaths  scarious  on  the 
margins,  strigose-pubescent  and  hirsute  ;  ligule  very  short ;  leaves 
5-10  cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending,  linear,  pungently  pointed, 
sparsely  hirsute  on  the  back,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  hirsute  and 
scabrous  above ;  spike  erect,  5-8  cm.  long,  usually  reddish  ;  usually 
only  1  spikelet  at  each  joint  fertile;  empty  glumes  3-rnany-parted 
nearly  to  the  base;  awns  slender,  scabrous,  mostly  2-6  cm.  long; 
lowest  flowering  glume  of  the  sterile  spikelet  subulate,  resembling 
the  segments  of  the  empty  glumes;  flowering  glume  of  fertile 
spikelet  8-9  mm.  long,  smooth  below,  keeled  and  scabrous  above, 
3-awned,  the  middle  awn  5-6  mm.  long ;  palea  equaling  its  glume  ; 
internodes  of  the  rachis  4-5  mm.  long,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the 
margins,  compressed. 

Rather  common  on  mesas  and  grassy  hills.    March-May. 


64  Cyperaceae 

**  Some  of  the  empty  glumes  bifid  above  the  middle  or  all  entire  and 
subulate-setaceous. 

3.  S.  Californicum  Smith.    Culms  tufted,  ascending,  1.5-2.5 
dm.  high,  rather  densely  pubescent  above;  lower  sheaths  densely 
hirsute,  the  upper  minutely  puberulent ;  ligule  obsolete ;  leaves 
2-8  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous  above  and  on  the  margins, 
densely  puberulent  on  the  back;  spike  rather  loosely  flowered, 
5-8  cm.  long ;  lowest  flower  of  one  or  both  spikelets  sterile ;  empty 
glumes  4,  entire,  3-5  cm.  long ;  flowering  glume  linear,  10-12  mm. 
long,  finely  scabrous,  awn  stout,  about  4  cm.  long;  palea  2  mm. 
shorter  than  its  glume,  scabrous  on  the  nerves  below ;  internodes 
of  the  rachis  4-5  mm.  long,  scabrous  throughout. 

Rather  common  in  open  pine  woods  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernar- 
dino Mountains.  June-August.  Another  closely  related  species,  S.  glabrum 
Smith,  is  frequent  in  the  San  Jacinto  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains.  It  is  read- 
ily distinguished  by  the  glabrous  culms  and  sheaths. 

4.  S.  anomalum  Smith.     Culms  erect,  scarcely  or  not  at  all 
tufted,   5-6  dm.   high,   smooth;   sheaths  smooth  or  the  lower 
sparsely  hirsute,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes ;  ligule  1  mm.  long;   leaves  4-12  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide, 
scabrous  throughout;   spike  rather  loosely  flowered,  1-1.5  dm. 
long,   reddish;   spikelets  4-flowered;   empty  glumes  lanceolate, 
entire,  those  of  the  lowest  spikelets  bifid  above  the  middle  with 
short  awn  1-4  cm.  long;  flowering  glumes  10  mm.  long,  linear- 
lanceolate,  smooth  below,  scabrous  above,  3-awned ;  lateral  awns 
1-2  mm.  long,  the  middle  one  erect  3-4.5  cm.  long;  palea  shorter 
than  its  glume,  scabrous  on  the  margins. 

?  First   collected   near  Pasadena  by  O.  D.  Allen.     Ballona  Creek,  near 
Mesmer,  and  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Santiago  Creek,  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 


Family  7.  CYPERACEAE.     SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  annual  or  perennial  herbs 
from  fibrous  roots  or  running  rootstocks.  Stems  slender 
solid,  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  flattened. 
Leaves  narrow,  with  closed  sheaths.  Flowers  perfect  or 
imperfect,  1  or  rarely  2  in  the  axil  of  each  scale, 
and  arranged  in  spikes.  Spikes  solitary  or  clustered, 
1-many-flowered.  Scales  2-ranked  or  spirally  imbricat- 


Sedge  Family  65 

ed,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Perianth  hypogynous,  com- 
posed of  bristles  or  interior  scales,  rarely  calyx-like,  or 
wanting.  Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more  ;  filaments  slen- 
der or  filiform  ;  anthers  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehis- 
cent. Ovary  1-celled,  sessile  or  stipitate  ;  ovule  1,  ana- 
tropous,  erect  ;  style  2-3-cleft  or  rarely  simple  or 
2-toothed.  Fruit  a  lenticular  plano-convex  or  trigonous 
achene.  Endosperm  mealy.  Embryo  minute. 

Flowers  perfect. 
Scales  2-ranked. 

Spikelets  flattened;  perianth  none.  1.  CYPERUS. 

Spikelets  scarcely  flattened;  perianth  of  3-6  bristles. 

5.  SCHOENUS. 

Scales  spirally  imbricated. 

Styles  not  dilated  at  base.  2.  SCIRPUS. 

Styles  dilated  at  base. 

Spikelets  solitary,  terminal,  bractless.  3.  ET.EOCHARIS. 

Spikelets  in  umbels,  involucrate.  4.  FJMBRISTYLIS. 

Spikelets  polygamous;  scales  spirally  imbricated,  only  the  terminal  perfect. 

6.  CLADIUM. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  pistillate  enclosed  in  a  sac-like  perigynium. 

7.  CAREX. 


1.  CYPERTJS  L.     GALINGALE. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Stems  mostly  simple, 
triangular,  leafy  near  the  base  and  with  1  or  more  in- 
volucrate leaves  at  the  base  of  the  simple  or  compound, 
umbellate  or  capitate  inflorescence.  Rays  of  the  umbel 
sheathed  at  the  base,  usually  very  unequal.  Spikelets 
flat  or  nearly  terete,  composed  of  few-many  persist- 
ent or  deciduous  scales,  these  concave,  conduplicate  or 
keeled,  2-ranked,  all  flower-bearing  or  the  lower  empty. 
Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles 
2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  lenticular 
or  3-angled  achene. 

1.  C.  diandrus  capitatus  Britton.  Stems  tufted,  slender,  1-4 
dm.  high;  leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  1-2, 
elongated ;  spikelets  sessile  in  a  capitate  cluster,  appearing  some- 


66  Cyperaoeae 

what  lateral,  8-20  mm.  long,  linear  or  linear-oblong;  scales  with 
brown  margins  appressed,  coriaceous,  obtuse,  shining;  stamens 
generally  3 ;  style  2-cleft,  scarcely  exserted ;  achene  lenticular, 
oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  pointed,  dull.  (C.  diandrus 
castaneus  of  the  Bot.  Cal.) 

Occasional  in  moist  sandy  places  on  river  bottoms.    Los  Angeles;  San 
Bernardino. 

2.  C.  laevigatus  L.    Perennial,  with  slender  creeping  rhizomes ; 
stems  tufted,  slender,  8-15  cm.  high,  terete,  with  2-3  short  brown 
sheaths  at  the  base,  the  upper  bearing  a  short,  erect,  subtriangu- 
lar  leaf,  otherwise  naked ;  involucre  of  usually  2  leaf-like  bracts, 
1  a  continuation  of  the  stem,  erect,  the  other  spreading,  3  cm. 
long  or  less  ;  umbel  sessile,  capitate,  apparently  lateral ;  spikelets 
sessile,  many-flowered,  4-6  mm.  long,  pale  green;  scales  broad, 
obtuse,  about  2  mm.  long;   rachis  deeply  pitted  transversely; 
stamens  3 ;  style  2-cleft ;  achene  broadly  obovate,  12  mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  moist  places  about  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino. 

3.  C.  inflexus  Muhl.     Stems  very  slender,  tufted,  3-15  cm. 
high  ;  leaves  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  nearly  equaling  the  stems,  those 
of  the  involucre  2-3,  exceeding  the  umbel ;  umbel  sessile,  usually 
capitate;   spikelets  linear-oblong,  4-6  mm.  long,  6-10-flowered ; 
scales  pale  brown,  lanceolate,  firm,  tapering  into  a  long  recurved 
awn  ;  stamen  1 ;  style  3-cleft ;  rachis  narrowly  winged,  the  wings 
persistent ;  achene  3-angled,  narrowly  obovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
mucronulate.     (C.  aristatus  Boeckl.) 

In  moist  sandy  soil.    Laguna,  San  Joaquin  Hills,  Orange  County;  Bear 
Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

4.  C.  esculentus  L.     Perennial  by  scaly  horizontal  tuber-bear- 
ing rootstocks;   stems  rather  stout,  3-6  dm.  high;   leaves  light 
green,  4-8  mm.  wide,  usually  longer  than  the  stem,  with  promi- 
nent mid  vein,  those  of  the  involucre  3-6,  the  longer  much  exceed- 
ing the  umbel;  umbel  4-10-rayed,  usually  compound ;  spikelets 
numerous  in  loose  spikes,   straw-colored  or  yellowish   brown, 
spreading,  12-24  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  many-flowered ;  scales 
ovate-oblong,    subacute,  3-5-nerved;    rachis    narrowly  winged; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft ;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  3-angled. 

Frequent  in  river  bottoms  about  Los  Angeles,  Santa  Ana  and  San  Ber- 
nardino. 

5.  C.  erythrorhizos  Muhl.     Annual;   stems  tufted,   usually 
rather  stout,  2-6  dm.  high ;  leaves  3-8  mm.  wide,  equaling  or  ex- 


Sedge  Family  67 

ceeding  the  stem,  rough-margined,  those  of  the  involucre  3-7, 
the  longer  much  exceeding  the  umbel ;  umbel  mostly  compound  ; 
spikelets  linear,  subacute,  6-20  mm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  wide, 
many-flowered,  clustered  in  oblong  nearly  or  quite  sessile  spikes  ; 
scales  chestnut  brown,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronulate;  rachis 
with  membranous  wings  separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline  interior 
scales;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  pale,  half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Reported  from  Oak  Knoll,  near  Pasadena,  and  Baldwin's  Ranch  by 
McClatchie. 

2.  SCIBPUS  L.     BULRUSH. 

Annual  or  perennial  often  rush-like  sedges  with  leafy 
stems  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  basal  sheaths.  Spikelets 
terete  or  somewhat  flattened,  solitary,  capitate,  spicate  or 
umbellate,  usually  subtended  by  a  1-several-leaved  in- 
volucre. Scales  spirally  imbricated,  usually  all  fertile 
or  the  lowest  sometimes  empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Peri- 
anth of  1-6  bristles  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2-3. 
Styles  2-3-cleft,  not  swollen  at  the  base,  wholly  decid- 
uous from  the  achene  or  its  base  persistent  as  a  subulate 
tip.  Achene  triangular,  lenticular  or  plano-convex. 

*  Roots  fibrous. 

1.  S.  cernuus  Vahl.     Stems  tufted  from  fibrous  roots,  slender, 
5-20  cm.  high,  sheathed  at  base;  upper  sheath  bearing  a  short 
slender  leaf;   involucral  bract  slender,  2-20  mm.  long;   spikelet 
solitary,  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  3-5  mm.  long;   scales  brownish 
with  a  pale  midvein,  concave;  bristles  none;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
3-angled-obovoid,  the  sides  convex,  smooth  or  somewhat  granular, 
dark  brown,  scarcely  1  mm.  long.     (S.  riparius  Spreng.) 

Occasional  on  river  bottoms 'about  Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Barbara.  Re- 
sembling E<  arts  in  habit. 

**  Perennials  from  rootstocks. 

•*-  Inflorescence  apparently  lateral. 

2.  S.  Americanus  Pers.    Perennial  by  long  rootstocks;  stems 
sharply  3-angled,  with  concave  sides,  erect,  3-12  dm.  high ;  leaves 


68  Cyperaceae 

1-3,  narrowly  linear,  shorter  than  the  stem,  keeled;  involucral 
bract  solitary,  leaf-like,  4-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  appearing  as  if 
lateral,  sessile  in  capitate  clusters  of  1-7,  acute,  8-16  mm.  long; 
scales  broadly  ovate,  brown,  often  emarginate  or  sharply  2-cleft, 
the  midvein  extended  into  a  subulate  awn,  the  margins  scarious, 
ciliate  or  glabrous;  bristles  2-6,  retrorsely  barbed,  shorter  than 
or  equaling  the  achene;  style  usually  2-cleft;  achene  obovate, 
plano-convex,  smooth,  dark  brown,  mucronate.  (S.  pungens  Vahl.) 

Occasional  on  river  bottoms  about  Los  Angeles;  Santa  Ana;  San  Diego. 
April-July. 

3.  S.  Olneyi  Gray.     Perennial  by  long  stout  rootstocks  ;  stems 
stout,  6-25  dm.  high;  sharply  3-angled  with  concave  sides;  leaves 
1-3,  3-12  cm.   long,  or   sheaths  sometimes  leafless;   involucral 
bract  stout,  erect,  1-3  cm.  long;  spikelets  appearing  as  if  lateral, 
capitate  in  dense  clusters  of  5-12,   oblong  or  obovoid-oblong, 
obtuse,  5-8  mm.  long;  scales  oval  or  orbicular,  dark  brown  with  a 
green   midvein,  emarginate  or   mucronulate,  glabrous;    bristles 
usually  6,  slightly  shorter  than  or  equaling  the  achene,  retrorsely 
barbed;  stamens  3;  styles  2-cleft;  achene  obovate,  plano-convex, 
b:own,  mucronate. 

Common  in  marshes   and  along  running  steams   throughout  our  ra/ige. 
June-September. 

4.  S.  lacustris  occidentalis  Wats.     Stems  stout  from  creeping 
rootstocks,  terete  or  rarely  obscurely  3-sided,  1-3  m.  high,  leafless 
or  the  basal  sheaths  bearing  a  short  nearly  terete  leaf;  involucral 
bract  stout,    shorter  than  the  inflorescence;    spikelets  numer- 
ous, scattered  or  more  or  less  clustered  in  an  irregularly  com- 
pound umbel,  oblong-ovoid,  6-10  mm.  long;  scales  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse,  usually  pubescent;  bristles  6,  equaling  or  longer  than 
the  achene,   slender,    retrorsely  barbed;    style   2-cleft;    achene 
obovate,  plano-convex,  abruptly  mucronate,  grayish.    - 

Common  along  streams  and  marshes.    This  and  the  next  are  commonly 
called  "Tule."    June-September. 

5.  S.  Californicus  (C.  A.  Myer)  Britton.     Much   resembling 
the  last  in  habit  and  size ;  stems  obtusely  3-angled ;  involucral 
bract  very  short,  stoutly  subulate ;  umbel  compound ;  spikelets 
6-10  mm.  long,  oblong;  scales  brown,  ovate,  awn-pointed  by  the 
excurrent  midvein;     bristles   shorter  than  the  achene,  rather 
stout,  strongly  ciliate  at  least  below;   style  2-cleft;  achene  obo- 


Sedge  Family  69 

vate,  plano-convex,  nearly  white  or  brown,  narrowed  above  into 
a  short  point,  contracted  at  base,  1-1.25  mm.  broad.  (8.  Tatora 
Kunth.) 

With  the  last  and  apparently  more  common.  Typical  forms  are  readily 
distinguished  by  the  stouter  and  shorter  strongly  ciliate  bristles,  stouter 
filaments,  and  smaller  achene  tapering  at  the  apex.  Intermediate  forms, 
apparently  hybrids,  are  occasionally  found. 


•«-•*-  Inflorescence  terminal;  stem  leafy. 

(>.  S.  robustus  Pursh.  Perennial  by  large  rootstocks ;  steins 
stout,  sharply  3-angled  with  flat  sides,  smooth,  6-15  dm.  high; 
leaves  equaling  or  exceeding  the  stem,  smooth,  5-10  mm.  wide, 
midvein  prominent;  involucral  leaves  2-4,  elongated,  erect,  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  the  stem,  often  3  cm.  long;  spikelets  in  a  dense, 
often  compound  terminal  cluster  of  6-20,  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse  or 
eubacute,  16-24  mm.  long,  8-10  mm.  broad;  scales  ovate,  brown, 
puberulent,  lacerate  or  2-toothed,  midvein  excurrent  into  an  at 
length  reflexed  awn;  bristles  1-6,  shorter  than  the  achenes,  or 
none ;  style  3-cleft ;  achene  compressed,  flat  on  the  face,  convex 
or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the  back,  obovate-orbicular,  dark  brown, 
shining,  3  mm.  long.  (S.  maritimus  of  the  Bot.  Gal.,  not  of  L.) 
Common  in  marshes,  especially  in  somewhat  saline  places.  June-October. 

7.  S.   atrovirens   Muhl.      Perennial   by  slender  rootstocks; 
stems  3-angled,   rather  slender,   leafy,   6-12  dm.   high;    leaves 
elongated,  nodulose,  rough  on  the  margins,  6-12  mm.  wide,  1-2 
usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence;   involucral  leaves  usually 
several,  unequal,  the  longer  equaling  or  exceeding  the  rays ;  um- 
bel 1-2-compound  or  rarely  simple  ;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  acute, 
densely  capitate  in  6's-20's  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  or  raylets; 
scales  greenish-browrn,  oblong,  acute,  midvein  excurrent ;  bristles 
usually  6,  retrorsely  barbed  above,  naked  below,  about  equaling 
the  achene;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong-obovoid,  3-angled,  pale 
brown,  dull. 

Marshes  in  Los  Angeles  and  Glendale,  Davidson. 

8.  S.  microcarpus  Presl.     Perennial;   stems  6-12  dm.  high, 
rather  stout;  leaves  rough-margined,  exceeding  the  stem;   the 
longer  involucral  leaves  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence ;  um- 
bel 1-2-compound;  spikelets  3-25  together  in  capitate  clusters  at 
the  ends  of  usually  spreading  raylets,  ovoid-oblong,  3-4  mm.  long, 


70  Cyperaceae 

acute;  scales  brown,  with  a  green  midvein,  blunt  or  subacute; 
bristles  4,  barbed  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  somewhat  longer 
than  the  achene;  stamens  2;  styles  2-cleft;  achene  oblong- 
obovate,  nearly  white,  plano-convex  or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the 
back,  pointed. 

Rather  common  in  meadows  and  along  streams  in  the  pine  belt  of  all 
the  mountains.  Oak  Knoll,  near  Pasadena,  McClatchie. 

3.  ELEOCHARIS  E.  Br.     SPIKE-RUSH. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  simple,  usually  terete 
stems,  and  leaves  reduced  to  mere  sheaths  or  the  lower 
rarely  bearing  a  blade.  Spikelets  solitary,  terminal,  erect, 
several-many-flowered,  not  subtended  by  an  involucre. 
Scales  concave,  spirally  imbricated.  Perianth  of  1-12 
usually  retrorsely  barbed  bristles,  or  sometimes  wanting. 
Stamens  2-3.  Styles  2-cleft  and  achene  lenticular  or 
biconvex,  or  3-cleft  and  achene  more  or  less  distinctly 
3-angled.  Base  of  the  style  persistent  on  the  summit  of 
the  achene,  forming  a  terminal  tubercle. 

1.  E.  palustris  (L.)  R.jfe  S.     Perennial  by  horizontal  root- 
stocks;  stems  stout,  terete  or  nearly  so,  striate,  3-8  dm.  high; 
basal  sheaths  brown,  rarely  bearing  a  short  blade,  the  upper  one 
obliquely  truncate;    spikelet  ovoid-cylindric,  6-24  mm.  long,  3-4 
mm.  broad,  thicker  than  the  stem ;  scales  ovate-oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  purplish-brown,  with  scarious  margins  and  a  green 
midvein;   bristles  usually  4,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer 
than  the  achene,  sometimes  wanting;   stamens  2-3;   style  2-3- 
cleft;   achene  brownish  or   yellowish-brown,   smooth,  obovate; 
tubercle  conic-triangular,  constricted  at  the  base,  flattened,  %-% 
as  long  as  the  achene. 

Common  in  wet  places  along  streams  throughout  our  range.  May-August. 

2.  E.  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.    Perennial  by  filiform  rootstocks 
or  stolons ;  stems  filiform,  tufted,  obscurely  4-angled  and  groov- 
ed, erect  or  spreading,  4-10  cm.  long;  sheaths  truncate;  spikelet 
compressed,  narrowly  ovate,  acute,  3-10-flowered,  3-6  mm.  long, 
1  mm.  broad ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  thin,  pale  green,  with  a  nar- 
row band  of  brown  on  each  side  of  the  midvein,  deciduous,  many 
usually  sterile ;  bristles  3-4,  fugacious,  shorter  than  the  achene ; 


Sedge  Family  71 

stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid-oblong,  obscurely  3- 
angled,  with  a  rib  on  each  angle  and  6-9  intermediate  ones,  con- 
nected by  fine  ridges;  tubercle  conic,  acute,  ^  as  long  as  the 
achene. 

Frequent  in  moist  places  along  streams  and  on  borders  of  ponds.    April- 
June. 

3.  E.  montana  (H.  B.  K.)  R.  &  S.     Perennial ;  stems  slender, 
sulcate,  15-45  cm.  high,  erect ;  basal  sheaths  brown ;  spike  oblong 
or  sometimes  ovate,  4-10  mm.  long,  rounded  at  the  apex;  scales 
numerous,  closely  imbricated,  ovate,   very  obtuse,  brown  with 
green  midvein,  scarious  margined;  bristles  4-6,  about  equaling 
the  achene;    style  3-cleft;    achene  obtusely   3-angled,   oblong- 
obovate,  about  1  mm.  long,  greenish  brown,  smooth;  tubercle 
broad  at  the  base  and  slightly  constricted,  deltoid,  acute.     (E. 
arenicola  Torr.) 

Frequent  on  river  bottoms  and  borders  of  marshes  throughout  our  range. 

4.  E.  rostellata  Torr.    Perennial ;  stems  rather  slender,  com- 
pressed, strongly  sulcate,  3-8  dm.  high;  often  reclining  and  root- 
ing at  the  apex ;  basal  sheaths  light  colored,  truncate;  spike  ob- 
long, 6-10  mm.  long;  scales  straw-colored  or  pale  brown,  ovate, 
obtuse,  carinate  and  rather  firm,  about  4  mm.  long;  bristles  6, 
exceeding  the  achene ;  style  3-cleft ;  achene  obovate,  obtusely  3- 
angled,  about  2  mm.  long;  tubercle  not  constricted  at  the  base, 
pyramidal,  about  1  mm.  long.     (E.  rostellata  occidentalis  Wats.) 

Frequent  in  marshes  and  on  river  bottoms  about  Los  Angeles  and  San 
Bernardino. 


4.  FIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  stems  leafy  below. 
Spikelets  umbellate,  several-many-flowered,  subtended 
by  1-many-leaved  involucre,  their  scales  spirally  imbri- 
cated, mostly  deciduous,  all  fertile.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  its 
base  much  enlarged,  falling  away  from  the  achene  when 
mature.  Achene  lenticular,  biconvex  or  3-angled. 

1.  F.  thermalis  Wats.  Perennial  by  short  matted  rootstocks  ; 
stems  3-6  dm.  high,  flattened  and  somewhat  roughened,  striate; 
leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  flat,  becoming  more  or  less  revolute,  some- 


72  Cyperaceae 

what  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  rough  on  the  margins;  in- 
volucral  bracts  linear-subulate,  acuminate,  scabrous,  15-25  mm. 
long,  shorter  than  the  rays;  spikelets  umbellate,  solitary  on  the 
ends  of  the  rays,  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  8-18  mm.  long;  scales 
ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  dull  brown,  pubescent;  style  2-cleft, 
flattened  and  ciliate ;  achene  obovate,  lenticular,  obscurely  striate, 
1.5  mm.  long;  tubercle  soon  deciduous. 

Hot  Springs,  near  San  Bernardino,  Wright,'  Waterman's  Hot  Springs, 
Parish. 

5.  SCHOENUS  L. 

Ours  perennial  herbs  from  rootstocks,  with  slender 
erect  tufted  stems  and  slender  subterete  basal  leaves. 
Involucral  bract  erect  appearing  as  a  continuation  of  the 
stem.  Spikelets  sessile  in  capitate  lateral  clusters,  few- 
flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  2  rows,  the  lower  ones 
empty,  the  upper  bearing  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  6 
scabrous  or  pubescent  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style 
3-cleft,  not  dilated  at  the  base.  Achene  more  or  less 
3-angled,  with  a  very  short  beak. 

1.  S.  nigricans  L.  Stems  tufted,  slightly  compressed,  slender, 
5-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  rigid,  subterete,  channeled,  rough  on  the  mar- 
gins, shorter  than  the  stems ;  sheaths  black ;  involucral  bract 
3-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  capitate  clustered,  ovate  lanceolate,  com- 
pressed, 6-8-flowered;  rachis  zigzag;  scales  ovate,  acute,  com- 
pressed, keeled,  very  dark  brown;  bristles  6,  unequal,  dilated  at 
the  base,  barbed  above,  longer  than  the  achene;  achenes  globose- 
oblong,  3-angled,  white  and  shining. 

Arrowhead  Hot  Springs,  near  San  Bernardino,  Parish.  Otherwise  known 
in  North  America  only  from  Florida . 

6.  CLADIUM  R.  Br. 

Perennial  herbs  with  stout  rootstocks,  stout  tall  leafy 
stems  and  elongated  channeled  leaves.  Spikelets  small, 
usually  clustered  in  terminal  corymbs,  panicles  or 
cymes.  Scales  mostly  about  5,.  closely  imbricated,  brown, 
the  lower  empty,  the  terminal  one  fertile  and  the  1-2 


Sedge  Family  73 

below  it  staminate.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2-3. 
Style  2-3-cleft,  somewhat  dilated  at  the  base,  continuous 
with  the  ovary.  Achene  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  smooth, 
acute  with  the  obscure  persistent  base  of  the  style. 

1.  C.  mariscus  Californicum  Wats.  Stems  in  rather  dense 
tussocks,  stout,  18-24  dm.  high;  leaves  equaling  the  stem;  pan- 
icle diffuse,  drooping;  spikelets  in  clusters  of  2-3,  narrowly  ob- 
long, 4-6  mm.  long;  lower  scales  ovate,  aciitish  or  acute,  the 
upper  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  light  brown  ;  achene  brown, 
ovate,  attenuate  above. 

"  The  variety  has  been  collected  in  a  swamp  near  San  Gabriel  (Brewer) 
and  in  southern  Nevada,  Wheeler."  Watson,  Bot.  Cal.  2:234.  This  has  not 
been  seen  by  recent  collectors,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  Brewer's  plant  came  from 
San  Gabriel. 

7.  CAREX  L.     SEDGE. 

Grass-like  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  with  mostly 
.".-angled  stems.  Leaves  3-ranked,  the  upper  elongated 
or  short  and  subtending  the  spikes  of  flowers  or  wanting. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
scales.  Spikes  either  wholly  pistillate  or  staminate,  or 
bearing  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  (androgynous). 
Perianth  none.  Staminate  flowers  of  3  stamens.  Pis- 
tillate of  a  single  pistil  with  a  style  and  2-3  stigmas 
borne  on  a  very  short  axis  in  the  axil  of  a  scale-like 
bractlet  (perigynium)  which  completely  encloses  the 
achene.  Achene  3-angled,  lenticular  or  plano-convex. 

*  Spikelets  unisexual,  all  distinct  and  sometimes  remote,  staminate 
uppermost. 

1.  C.  Pseudo-Cyperus  Americana  Hochst.  Stems  stout,  4-6 
dm.  high,  angles  sharp  and  scabrous ;  leaves  rigid,  nodose,  5-10 
mm.  wide,  long,  tapering;  spikelets  4-6,  densely  flowered,  the 
uppermost  staminate,  linear,  25-80  mm.  long;  pistillate  spikelets 
4-7  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  wide,  cylindric,  approximate  or  the  lowest 
remote ;  scales  pale,  attenuate  to  a  long  hispid  point,  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  those  of  the  staminate  linear-lanceolate;  perigynium 


74  Cyperaceae 

coriaceous,  pale  olive,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  attenuate  to  a  long  beak ; 
beak  bidentate,  the  teeth  about  2  mm.  long;    nutlet   obovoid, 
chestnut  colored.     (C.  Pseudo-Cyperus  comosa  Boott.) 
Canyon  near  Burbank,  Davidson. 

2.  C.  spissa  Bailey.     Stems  stout,  1-2  m.  high,  smooth  or  near- 
ly so;  leaves  numerous,  rigid,  glaucous,  serrate,  about  equaling 
the  stem,  10-15  mm.  wide;  lower  bract  long,  leaf-like,  the  upper- 
most short  or  nearly  obsolete;  spikelets  6-12  or  more,  the  lowest 
10-15  cm.  long,  long-pedicelled,  the  upper  becoming  sessile,  all 
erect,  cylindric;  staminate  4-6  or  more,  3-10  cm.  long;  scales 
with  a  stout  toothed  awn;  perigynium  about  3  mm. high,  elliptic 
or  obovate,  coriaceous,  few-flowered,  yellowish-green. 

Occasional  in  the  canyons  of  all  the  mountains  and  foothills. 

3.  C.  filiformis  latifolia  Boeckl.     Stems  3-8  dm.  high,  stolon- 
iferous;  leaves  often  exceeding  the  stems,  2-4  mm.  wide,  spike- 
lets  3-4,  purple,  staminate  1-4,  linear,  3-5  cm.  long,  more  or  less 
pedicelled,  the  lower  sessile;  pistillate  2-4,  oblong  or  cylindric, 
2-5  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide,  densely  flowered,  remote,  sessile  or 
the  lowest  pedicelled;  pedicels  scabrous;  scales  purple,  pale  in 
the  middle,  acute,  ciliate  at  the  apex;   perigynium  coriaceous, 
hispid,  ovoid,  obtusely  angled,  olive-colored;   beak  short,  with 
short  divergent  scabrous  teeth,  broader  and  usually  shorter  than 
the  scales. 

Occasional  in  fresh-water  marshes  in  the  coast  valleys,  Davidson. 

4.  C.  laciniata  Boott.     Stems  stout,  sharply  angled,  6-11  dm. 
high;   leaves  rather  numerous,  nearly  equaling  the  stems,  4-8 
mm.  wide;  bracts  very  long;  spikelets  4-6,  cylindric;  staminate 
1-2,  commonly  pedicelled,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide;  pistill- 
ate 5-8  cm.  long,  4-9  mm.  wide,  remote,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
lower    long-pedicelled,   nodding;    scales  purple  or  ferruginous, 
pale  in  the  middle,  ciliate,  acute  or  with  rough  awn ;  perigynium 
abruptly  or  gradually  beaked,  nearly  entire  to  bidentate  with 
serrate  teeth,  compressed-lenticular,  punctate,  sparingly  toothed 
on  the  upper  margins. 

First  collected  at  Santa  Barbara  by  Nuttall.    Occasional  in  marshes  in- 
our  coast  valleys. 

5.  C.  Barbaras  Dewey.    Stems  5-10  dm.  high,  leafy,  glaucous, 
sharply  angled  and  rough  at  least  above;   bracts  leaf-like,  the 
lower  long;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  25-75  mm.  long,  narrow,  the 


Sedge  Family  75 

lower  with  slender  pedicels,  7.5-10  cm.  long,  attenuate  at  the 
base,  usually  truncate  at  the  apex,  scales  white  backed  and 
brown  edged,  obtuse ;  perigynium  nerveless,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  short  distinct  beak. 

Occasional  in  marshes  about  Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Barbara. 

6.  C.  triquetra  Boott.     Stem  3-5  dm.  high,  slightly  scabrous, 
leaves  pale,  2-5  mm.  broad,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  stem; 
spikelets  3-5,  oblong ;  staminate  about  18  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad, 
subsessile;  pistillate  12-18  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  broad,  erect,  the 
upper  approximate,  the  lower  pedicelled,  all  with  abortive  flowers 
above;  scales  pale  chestnut,  ovate,  numerous,  margins  hyaline; 
perigynium  pale,   covered    with  long  white  hairs,   ellipsoidal, 
sharply  3-angled,  acute  at  each  end,  with  a  short  bidentate  beak, 
1-4-nerved,  longer  and  broader  than  the  scale;  nutlet  filling  the 
perigynium. 

Frequent  on  dry  ground  in  the  Santa  Monica,  San   Gabriel    and   San 
Bernardino  Mountains. 

7.  C.  multicaulis  Bailey.      Culms  very  numerous,  3-6  dm. 
high,  stiff  and  wiry,  terete,  smooth  or  minutely  scabrous  beneath 
the  flowers  ;  sheaths  leafless  or  produced  into  stiff  and  appressed 
tips,  2  cm.  long  or  more,  or  on  sterile  stems  8-15  cm.  long  and 
spreading ;  the  lower  scales  leaf-like  and  prolonged  into  a  slender 
tip,  dilated  and  hyaline  at  the  base ;  pistillate  flowers  2-6,  the 
lower  often  remote;  perigynium  6-8  mm.  long,  strongly  3-angled, 
many-nerved;  beak  very  short,  entire;   nutlet  punctate,  com- 
pletely filling  the  perigynium. 

Frequent  on  dry  ridges  in  the  pine  belt  of  all  our  mountains. 

**  Spikelets  androgynous,  rarely  dioecious,  usually  clustered  in  rather 
compact  spikes. 

8.  C.  siccata  Dewey.    Rootstock  creeping,  clothed  with  short 
lanceolate  scales;  stems  slender,  sharply  angled,  15-60  cm.  high, 
scabrous  above;  leaves  rather  rigid,  1-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than 
the  stems,  scabrous  on  the  margins  above ;  bracts  scale-like,  the 
lowest  cuspidate,  usually  shorter  than  its  spikelet ;  spikes  oblong, 
2-5  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  broad,  ferruginous;   spikelets  4-12,  alter- 
nate, simple,  ovoid,  4-16  mm.  long,  2-8  mm.  broad,  crowded  or 
distinct  below,  the  terminal  pistillate  at  least  at  base,  the  in- 
termediate staminate  or  all  variously  mingled;    scales  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  ferruginous,  with  broad  hyaline  margins  ;  peri- 


76  Cyperaceae 

gynium  oval  or  ovate,  tapering  to  a  long,  sharply  bidentate  beak, 
fissured  on  the  outer  side,  unequally  serrate  on  the  margins, 
plano-convex,  nerved,  about  equaling  the  scale ;  nutlet  oblong, 
dark  chestnut. 

Common  on  borders  of  marshes  throughout  our  ranges.    Cienega ;  Ballona ; 
Santa  Ana;  San  Bernardino. 

9.  C.  xnarcida  Boott.     Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  scabrous  above; 
leaves  2  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem;   spike  2-4  cm.  long, 
6-10  mm.  wide,  dull  brown  ;  spikelets  many,  crowded  or  contigu- 
ous, closely  imbricated,  4-6  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad,  the  lower 
compound;  bracts  clasping,  scale-like,  setaceously  pointed,  the 
lowest  exceeding  its  spikelet;   scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
margin  .hyaline,   brownish;    perigynium  nearly  black  in  fruit, 
orbicular  with  a  short,  or  ovate  and  with  a  longer  bidentate  beak, 
stipitate,  plano-convex,  margins  incurved,  serrate  above,  nerved, 
equaling  the  scales;  nutlet  ferruginous,  lenticular,  produced  at 
the  base. 

Frequent  in  marshes  in  the  coast  valleys. 

10.  C.  teretiuscula  Gooden.     Stems  slender,  pale  green,  erect, 
scabrous  at  least   above,  3-7  dm.  high;   leaves  usually  2  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  stems  ;  bracts  minute  or  none ;  spike  nar- 
rowly oblong,  compact  or  interrupted,  25-50  mm.  long;  spikelets 
several-many,  staminate  above;   scales  thin,  ovate,   brownish, 
acute    or    short-awned ;     perigynium   ovate-oval,   smooth,   few- 
nerved,  tapering  to  a  beak  of  about  its  own  length,  serrate  on  the 
margins  above. 

In  canyons  near  Altadena,  McClatchie. 

11.  C.  occidentalis  Bailey.     Glaucous;  stems  3-6  dm.  high; 
leaves  nearly  equaling  the  stems;  spike  slender,  25-50  mm.  long; 
spikelets   somewhat    crowded,   or  the  lowest  usually  distinct; 
bracts  scale-like,  minute;   scales  muticous;   perigynium  turgid, 
ovate,  abruptly  short  beaked,  nearly  marginless. 

"  East  Santa  Monica  Range,"  Davidson. 

12.  C.  Hookeriana  Dewey.      Stems    slender    from    creeping 
rootstocks,  2-6  dm.  high,  sharply  angled,  scabrous ;  leaves  shorter 
than  the  stem,  2  mm.  wide,  tapering  to  a  slender  setaceous  tip; 
bracts  ovate,  awned,  commonly  exceeding  the  spikelet,  the  lowest 
setaceous  and  often  25-50  mm.  long;  spike  2-4  cm.  long,  oblong 
or  cylindric ;  spikelets  4-10,  approximate ;  staminate  flowers  few  ; 
scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  chestnut-colored  with   green 


Lemnaerat  77 

midnerve,  margin  liyaline;  perigynium  oval,  abruptly  tapering 
to  a  sharply  bidentute  beak,  serrate  above  on  the  sharp  incurved 
margins,  shorter  than  the  scale. 

Frequent  on  borders  of  the  coast  marshes. 

Family  8.  LEMNACEAE.     DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 

Minute  perennial  floating  plants  without  leaves  or 
with  only  very  rudimentary  ones.  The  plant  body  con- 
sisting of  a  disk-like  thallus,  with  usually  1  or  more 
rootlets  from  the  middle  below.  Florets  imbedded  in 
the  frond,  without  perianth,  naked  or  bracteate  with  1-2 
stamens  and  a  sessile  1-celled,  1-several-ovuled  ovary. 
Style  simple  with  funnelform  stigma.  Fruit  a  utricle  ; 
embryo  straight. 

Roots  more  than  1,  fascicled.  1.  SPIRODELA. 

Root  solitary.  2.  LEMNA. 

Roots  none.  3.  WOLFFIELLA. 

1.  SPIBODELA  Schleiden. 

Stipe  attached  (peltately)  to  the  frond  back  of  and 
under  the  basal  margin.  Reproductive  pouches  2,  tri- 
angular, opening  as  clefts  in  either  margin  of  the  basal 
portion  of  the  frond.  Roots  more  than  1,  fascicled. 
Spadix  of  1  pistillate  and  2  staminate  flowers  from  the 
reproductive  pouches ;  spathe  sac-like  ;  filaments  curv- 
ing upward  from  the  margin  of  the  frond  ;  anthers 
2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Fruit  rounded  lenticu- 
lar, with  wing  margins. 

1.  S.  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schl.  Fronds  solitary  or  united  in  colonies 
of  2-5,  roundish  obovate,  flat  on  both  sides,  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
5-15-nerved,  3-6  mm.  long,  2.5-4.5  mm.  wide;  roots  4-16;  rootcap 
large,  sharp  pointed ;  spathe  a  complete  sac,  opening  at  the  upper 
end;  pistil  flask-shaped;  fruit  somewhat  winged;  seed  slightly 
compressed,  smooth. 

Near  San  Bernardino,  Parish.  This,  as  well  as  all  the  other  members  of 
the  family  occurring  with  us,  is  rarely  fertile. 


78  Lemnaceae 

2.  LEMNA  L.    DUCKWEED. 

Stipe  attached  to  the  basal  margin  of  the  frond.  Re- 
productive pouches  2,  triangular,  opening  as  clefts  in 
either  margin  of  the  basal  portion  of  the  frond.  Root 
solitary.  Spadix  of  1  pistillate  and  2  staminate  flowers  ; 
spathe  various  ;  filaments  curving  upward  from  the  mar- 
gin of  the  frond.  Anthers  2-celled,  transversely  dehis- 
cent. 

1.  L.  gibba  L.     Fronds  from  solitary  to  4  in  a  colony,  com- 
monly 2,  orbicular  to  obovate,  2-5  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  more 
or  less  unsymmetrical,  thick,  convex  and  slightly  keeled  above, 
usually  more  or  less  gibbous  beneath,  usually  3-5-nerved;  fruit 
winged  with  rounded  lobes  on  either  side  of  the  stigma;  seeds  1-7. 

Common  in  slow-running  streams  and  ponds. 

2.  L.  minor  L.     Fronds  solitary  or  with  2  or  more  in  a  colony, 
round  to  elliptic-obovate,  2-4  mm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  sym- 
metrical, thickish,  convex  on  both  sides,  upper  surface  sometimes 
keeled  and  with  a  row  of  papulae  along  the  midnerve,  obscurely 
3-nerved;  fruit  not  winged ;  seeds  solitary. 

Apparently  less  common  than  the  last. 

3.  I*,  cyclostasa  (Ell.)  Chev.     Fronds  commonly  in  colonies 
of  2-8,  oblong  to  obovate-oblong,  usually  somewhat  falcate,  2.3-4.5 
mm.  long,  0.7-1.5  mm.  wide,  usually  strongly  unsymmetrical; 
fruit  elongated-ovate,  slightly  unsymmetrical;  seed  oblong-ovoid. 
(L.  Valdiviana  Phil.) 

Common  throughout  our  range. 

4.  Li.  minima  Phil.     Fronds  commonly  in  colonies  of  2,  ob- 
long to  elliptic,  1.5-3.9  mm.  long,  0.9-2.7  mm.  wide,  slightly  to 
prominently  convex  above,  with  a  row  of  papulae  along  the  mid- 
nerve,  convex  below,  commonly  nerveless;  pistil  short,  clavate; 
seed  oblong,  pointed. 

Near  San  Bernardino,  Parish;  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mountains; 
Lakeside,  San  Diego  County. 

5.  If.  trisulca  L.    Fronds  floating  and  submerged,  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  with  a  long  stipe  attached  to  the  basal  margin ; 
often  somewhat  falcate,  5-10  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide;  terminal 
margins  serrulate  and  fluted,  acute  at  apex. 

Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 


Juncaceae  79 

3.  WOLFFIELLA  Hegelmaier. 

Stipe  attached  on  the  margin  of  the  single  reproduc- 
tive pouch.  Pouch  triangular,  opening  as  a  cleft  in  the 
basal  margin  of  the  frond.  Fronds  rootless,  thin,  uri- 
symmetrical,  curved  in  the  form  of  the  segment  of  a 
band,  abundantly  punctate  on  both  surfaces  with  brown 
epidermal  pigment  cells.  Flowers  and  fruit  unknown. 

1.  W.  oblonga  (Phil.)   Hglin.      Fronds  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
oblong  or  commonly  tapering  from  the  obliquely  rounded  base  to 
the  slightly  narrower   bluntly  rounded   apex;    slightly  falcate; 
basal  portion  alone  exposed  to  the  air,  0.53-1  mm.  broad,  1.7-4.6 
mm.  long;  stipe  insertion  at  the  lower  angle  of  the  two  walls  of 
the  pouch. 

Near  San  Bernardino,  Parish, 

2.  W.  lingulata   Hglm.     Fronds  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs, 
ovate  to  oblong,  tongue-shaped,  slightly  unsymmetrical ;   1.7-3 
mm.  broad,  2.7-6.6  mm.  long,  only  a  small  part  of  the  frond  about 
the  base  exposed  to  the  air;  stipe  insertion  on  the  margin  of  the 
lower  wall  of  the  pouch. 

San  Bernardino,  Parish. 

Family  9.  JUNCACEAE.     RUSH  FAMILY. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual  rushes  or  sedge-like 
herbs,  growing  in  tufts  or  from  creeping  rootstocks.  In- 
florescence usually  compound,  paniculate  or  corymbose, 
rarely  reduced  to  a  single  flower,  bearing  its  flowers 
singly  or  loosely  clustered  or  aggregated  into  heads  or 
spikes.  Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect.  Perianth 
6-parted,  the  segments  glumaceous.  Stamens  3  or  6  ; 
anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  dehiscing  by  a  longitudinal 
slit.  Ovary  superior,  3-celled  or  sometimes  1-celled  with 
3  parietal  placentae.  Ovules  3-many,  anatropous ; 
styles  3,  filiform.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Seeds 
small,  cylindric  to  subglobose,  often  caudate  or  append- 
aged  ;  endosperm  fleshy  ;  embryo  minute,  thick. 

Represented  with  us  by  a  single  genus.  1.  JUNCUS. 


80  Juncaceae 

1.  JUNCUS  L.     RUSH. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  glabrous  plants,  grow- 
ing usually  in  marshes  or  wet  places,  with  simple  terete 
or  flattened,  usually  pithy  stems.  Leaves  terete,  chan- 
nelled or  flat.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered  in  cymes, 
panicles  or  heads,  greenish  or  brownish.  Stamens  6  or 
3.  Capsule  3-celled,  or  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae, 
many-seeded. 

*  Panicle  sessile,  apparently  lateral;  stems  terete,  leafless  or  the  basal 

sheaths  bearing  a  few  terete  leaves. 
-*-  Flowers  clustered. 

1.  J.  acutus  sphaerocarpus  Engelm.     Stems  and  leaves  0.5- 
1.5  m.  high,  stout,  rigid  and  pungent,  growing  in  large  tussocks; 
panicle   6-12   cm.   long,  about  equaling  the   spathe,   secondary 
spathes  long-acuminate ;  clusters  2-4-flowered ;  perianth  segments 
scariously    margined,    outer    broadly    lanceolate,    acute,    inner 
obovate,  deeply  emarginate,  2  mm.   long;    capsule  subglobose, 
apiculate,  about  4  mm.  long.     (/.  robustus  Wats.) 

Salt  marshes  near  the  coast.    Port  Ballona  ;  Wilmington. 

•*--*-  Flowers  solitary. 

++  Flowers  4  mm.  long  or  more;  capsule  oblong-ovate. 

2.  J.  Lescurii  elatus  Wats.     Stems   rigid,    stout,  1.5-2.5   m. 
high,  leafless,  from  a  stout  creeping  rhizome;  panicle  lax  and 
widely  spreading,  6-12  cm.  long;   perianth   segments  5-6  mm. 
long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  brown  margins ;  anthers  much 
longer  than  the  filaments  ;  capsule  oblong-ovate,  acute,  beakless, 
about  equaling  the  perianth. 

Occasional  along  streams  in  our  foothill  canyons.  What  seems  to  be  the 
same  has  been  collected  by  the  author  along  New  River  near  Long  Beach. 

3.  J.  Balticus  Willd.     Stems  rigid,  rather  slender,   leafless, 
3-4  dm.  high;  panicle  2-4  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  lanceo- 
late, acute,  4-5  mm.   long,   brownish;    capsule  rather  acutely 
angled,  beaked ;  seeds  distinctly  reticulate. 

Frequent  along  streams  and  in  low  ground  generally  throughout  our  range. 

4.  J.  Mexicanus  Willd.     Closely  resembling    the    last,   but 
more  slender,  12-24  cm.  high  ;  stems  somewhat  flattened,  sheaths 


Rush  Family  81 

frequently  leaf-bearing ;  panicles  about  2  cm.  long,  loosely  few- 
flowered;  perianth  segments  4-5  ram.  long,  lanceolate,  greenish 
or  slightly  tinged  with  brown.     (J.  compressus  H.  B.  K.) 
Habitat  similar  to  the  last,  and  apparently  more  common. 

++•»+  Flowers  3  mm.  long  or  less;  capsule  obovate  or  subglobose. 

5.  J.  patens  Meyer.     Stems  rather  soft,  0.5-1  m.  high  ;  inner 
sheaths  tipped  with  a  short  awn;    panicle  rather  open,  about  4 
cm.  long;  perianth  segments  3  mm.  long,  often  brownish,  spread- 
ing in   fruit;   stamens  6;   capsule   subglobose,   slightly  angled, 
obtuse,  apiculate,  equaling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  perianth. 

Canyons  of  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Hasse. 

**  Panicle  terminal;  stems  more  or  less  leafy. 
•*-  Annuals. 

6.  J.  bufonius  L.     Stems  usually  branching  from   the   base, 
5-25  cm.  high,  with  fibrous  roots;  leaves  0.5  mm.  wide  or  less ; 
flowers  mostly  solitary  and  remote  upon  the  spreading  branches ; 
perianth  segments  lanceolate,  greenish,  with  scarious  margins, 
4-6  mm.  long;    stamens  6,  sometimes  3,  2-3  mm.  long;   anthers 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than 
the  perianth. 

Common  in  the  valleys  and  mountains  in  moist  ground. 

•*-  •*-  Perennials. 

**  Leaves  not  knotted. 

7.  J.  longistylis  Torr.     Stems  several,  simple,  leafy,  3-5  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  stems,  flat  and  grass-like,  the 
sheaths  with  distinct  ligules ;  heads  usually  5-9  in  a  sparingly 
branched  panicle,  exceeding  the  very  short  spathe ;  few-flowered  ; 
perianth  segments  greenish,  narrowly  ovate  acuminate;  stamens 
6;  seeds  oblanceolate,  minute,  faintly  ribbed. 

Frequent  on  dry  ridges  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San 
Bernardino  Mountains. 

+*+*  Leaves  knotted  by  internal  transverse  partitions. 

8.  J.  Torreyi  Coville.     Stems  2-10  dm.  high  ;  rootstocks  slen- 
der, with  tuberiform  thickenings  a  few  centimeters  apart,  each 
supporting  a  single  stem ;  stem  stout,  1-4-leaved ;  blade  stout, 


82  Liliaceae 

terete,  10-25  mm.  thick,  spreading;  heads  1-20,  exceeded  by  the 
lowest  bract,  each  10-16  mm.  in  diameter;  perianth  5-7  mm. 
long,  the  segments  subulate;  stamens  6;  capsule  subulate,  3- 
sided,  exceeding  the  perianth.  (/.  nodosus  megacephalus  Torr.) 
Occasional  along  streams.  Los  Angeles  River,  Davidson. 

9.  J.  phaeocephalus  Engelm.     Stems  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  ancipital,  3-7  dm.  high;  leafy;  leaves  flat  2-6  mm.  wide, 
often  exceeding  the  stems ;    flowers  in  a  single  or  few  many- 
flowered  heads;    perianth  segments  brownish,   3-4  mm.   long, 
lanceolate  acuminate ;  stamens  6 ;  anthers  usually  exceeding  the 
filaments ;  style  long  exserted ;  capsule  acute ;  seeds  ovate,  close- 
ly reticulated. 

Frequent  along  streams  and  in  low  brackish  places.    May-July. 

10.  J.  phaeocephalus  paniculatus  Engelm.    A  more  robust 
form  of  the  last;  heads  several  in  a  compound  panicle,  rather  few- 
flowered. 

With  the  last  or  in  similar  places. 

Family  10.  LJLJACEAE.     LILY  FAMILY. 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs  from  bulbs  or  corymbs 
or  rarely  with  rootstocks  or  a  woody  caudex.  Leaves 
various.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered,  regular,  mostly 
perfect.  Perianth  segments  6,  distinct.  Stamens  6, 
hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth  or  at  the  base  of 
its  segments ;  anthers  2-celled,  mostly  introrse.  Ovary 
superior,  3-celled.  Ovules  few  or  numerous,  in  each 
cavity  ;  styles  united  ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  loculi- 
cidal  capsule  ;  endosperm  copious. 

*  Fruit  a  capsule. 
Herbs  with  bulbs  or  corms. 
Flowers  not  umbellate. 

Stems  from  a  tunicated  bulb. 

Styles  3,  distinct.  1.  ZYGADENUS. 

Styles  united,  more  or  less  3-clef t.  2.  CHLOROGALUM. 

Stems  from  a  scaly  bulb. 

Perianth  very  showy,  its  segments  reflexed.        9.  LILIUM. 
Perianth  segments  not  reflexed.  10.  FBITILLABIA. 

Stems  from  a  corm ;  flowers  showy.  11.  CALOCHORTUS. 


Lily  Family  83 

Flowers  umbellate. 

Perianth  segments  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Odor  and  taste  alliaceous;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 

3.  ALLIUM. 

Odor  and  taste  not  alliaceous;  ovules  several  in  each  cell. 
Flowers  greenish-white.  4.  MUILLA. 

Flowers  yellow.  5.  BLOOMERIA. 

Perianth  segments  united  below  into  a  tube. 
Stamens  6. 

Perianth-tube  more  or  less  inflated;  inner  stamens  appendaged. 

6.  BRODIAEA. 
Perianth-tube  funnelform;  stamens  unappendaged. 

8.  TRITELIA. 

Stamens  3;  staminodia  3.  7.  HOOKERA. 

Plants  with  short  stout  woody  caudex  and  large  panicle  of  showy  flowers. 

12.  HESPEROYUCCA. 
**  Fruit  a  berry. 

Leaves  scale-like;  branchlets  numerous,  filiform.          13.  ASPARAGUS. 

1.  ZYGADENUS  Michx.     ZYGADENE. 

Stems  simple,  scale-like,  from  a  tunicated  bulb,"  gla- 
brous and  somewhat  glaucous,  with  linear  mostly  basal 
leaves  and  greenish-white  flowers,  in  a  raceme  or  panicle. 
Perianth  nearly  rotate,  segments  ovate  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, with  a  green  glandular  spot  at  the  narrowed  base. 
Stamens  free  from  the  segments  and  about  equaling 
them ;  filaments  subulate.  Styles  distinct  persistent. 
Capsule  deeply  3-lobed.  Seeds  brownish,  angled. 

1.  Z.  Frexnontii  Torr.  Bulb  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  with  dark 
coats ;  stems  4-8  dm.  high ;  basal  leaves  2-4  dm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm. 
broad  at  the  base,  somewhat  falcate-curving;  stem  leaves  few, 
shorter,  sheathing  at  the  base;  flowers  few  to  many  in  a  raceme 
or  panicle;  lower  pedicels  2.5-4  cm.  long;  segments  8-14  mm. 
long,  the  outer  not  clawed,  the  inner  with  a  broad  claw ;  gland 
greenish-yellow,  toothed  on  its  upper  margin ;  stamens  about  as 
long  as  the  segments;  capsule  oblong,  about  2  cm.  long. 

Occasional  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains  and 
Verdugo  Hills.  April. 

2.  CHIiOBOGALUM  Kunth.     SOAP-PLANT. 

Stems  from  a  fibrous-coated  bulb,  tall  almost  leafless 
paniculately  branched  above,  the  branches  loosely  race- 


84  Liliaceae 

mose.  Basal  leaves  tufted  long-linear,  the  stem  leaves 
much  reduced.  Bracts  small  and  scarious.  Pedicels 
jointed  at  the  summit.  Perianth  white  or  purplish,  per- 
sistent and  at  length  twisted  over  the  ovary,  its  segments 
distinct  ligulate  spreading,  with  3  closely  approximate 
nerves  down  the  middle.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the 
base  of  the  segment ;  anthers  versatile.  Style  long-fili- 
form slightly  3-cleft,  Capsule  broadly  turbinate,  3- 
valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  obovate, 
somewhat  rugose. 

1.  C.  pomeridianum  (Ker)  Kunth.  Bulbs  large,  about  1  dm. 
long,  densely  and  coarsely  fibrous-coated;  stem  and  spreading 
panicle  6-15  dm.  high;  leaves  2-5  dm.  long,  12-30  mm.  broad, 
carinate  and  undulate;  pedicels  slender,  about  6  mm.  long; 
perianth  rotate,  its  segments  16-20  mm.  long,  white  with  purple 
veins';  capsule  about  6  mm.  long. 

Common  on  dry  hillsides  and  plains.     May-July. 

3.  AL.LIUM  L.     ONION. 

Scapes  from  a  tunicated  bulb  or  rarely  from  a  coated 
corm,  with  mostly  narrowly  linear  basal  leaves.  Herb- 
age with  the  characteristic  odor  and  taste  of  onions. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  simple  umbel,  subtended  by  2  or  3 
membranous,  separate  or  united  bracts.  Pedicels  slen- 
der, not  jointed.  Perianth  persistent,  its  segments  dis- 
tinct or  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases 
of  the  perianth  segments  ;  filaments  filiform  or  dilated, 
sometimes  toothed.  Style  filiform,  jointed.  Capsule 
obovate-globose,  obtusely  3-lobed,  often  crested,  loculici- 
dally  dehiscent.  Seeds  obovoid,  wrinkled,  black. 

1.  A.  haematochiton  Wats.  Scape  slender,  1-3  dm.  high, 
somewhat  compressed  and  2-edged ;  tunicated  bulb  oblong,  crown- 
ing a  horizontal  rhizome,  its  coats  deep  reddish-purple,  shining; 
leaves  several,  linear,  flat  and  rather  thick,  2-4  mm.  broad,  about 
equaling  the  scape;  bracts  2,  short  connate;  umbel  erect  or 


Lily   Family  85 

somewhat  nodding,  deep  purple  or  rose-color;  segments  ovate- 
lanceolate  acute,  6-8  mm.  long;  stamens  and  style  very  slender, 
scarcely  equaling  the  segments;  ovary  truncate  with  very  short, 
rounded  crests;  capsule  obcordate,  4  mm.  long. 

On  dry  rocky  hillsides.  Santa  Monica  Mountains  and  Verdugo  Hills. 
April-May. 

2.  A.  serratum  Wats.  Scape  terete,  slender,  about  1  dm. 
high  ;  bulb  nearly  globose,  without  rhizome,  its  coats  with  a  dis- 
tinct close  horizontally  serrate  denticulation;  leaves  2  or  more, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  scapes;  bracts  narrowly  acuminate ; 
perianth  segments  broadly  ovate-lanceolate,  8-12  mm.  long,  acute 
or  somewhat  acuminate,  nearly  straight  and  rather  rigid,  the 
inner  shorter  and  sometimes  serrulate;  filaments  all  with  a  nar- 
rowly deltoid  base;  crests  very  narrow  central. 

G  lend  ale,  Davidson. 

4.  MUILLA  Wats. 

Scape  from  a  fibrous  conn  and  bearing  an  umbel  sub- 
tended by  several  small  scarious  bracts.  Leaves  mostly 
few,  very  narrow,  nearly  terete.  Pedicels  not  jointed. 
Perianth  subrotate  persistent,  of  6  nearly  equal  slightly 
united  oblong-lanceolate  segments,  greenish-  or  yellowish- 
white  with  a  dark  2-nerved  midrib.  Stamens  inserted 
near  the  base  ;  filaments  filiform,  slightly  thickened  to- 
ward the  base  or  petaloid  :  anthers  versatile.  Ovules 
8-10  in  each  cell  ;  style  clavate,  persistent  and  at  length 
splitting.  Capsule  globose  scarcely  lobed,  loculicidal. 
Seeds  compressed  and  angled. 

1.  M.  serotina  Greene.  Scapes  3-5  dm.  high,  glabrous;  leaves 
3-4  dm.  long,  subterete,  the  upper  surfaces  nearly  plane,  the 
lower  convex  and  sharply  7-striate,  the  striae  retrorsely  scabrous ; 
umbel  40-70-flowered ;  pedicels  nearly  10  cm.  long;  perianth 
rotate  about  12  mm.  broad,  greenish-white;  outer  segments 
oblong-linear,  the  inner  oblong;  filaments  stout,  subulate,  little 
compressed;  anthers  1  mm.  long,  lurid  purple. 

Frequent  in  dry  stony  places  in  the  plains  and  foothills.    April-May. 


86  Liliaceae 

5.  BLOOMEBIA  Kell.     GOLDEN  STARS. 

Scape  from  a  fibrous  coated  corm,  with  linear  carinate 
basal  leaves  and  many  yellow  flowers  in  a  terminal 
umbel,  subtended  by  membranous  bracts.  Pedicels 
jointed  at  the  summit.  Perianth  persistent,  of  6  nearly 
equal  distinct  linear-oblong  somewhat  spreading  seg- 
ments. Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  segments, 
and  a  little  shorter  ;  filaments  filiform  with  a  somewhat 
cup-shaped  winged  and  often  bicuspidate  appendage 
surrounding  the  base  ;  anthers  oblong,  attached  near  the 
base  but  versatile.  Ovules  several  in  each  cell  ;  style 
filiform-clavate,  persistent  and  splitting  with  the  capsule. 
Capsule  subglobose,  membranous,  obtusely  3-lobed^ 
loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  subovoid,  angular  and 
wrinkled,  black. 

1.  B.  aurea  Kell.  Bulb  about  15  cm.  in  diameter,  becoming 
densely  covered  with  brownish  fibres;  scape  scabrous,  2-5  dm. 
high ;  leaf  solitary,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  scape,  6-12  mm. 
broad;  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate;  pedicels  numerous  3-6  cm. 
long;  perianth  nearly  rotate  in  bloom;  segments  8-12  mm.  long; 
appendages  about  2  mm.  long,  bicuspidate,  minutely  papillose. 
Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  on  the  plains.  April-June. 

6.  BRODIAEA  Smith.     WILD  HYACINTH. 

Scape  tortuous  or  twining  from  a  depressed  fibrous, 
coated  corm.  Leaves  usually  2,  fleshy  linear.  Umbel 
subtended  by  3  or  more  thin  spathaceous  bracts.  Peri- 
anth tube  thin,  more  or  less  inflated  and  angular  or  sac- 
cate, about  equaled  by  the  segments.  Stamens  6,  the 
inner  with  a  free  lanceolate  appendage  on  each  side, 
sterile  in  some  species,  the  outer  ones  naked  ;  anthers 
basifixed.  Ovules  8-8  in  each  cell ;  style  persistent, 
with  short  divergent  stigmas.  Capsule  ovate  to  oblong,, 
more  of  less  attenuate  above.  Seeds  angled,  black. 


Lily  Family  87 

1.  B.  capitata  Benth.  Scape  1.5-5  dm.  high,  very  tortuous, 
not  rarely  twining;  leaves  about  equaling  the  scape  carinate; 
bracts  purple,  darker  than  the  flowers ;  flowers  several,  capitate 
clustered  on  short  pedicels  12  mm.  long  or  less ;  perianth  tube 
funnelform,  shorter  than  the  segments;  appendages  connivent, 
forming  a  corona. 

Common  on  the  plains  and  foothills.    March-May. 

7.  HOOKEBA  Salisb. 

Scapes  erect  straight  from  a  fibrous  coated  corm,  with 
few  linear  leaves  and  a  solitary  umbel  subtended  by 
several  membranous  bracts.  Perianth  tube  thick  turbi- 
nate,  segments  equaling  the  tube  spreading  at  the  tip. 
Stamens  3  opposite  the  inner  segments,  the  outer  stamens 
being  reduced  to  staminodia. 

1.  H.  minor  (Benth.)  Britton.  Scape  slender,  5-15  cm.  high  ; 
pedicels  2-5,  mostly  2-5  cm.  long;  perianth  about  3  cm.  long, 
violet-purple  or  paler,  its  limb  rotate,  the  segments  with  a  strong 
mid  vein,  the  outer  narrower  mucronulate ;  anthers  4-6  mm.  long, 
shorter  than  the  retuse  or  emarginate  staminodia.  (Brodiaea 
minor  Wats. 

Occasional  in  heavy  soil.    March-April. 

8.  TBITELEIA  Dougl. 

Scapes  slender  from  a  fibrous  coated  corm,  with  few 
thin  linear  leaves  and  bearing  an  umbel  of  yellow,  white, 
blue  or  purple  flowers.  Perianth  tube  rather  short  or 
funnelform,  not  inflated  angular  or  saccate  ;  the  seg- 
ments erect  or  spreading.  Stamens  6  unappendaged,  all 
antheriferous  ;  anthers  versatile  or  basifixed.  Ovary  on 
a  slender  stipe. 

1.  T.  laxa  Benth.  Scape  3-6  dm.  high  ;  umbel  10-30-flowered ; 
pedicels  3-6  cm.  long;  perianth  3-4  cm.  long,  funnelform,  violet, 
cleft  nearly  to  the  middle;  anthers  versatile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
2-lobed  at  base,  bluish  or  white.  (Brodiaea  laxa  Wats.) 

On  low  hills,  Los  Felis,  Davidson. 


88  Liliaceae 

9.  LILIUM  L.     LILY. 

Tall  bulbous  herbs,  with  simple  leafy  stems  and  large 
erect  or  drooping  flowers.  Perianth  deciduous  funnel- 
form  or  campanulate,  of  6  distinct  spreading  or  recurved 
segments,  each  with  a  nectar-bearing  groove  at  its  base 
within.  Stamens  6,  mostly  shorter  than  the  perianth, 
slightly  attached  to  the  segments  ;  filaments  filiform  or 
subulate;  anthers  linear  versatile.  Ovules  numerous;  style 
long  somewhat  clavate  above;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  ob- 
long or  obovoid  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numer- 
ous flat,  packed  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

1;  Ii.  Humboltii  Koezl.  &  Leicht.  Bulbs  large,  5-15  cm.  in 
diameter,  white  or  purplish ;  stems  stout,  purplish,  puberulent  or 
glabrous,  15-30  dm.  high;  leaves  usually  in  4-6  whorls  of  10-20 
each,  oblanceolate,  undulate,  10-15  cm.  long,  20-25  mm.  wide, 
acute,  somewhat  scabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  margins  and 
beneath;  flowers  usually  many  on  short  and  widely  spreading 
pedicels,  7-15  cm.  long  or  more,  scattered;  segments  6-10  cm. 
long,  12-24  mm.  broad,  reflexed,  strongly  revolute  above  the  short 
abruptly  narrowed  claw,  reddish-orange  with  maroon  spots, 
papillose-rigid  toward  the  base;  stamens  4-5  cm.  long,  about 
equaling  the  style;  anthers  oblong,  8-16  mm.  long,  red;  capsule 
large,  obovoid,  acutely  6-angled. 

Frequent  in  canyons  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Monica  Mountains. 
June-July. 

10.  FBITILIiABIA  L.     MISSION  BELLS. 

Stems  erect  from  scaly  bulbs  with  thick  fleshy  scales. 
Leaves  scattered  or  verticillate,  mostly  narrow  and 
sessile.  Flowers  solitary  or  racemose  leafy-bracted, 
mostly  dull-colored,  nodding.  Perianth  campanulate  or 
funnelform  deciduous,  of  6  distinct  equal  oblong-oblance- 
olate  concave  segments,  more  or  less  blotched  or  tinged 
with  purple  or  yellow  or  white  and  with  a  smooth  nectar- 
iferous pit  near  the  base.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  segments  ;  filaments  slender  ;  anthers  oblong  ver- 


Lily  Family  89 

satile  extrorse  dehiscing  laterally.  Ovules  many  ;  style 
slender,  united  to  the  middle  or  throughout,  deciduous. 
Capsule  membranous  ovate  oroblong,  6-angled  or  winged, 
loculicidally  o-valved.  Seeds  flat  in  2  rows  in  each  cell, 
brownish. 

1.  F.  biflora  Lindl.  Bulb  of  a  few  very  thick  and  fleshy  ovate 
scales,  0-10  cm.  long;  stem  usually  stout,  15-45  cm.  high,  1-3- 
flowered  ;  leaves  2-6,  mostly  near  the  base,  somewhat  verticillate 
or  scattered,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long; 
perianth  dark  brownish-purple  tinged  with  green ;  segments 
spreading,  oblong-lanceolate,  about  25  mm.  long;  stamens  8-10 
mm.  long;  anthers  4  mm.  long,  mucronate;  styles  distinct  above; 
stigmas  linear;  capsule  broadly  obovoid,  somewhat  fi-angled, 
12-18  cm.  long. 

Occasional  in  open  places  in  the  foothills.    April. 

11.  CALOCHOBTUS  Pursh.     MARIPOSA  LILY. 

Stems  usually  flexuous  and  branching  from  membranous 
or  rarely  fibrous  coated  corms,  with  few  linear-lanceolate 
leaves,  those  of  the  stems  alternate  clasping.  Flowers 
few  showy  terminal  on  the  branches  or  umbellately  fas- 
cicled. Perianth  deciduous,  of  6  distinct  more  or  less 
concave  segments,  the  inner  mostly  broadly  cuneate-obo- 
vate,  usually  with  a  conspicuous  glandular  pit  near  the 
base.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  segments  ; 
anthers  linear  to  oblong,  basifixed.  Ovules  many;  stigmas 
sessile  recurved  persistent.  Capsule  elliptic  to  oblong. 

*  Petals  arched;  capsule  broadly  elliptical,  deeply  triquetrous. 

1.  C.  albus  Dougl.  Glaucous;  stems  15-45  cm.  high,  mostly 
branching;  bracts  foliaceous ;  flowers  subglobose,  nodding;  sepals 
shorter  than  the  petals,  greenish;  -petals  white,  ovate-orbicular, 
15-25  mm.  long,  bearded  above  the  gland  with  long  white  hairs ; 
anthers  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate;  capsule  2-5  cm.  long,  1-2  cm. 
wide;  seeds  pitted. 

Common  on  shady  banks  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains. 


90  Liliaceae 

**  Petals  not  arched;  pedicels  stout,  erect. 
-*-  Capsule  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends. 

2.  C.  Catalinae  Wats.     Stems  branching,  3-6  dm.  high,  bulb- 
iferous  at  base,  leaves  and  bracts  linear;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
purple-spotted  near  the  base,  nearly  equaling  the  petals;  petals 
cuneate-obovate,  3-5  cm.  high,  lilac,  with  a  large  ovate  purplish 
blotch  at  base;   gland  oblong,   yellow  or  brown,  covered  with 
brown  or  yellowish  hairs;  anthers  obtuse  pinkish,  5  mm.  long, 
on  filaments  3  times  as  long;  capsule  2.5-5  cm.  long,  about  1  cm. 
wide. 

Common  on  the  plains  and  in  the  foothills.  Onofree  Mountains;  Santa 
Ana  Mountains;  San  Pedro  Hills.  Extending  as  far  north  as  the  Santa  Inez 
Mountains. 

•*-•*-  Capsule  narrowly  oblong,  attenuate  into  a  beak. 

3.  C.  Weedii  Wats.     Stems  often  much  branched  above,  3-5 
dm.  high;   bracts  linear;   sepals  oblong  with  an  acuminate  tip 
nearly  as  long  as  the  petals  or  exceeding  them,  yellow  orange- 
spotted  at  the  base ;  petals  cuneate-obovate,  sometimes  truncate, 
2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  deep  yellow,  usually  dotted  with  brown,  the 
upper  margin  ciliate,  densely  clothed  with  hairs  at  least  on  the 
lower  two-thirds ;  anthers  about  equaling  the  filaments. 

Dry  hills  in  the  coast  mountains  and  foothills  of  San  Diego  County. 

4.  C.  Weedii  purpurascens  Wats.     Like  the  type  as  to  struc- 
tural characters,  but  petals  more  or  less  purplish  and  conspicu- 
ously blotched  with  brown.     (C.  Weedii  vestus  Purdy.) 

In  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  coast  mountains  from  the  Santa  Ana  to  the 
Santa  Inez  Mountains. 

5.  C.   clavatus    Wats.     Stems  rather  stout,  3-5  dm.   high, 
bulbiferous  near  the  base ;  bracts  linear ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  about  equaling  the  petals;   petals  cuneate-obovate, 
yellow,  tinged  with  brown  below,  the  lower  half  clothed  with 
long  clavate  hairs ;  gland  circular,  deep,  bordered  with  imbricated 
scales ;   anthers  purple,  obtuse,  8-10  mm.  long,  about  equaling 
the  filaments;  capsule  narrow,  about  5  cm.  long. 

Santa  Monica  Mountains ;  Newhall. 

6.  C.  splendens  Dougl.     Stems  single  3-6  dm.  high,  usually 
branched  above,  bulbiferous  at  base;   sepals  lanceolate-acumi- 
nate, recurved,  yellowish,  with  an  oval  purple  spot  near  the  base 
within;    petals  obovate-cuneate,  3-4  cm.  long  and  of  greater 


Lily  Family  91 

width,  lilac  with  a  small  purplish  blotch  at  base  surrounding  the 
densely  hairy  gland,  the  lower  third  sparsely  hairy  to,  but  not 
below,  the  gland;  anthers  obtuse,  usually  shorter  than  the  fila- 
ments. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Moun- 
tains. 

7.  C.  invenustus  Greene.     Stems  1-4  dm.  high,  bulbiferous  at 
the  base ;   flowers  in  a  2-several-flowered  umbel ;  sepals  ovate- 
oblong,  shortly  acuminate,  striate  and  scarious  margined,  the 
tips  not  recurved,  shorter  than  the  petals;    petals  about  3  cm. 
long,  obovate-cuneate,  the  rounded  summit  centrally  apiculate, 
dull  white,  tinged  greenish  and  purplish,  the  short  claw  purplish; 
gland  oblong,  covered  with  light  hairs,  and  with  a  few  scattered 
hairs  near;    anthers  5-7  mm.  long,  obtuse  at  apex,  yellow,  on 
narrowly  margined  filaments  a  little  shorter,  capsule  4  cm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  coniferous  belt  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains;  Mt. 
Santiago,  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 

8.  C.  venustus  Dougl.    Stem  2-5  dm.  high;  leaves  and  bracts 
narrow;    sepals  oblong-lanceolate,   3-5  cm.   long,  acute,  about 
equaling  the  petals;    petals  broadly  obovate-cuneate,  broader 
than  long,  white,  shaded  above  with  lilac,  a  conspicuous  reddish- 
purple  spot  near  the  summit,  a  brownish-yellow  arch  in  the  cen- 
ter, and  a  brown  base,  or  these  markings  sometimes  obscure; 
gland  oblong  or  lunate,  densely  hairy  and  surrounded  by  a  few 
scattered  hairs ;   anthers  oblong,  obtuse  on  dilated  filaments  of 
nearly  equal  length ;  capsule  narrow,  5-7  cm.  long. 

Open  hills  about  Newhall,  Davidson. 

9.  C.  venustus  sulphurous  Purdy.    Petals  light  yellow,  with 
eye  in  center  and  a  rose-colored  blotch  at  summit. 

Newhall,  Davidson. 

12.  HESPEROYTJCCA  Baker.     SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Subacaulescent  with  a  short  stout  woody  caudex  and 
straight  needle-pointed  rough-margined  flat  leaves  and 
ample  panicle.  Perianth  broadly  campanulate,  of  sub- 
equal  distinct  thin  broadly  lanceolate  concave  segments. 
Filaments  evidently  adnate  to  the  perianth  below,  clavate, 
suberect ;  anthers  didymously  cordate.  Ovary  oblong- 
ovoid  or  obovoid,  mostly  longer  than  the  short  slender 


92  Iriclaceae 

style  ;  stigma  capitate,  long-papillate,  minutely  per- 
forate. Fruit  capsular  incompletely  6-celled,  3-valved 
through  the  laciniate  false  septa.  Seeds  thin  flat. 

1.  H.  Whipplei  (Torr.)  Baker.  Simple  or  sometimes  c?espi- 
tose ;  leaves  ascending,  rigid,  3-10  dm.  long,  about  15  mm.  wide, 
plano-convex  subtriquetrous  or  keeled  on  both  faces,  sometimes 
falcate  striate  glaucous,  keenly  but  finely  denticulate,  with  very 
fine  slender  pungent  end  spine;  panicle  2-5  m.  high,  long 
peduncled,  glabrous;  flowers  creamy-white,  pendent,  fragrant, 
capsule  about  5  cm.  long.  (Yucca  Whipplei  Torr.;  Y.  Whipplei 
gramini folia  Wood.) 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  all  our  mountains.    June-July. 

YUCCA  ARBORESCENS  (Torr.)  Trelease.  (JOSHUA  TREE.)  The 
large  yucca  of  the  Mohave  Desert. 

13.  ASPARAGUS  L.     ASPARAGUS. 

Stem  at  first  simple  fleshy  scaly,  at  length  much 
branched,  the  branchlets  filiform  and  mostly  clustered 
in  the  axils  of  the  scales  and  usually  flattened.  Flowers 
small  solitary  or  clustered.  Perianth  segments  all  alike. 
Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  segments  ;  anthers  in- 
trorse.  Ovules  2  in  each  cell  ;  style  slender  ;  stigmas  3 
short  recurved.  Berry  globose. 

1.  A.  officinalis  L.  An  escape  from  cultivation  and  becoming 
well  established.  May. 

Family  11.  IKZDACEAE.     IRIS  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  narrow  equitant  2-ranked  leaves 
and  perfect  regular  or  irregular  mostly  clustered  flowers 
subtended  by  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  segments  or  6  lobes, 
its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  segments  or  lobes  in  2 
series,  convolute  in  the  bud  withering-persistent.  Sta- 
mens 3,  inserted  on  the  perianth  opposite  the  outer 
series  of  segments  or  lobes;  filaments  filiform  distinct 
or  united  ;  anthers  2-celled  extrorse.  Ovary  inferior 


Orchidaceae  93 

mostly  -'5-eelled  ;  ovules  mostly  numerous  in  each  cell; 
style  3-cleft,  its  branches  sometimes  divided.  Capsule 
3-celled  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded. 

1.  SISYRINCHIUM  L.     BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Perennial  tufted  slender  herbs  with  short  rootstocks 
simple  or  branched  2-edged  or  2-winged  stems,  linear 
grass-like  leaves  and  rather  small  mostly  blue  terminal 
flowers,  umbellate  from  a  pair  of  erect  green  bracts. 
Perianth-tube  short  or  none,  the  segments  oblong  or  obo- 
vate,  equal  mostly  aristulate.  Stamens  more  or  less 
monodelphous.  Style  branches  filiform  undivided,  alter- 
nate with  the  anthers.  Capsule  globose  or  obovoid. 
Seeds  mostly  rounded  smooth  or  pitted. 

1.  S.  bellum  Wats.  Stems  2-4  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  with  sca- 
brous margins,  with  1-3  floriferous  nodes  at  the  summit ;  peduncles 
usually  2  at  each  node;  spathes  of  2,  nearly  equal  bracts,  sca- 
brous on  the  keel,  4-7-flowered;  perianth  deep  blue-purple  with 
yellowish  base,  2  cm.  broad  or  more;  stamens  united  to  near  the 
summit;  anthers  very  small;  capsule  round-obovoid,  6  mm.  high  ; 
seeds  1.5  mm.  thick,  obscurely  pitted. 

Frequent  on  grassy  slopes,  both  in  the  valleys  and  mountains  from  near 
sea- level  to  6000  feet.  April- August. 

Family  12.  ORCHIDACEAE.     ORCHID  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  corms,  bulbs  or  tuberous  roots, 
sheathing  entire  leaves  sometimes  reduced  to  scales. 
Flowers  perfect  irregular  bracted  solitary,  spiked  or 
racemed.  Perianth  of  6  segments  :  the  outer  (sepals) 
similar  or  nearly  so  ;  2  of  the  inner  ones  (petals)  lateral, 
alike  ;  the  third  (lip)  dissimilar,  usually  larger,  often 
spurred,  sometimes  inferior  by  torsion  of  the  ovary  or 
pedicel.  Stamens  variously  united  with  the  style  into 
an  unsymmetrical  column;  anther  (in  ours)  2-celled;  pol- 
len in  2-8  pear-shaped  usually  stalked  masses  (pollinia), 


94  Orchidaceae 

united  by  elastic  threads,  waxy  or  powdery  attached  at 
the  base  to  a  viscid  disk  (gland).  Style  often  terminating 
in  a  beak  at  the  base  of  the  anther  or  between  its  sacs  ; 
stigma  a  viscid  surface.  Ovary  inferior,  usually  long 
and  twisted,  3-angled,  1-celled  ;  ovules  numerous  on  3 
parietal  placentae.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous 
minute  mostly  spindle-shaped  ;  endosperm  none  ;  embryo 
fleshy. 

Perianth  with  a  spur.  1.  PIPERIA. 

Perianth  spurless.  2.  GYROSTACHYS. 

1.  PIPEBIA  Rydb.    REIN-ORCHIS. 

Somewhat  leafy  below,  the  leaves  usually  withering  be- 
fore anthesis,  those  of  the  stem  bract-like.  Flowers  green- 
ish or  white  ;  sepals  and  petals  1-nerved  ;  the  upper  sepal 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  erect  ;  the  lateral  ones  spreading, 
linear  to  lanceolate,  their  bases  united  with  the  claw  of 
the  lip  ;  upper  petals  free,  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceo- 
late, oblique  ;  the  blade  of  the  lip  linear-lanceolate  to 
ovate,  obtuse,  truncate  or  hastate  at  the  base.  Anther- 
cells  parallel,  opening  nearly  laterally.  Stigma  a  small 
beak  in  the  angle  between  the  anther-cells  ;  ovary  sessile, 
ellipsoid  in  fruit. 

1.  P.  lancifotta  Rydb.  Stem  stout,  3-5  dm.  high ;  basal  leaves 
and  lower  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  alternate,  10-15  cm.  long,  1-2 
cm.  wide,  withering  after  anthesis;  spike  many-flowered,  lax, 
2-3  dm.  long;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  striate,  about  %  as  long  as  the 
flowers;  flowers  greenish,  11-13  mm.  long;  upper  sepal  ovate, 
obtuse,  about  4  mm.  long;  blade  round-ovate,  scarcely  at  all 
hastate,  thick  with  prominent  medium  ridge;  spur  filiform, 
slightly  clavate,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lip  and  about  equaling 
the  ovary.  (Habenaria  Unalaschcnsis  of  recent  authors,  in  part, 
not  of  Spreng.) 

Occasional  in  the  canyons  of  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Hasse;  San 
Gabriel  Mountains.  April. 


Saururaceae  95 

2.  P.  longispica  (Durand.)  Rydb.  Stem  stout,  3-7  dm.  high; 
basal  leaves  and  lower  stem  leaves  2-4,  lanceolate,  acute,  10-15 
cm.  long,  2-3.5  cm.  wide,  withering  about  the  time  of  anthesis; 
spike  many-flowered,  rather  lax,  1-3  dm.  long;  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate,  5-10  mm.  long,  acuminate;  flowers  greenish,  about  5 
mm.  long;  lateral  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  petals  broad- 
ly lanceolate ;  blade  of  the  lip  ovate-hastate,  distinctly  auricled 
and  truncate  at  base;  spur  filiform,  2.5  times  as  long  as  the  lip. 

Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Hasse. 

2.  GYBOSTACHYS  Pers.     LADIES'  TRESSES. 

Stems  erect,  leafy,  from  a  cluster  of  tuberous  roots. 
Flowers  in  a  twisted  spike,  white,  spurless.  Sepals  and 
petals  narrow,  erect  or  more  or  less  connivent ;  lip  ob- 
long sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  base  embracing  the  column, 
with  a  callous  protuberance  on  each  side,  the  dilated 
summit  spreading  and  usually  entire.  Column  very 
short  oblique,  terminating  in  a  short  terete  spike. 
Stigma  ovate,  with  an  acuminate  bifid  beak.  Anther 
sessile  or  nearly  so  at  the  base  of  the  stipe  behind, 
acuminate.  Pollen-masses  2,  thin  and  powdery. 

1.  G.  Bomanzoffiana  (Cham.)  MacM.  Stems  rather  stout, 
glabrous,  1-5  dm.  high,  bracteate  above ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
to  linear;  spike  dense  3-ranked,  conspicuously  bracteate;  sepals 
and  petals  connivent;  lip  recurved,  ovate-oblong,  summit  wavy- 
crenulate;  callosities  smooth,  sometimes  obscure;  the  oblong- 
linear  gland  and  slender  bifid  beak  1.5  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong, 
6-12  mm.  long.  (Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana  Cham.) 

Occasional  in  canyons  in  our  foothills. 

Family  13.  SAURURACEAE.     LIZARD-TAIL  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  broad  entire  alternate  petioled 
leaves  and  small  perfect  bracteolate  flowers  in  peduncled 
spikes.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  6-8  or  sometimes 
fewer,  hypogynous  ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudi- 
nally dehiscent.  Ovary  3-4-carpelled  ;  the  carpels  dis- 


96  Juglandaceae 

tinct  or  united,  1-2-ovuled  ;  ovules  orthotropus.  Fruit 
capsular  or  berry-like,  composed  of  3-4,  mostly  indehis- 
cent  carpels.  Seeds  globose  or  ovoid  ;  endosperm  copi- 
ous, mealy  ;  embryo  minute,  cordate. 

1.  ANEMOPSIS  Hook.     YERBA  MANSE. 

Stems  nodose  scape-like,  stoloniferous  from  aromatic 
creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  minutely 
punctate.  Flowers  in  a  compact  spike  surrounded  at 
the  base  by  a  persistent  colored  involucre  of  5-8  bracts  ; 
each  flower  except  the  lowest  also  surrounded  by  a  small 
colored  bract.  Stamens  6-8.  Ovary  sunk  in  the  rachis 
of  the  spike,  1-celled  ;  stigmas  3-4.  Capsule  dehiscent 
at  the  apex. 

1.  A.  Californica  H.  &  A.  Stem  15-50  cm.  long,  with  a  broad- 
ly ovate  clasping  leaf  above  the  middle  and  a  fascicle  of  1-3  small 
petioled  leaves  in  the  axil ;  basal  leaves  elliptic-oblong,  rounded 
above,  more  or  less  narrowed  toward  the  cordate  base,  5-15  cm. 
long,  on  petioles  10-20  cm.  long;  spikes  1.5-4  cm.  long;  involu- 
cral  bracts  white,  often  reddish  beneath,  oblong,  1-3  cm.  long; 
floral  bracts  white,  obovate,  unguiculate,  5-6  mm.  long;  ovules 
6-10  on  each  placentia. 

Frequent  in  wet  saline  places  throughout  our  range.    March-August. 

Family  14.  JUGLANDACEAE.     WALNUT  FAMILY. 

f 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  pinnately  compound 
leaves  and  monoecious  bracteolate  flowers,  the  staminate 
in  long  drooping  aments,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  sev- 
eral together.  Staminate  flower  consisting  of  3-numer- 
ous  stamens,  with  or  without  an  irregularly  lobed  peri- 
anth adnate  to  the  bractlet.  Anthers  erect,  2-celled, 
dehiscent  by  a  longitudinal  slit ;  filaments  short.  Pis- 
tillate flowers  bracted  and  usually  2-bracteolate,  with  a 
3-5-lobed  (usually  4-lobed)  calyx,  or  without  both  calyx 
and  petals.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled  or  incompletely 


Myricaceae  97 

2-4-celled  ;  ovules  solitary,  erect,  orthotropus  ;  styles  2. 
Fruit  in  ours  a  drupe,  with  indehiscent,  fibrous  woody 
exocarp,  enclosing  the  bony  endocarp  or  nut,  wrhich  is 
incompletely  2-4-celled.  Seed  large,  2-4-lobed  ;  endo- 
sperm none  ;  cotyledons  corrugated,  oily. 

1.  JUGLANS  L.     WALNUT. 

•  Trees  or  large  shrubs,  with  a  somewhat  resinous-aro- 
matic bark  and  foliage,  superposed  buds  and  odd-pin- 
nate leaves,  with  nearly  or  quite  sessile  leaflets.  Stami- 
nate  flowers  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  previous  year  ; 
perianth  3-6-lobed  ;  stamens  8-40,  in  2  or  more  series. 
Pistillate  flowers  solitary  or  several  together  on  a  termi- 
nal peduncle  at  the  end  of  shoots  of  the  season  ;  calyx 
4-lobed,  with  4  small  petals  adnate  to  the  ovary  at  the 
sinuses  ;  styles  fimbriate,  very  short.  Drupe  large  glo- 
bose or  ovoid,  the  exocarp  somewhat  fleshy,  the  endo- 
carp rugose  or  sculptured,  2— 4-celled  at  the  base. 

1.  J.  Californica  Wats.  Arborescent  shrub  growing  in 
clumps,  5  m.  high,  or  rarely  a  tree  and  attaining  a  height  of  12 
m.,  more  or  less  tomentose,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous;  leaves 
15-25 cm.  long;  leaflets  11-17,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  4-6  cm. 
long ;  aments  often  in  pairs,  7-12  cm.  long ;  perianth  of  staminate 
flowers  3  mm.  long;  stamens  30-40;  drupe  globose,  slightly  com- 
pressed, 1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  nut  shallowly  sulcate. 

Confined  mostly  to  the  foothills  below  3000  feet.  Frequent  in  the  Santa 
Monica  Mountains  and  Puente  Hills,  less  so  on  the  southern  borders  of  the 
San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 

Family  15.  MYRICACEAE.     BAYBERRY  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  mostly  coriaceous  and 
aromatic  simple  leaves  and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious 
flowers,  in  linear,  oblong  or  globular,  bracted  aments. 
Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts.  Perianth 
none.  Staminate  flower  with  2-16  (usually  4-8)  stamens, 


98  Salicaceae 

inserted  on  the  receptacle  ;  filaments  short,  distinct  or 
somewhat  united  ;  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  dehiscing  by  a 
longitudinal  slit.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  solitary,  1-celled 
ovary,  subtended  by  2-8  bractlets  ;  ovule  solitary,  ortho- 
tropus ;  style  very  short ;  stigmas  2,  linear.  Fruit  a 
small  oblong  drupe  or  nut,  the  exocarp  often  waxy. 
Seed  erect  ;  endosperm  none. 

1.  MYRICA  L.     WAX  MYRTLE. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  entire,  dentate  or  lobed 
mostly  resinous-dotted  leaves,  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Staminate  aments  oblong  or  narrowly  cylindric  ;  stamens 
4—8.  Pistillate  aments  ovoid  or  subglobose  ;  ovary  sub- 
tended by  2—4  short  bractlets.  Fruit  globose,  waxy. 

1.  M.  Californica  C.  &  S.  Thickly  branched  evergreen  shrub, 
2-3  m.  high;  leaves  thick,  glabrous,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
tapering  to  an  acute  apex,  narrowed  below  to  a  short  petiole, 
6-12  cm.  long,  remotely  serrate  or  nearly  entire ;  flowers  monoe- 
cious; staminate  aments  below  the  pistillate,  2  cm.  long  or  less; 
stamens  7-16,  united  by  their  filaments;  bractlets  2,  narrowly 
oblong,  hairy  at  apex;  pistillate  aments  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves,  6-10  mm.  long;  ovary  ovate,  with  2  exserted  styles,  red; 
bractlets  minute;  fruit  brownish-purple,  covered  with  a  whitish 
wax,  4  mm.  in  diameter. 

Rustic  Canyon  near  Santa  Monica,  Basse. 

Family  16.  SALICACEAE.     WILLOW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  stipulate  leaves 
and  dioecious  flowers  in  terminal  aments.  Each  flower 
subtended  by  a  scale-like  bract.  Perianth  none.  Sta- 
mens 2-several,  central  or  scattered  on  a  glandular  disk. 
Ovary  1-celled  ;  stigmas  2-4.  Fruit  a  2-4-valvecl  cap- 
sule, with  numerous  comose  seeds. 

Bracts  fimbriate  or  incised;  stamens  numerous;  stigmas  elongated. 

1.  POPULTJS. 
Bracts  entire ;  stigmas  short.  2.  SALIX. 


Willow  Family  99 

1.  POPULUS  L.    POPLAR  or  COTTONWOOD. 

Trees  with  scaly  resinous  buds,  terete  or  angled  twigs, 
and  broad  or  narrow,  usually  petioled  leaves,  the  stipules 
minute  fugacious.  Bracts  of  the  aments  fimbriate  or 
incised.  Disk  cup-shaped,  oblique,  lobed  or  entire. 
Staminate  aments  dense,  pendulous,  their  flowers  with 
4-60  stamens,  with  distinct  filaments.  Pistillate 
aments  pendulous,  erect  or  spreading.  Ovary  sessile  ; 
style  short ;  stigmas  2-4,  entire  or  4-lobed.  Capsule 
2-4-valved.  Coma  of  the  seeds  often  very  long  and 
copious. 

1.  P.  trichocarpa  T.  &  G.    Tree  with  a  broad  head  of  ascend- 
ing branches,  8-15  m.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  round- 
ed at  base,  acute  at  apex,  serrulate,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  pale  beneath,  5-8  cm.  long,  on  terete  petioles,  3-5  cm. 
long;  staminate  aments  3-5  cm.  long;  disk  oblique,  bearing  40-60 
stamens,  with  purple  anthers ;   pistillate  aments  5-7  cm.  long, 
loosely  flowered ;  ovary  hoary  tomentose ;  capsule  3-valved. 

•Frequent  in  the  canyons  of  all  our  mountains  and  sometimes  extending 
down  into  the  valleys.    March. 

2.  P.  Fremont!   Wats.    Tree  with  a  broad  head  of    wide- 
spreading  branches,  6-15  m.  high;  leaves  deltoid-orbicular,  4-10 
cm.  long,  somewhat  broader;  crenate  or  sinuate-crenate,  abrupt- 
ly acute  at  apex,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  green  or  yellow- 
ish-green on  both  surfaces;  staminate  aments  25-35  mm.  long; 
stamens  60  or  more,  with  dark  red  anthers ;   pistillate  aments  5 
cm.  long,  loosely  flowered;   ovary  glabrous;  capsule  on  pedicels 
4  mm.  long,  minutely  rough-tuberculate. 

Rare  within  our  limits.  Fernando.  Common  in  the  San  Bernardino  Valley, 
and  in  San  Diego  County  south  of  the  San  Luis  Key  River. 

2.  SALIX  L.     WILLOW. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  mostly  long  narrow  usually 
acute  leaves,  and  persistent  or  early  deciduous  broad  or 
minute  stipules.  Bracts  entire  or  denticulate.  :  Disk 
gland-like,  small  or  minute.  Staminate  aments  dense, 
erect,  spreading  or  drooping,  their  flowers  with'  1-11 


100  Salicaceae 

stamens  with  filaments  distinct  or  sometimes  united  be- 
low. Pistillate  usually  erect  or  spreading  ;  ovary  sessile 
or  short-stipitate  ;  style  short  or  filiform,  with  2  entire 
or  2  cleft  stigmas.  Capsule  mostly  2-valved. 

*  Stamens  3  or  more;  aments  terminating  leafy  branchlets. 

1.  S.  nigra  vallicola  Dudley  n.  var.     Tree  8-12  m.  high,  with 
dark,  rough  hark ;  leaves  green  on  both  surfaces,  glabrate,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide,  closely  serrulate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base  to  petioles  4-6  mm.  long, 
which  are  quite  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous  at  maturity ;  stip- 
ules lanceolate  when  well  developed,  the  larger  8-10  mm.  long, 
all  glandular  toothed,  often  with  similar  glands  on  the  lower  sur- 
face and  on  the  serratures  of  the  young  leaves  ;  aments  expand- 
ing with  the  leaves,  terminating  the  short  lateral  branches,  the 
starninate  3-6  cm.,  the  pistillate  2.5-5  cm.  long;    stamens  5-11, 
their  filaments  tomentose  below ;  bracts  pale,  obovate  or  round- 
ish,  usually  very  tomentose;    style   short;    stigmas    2,   lobed ; 
capsule  ovoid,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  mostly  4-5  mm. 
long,   from  slightly  longer  to  twice  the  length  of  the  smooth 
pedicels. 

The  largest  willow  in  southern  California.  Frequent  along  the  Santa  Ana 
River  from  Santa  Ana  to  San  Bernardino;  also  along  the  San  Dieguito  and 
San  Diego  Rivers  in  San  Diego  County.  The  type  of  this  heretofore  unde- 
scribed  willow  is  the  author's  no.  3256,  collected  along  the  Santa  Ana 
River  near  Orange. 

2.  S.  lasiaudra  Benth.    A  middle-sized  tree  with  rough  bark; 
leaves  rather  broadly  lanceolate,  7-15  cm.  long,  abruptly  taper- 
ing at  the  base,  acuminate  at  apex,  sharply  and  closely  serrulate, 
pale  beneath  ;  petioles  glandular  at  the  base  of  the  blade  ;  stipules 
small,  glandular-serrate;  aments  on  long  peduncles,  the  pistillate 
5-7  cm.  long;   bracts  of  the  staminate  yellowish,  toothed;    sta- 
mens  usually  5;    ovary  glabrous;    stigma  nearly  sessile,  bifid; 
capsule  lanceolate,  6-8  mm.  long,  on  pedicels  2  mm.  long. 

Occasional  along  streams  in  the  valleys.  Los  Angeles  River,  near  Cahu- 
enga  Pass.  A  form  with  smaller  leaves  and  aments  is  apparently  frequent 
along  all  the  streams  in  the  valleys;  it  is  near  the  type,  but  the  petioles 
and  stipules  are  inconspicuously  glandular. 

3.  S.  laevigata  Bebb.    Tree  10-15  m.  high  ;  branches  reddish- 
brown  ;   leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  serrulate,  green 


Willow  Family  101 

and  shining  above,  more  or  less  glaucous  beneath,  8-12  cm. 
long,  glabrous ;  petioles  about  1  cm.  long;  puberulent  above  and 
somewhat  grooved  ;  staminate  ainents  usually  flexuose,  5-7.5  cm. 
long ;  bracts  more  or  less  elliptic,  woolly  at  base,  glabrous  and 
pallid  towards  the  apex;  stamens  5-6;  filaments  pubescent 
below;  capsule  conic  from  a  thick  base,  acute,  glabrous,  on  ped- 
icels 3-4  times  as  long  as  the  gland;  stigma  nearly  or  quite 
sessile,  emarginate. 

Frequent  along  all  our  streams,  especially  in  the  canyons. 

**  Stamens  2,  rarely  1. 

•*-  Aments  subsessile  on  leafless  peduncles. 

4.  S.  lasiolepis  Benth.     Tree  or  large  shrub,  4-8  m.  high; 
leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  broadest  above  the  middle,  obscurely 
and  irregularly  serrulate,  dull  green  above,  more  or  less  gray- 
pubescent  beneath,  12-20  mm.  broad,  5-7  cm.  long,  on  petioles 
5-10  mm.  long;   aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  suberect; 
the  staminate  2-4  cm.  long;  stamens  2;  pistillate  2.5  cm.  long  or 
less ;  capsule  acute,  smooth,  short  pedicelled ;  styles  rather  short ; 
stigmas  erect. 

The  most  common  willow,  covering  a  considerable  area  along  the  Santa 
Ana  and  San  Gabriel  Rivers  toward  the  coast. 

•*-•*-  Aments  terminating  leafy  branchlets. 

5.  S.  Parishiana  Rowlee.     Slender  shrub,  1-3  m.  high;  young 
twigs  cinereous  strigose;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  minutely  and 
remotely  denticulate,  5-7  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  silky  canescent 
when  young,  glabrous  and  somewhat  coriaceous  when  mature, 
veins  few  but  very  prominent;  stipules  none;  aments  on  long 
leafy  peduncles,  2-3  cm.  long,  the  upper  leaves  of  the  branch 
much  surpassing  the  ament;  flowers  dense;  scales  white,  densely 
villous  all  over,  oblong,  acute;  filaments  scanty  hairy  at  the  base ; 
capsules  densely  villous,  oblong,  closely  sessile;   style  distinct; 
stigmas  linear. 

Not  uncommon  around  San  Bernardino  according  to  Parish.  This  and  the 
following  species  are  very  doubtful  and  might,  with  apparently  good  reasons, 
be  put  into  a  single  species,  but  the  author  has  preferred  to  retain  them 
until  our  California  forms  of  this  difficult  group  are  better  known. 

6.  S.  macrostachya  Nutt.     Shrub  or  small  tree,  1-6  m.  high, 
often  in  dense  thickets;    bark  light  brown,   cinereous,   young 
branches  villous;  leaves  5  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide,  sessile  or  nearly 


102  Salicaceae 

so,  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  elliptic,  acute  at  both  ends,  more  or 
less  villous-pubescent;  stipules  none;  aments  on  short  leafy  lat- 
eral branches,  2-3  cm.  long,  densely  flowered,  oblong;  scales 
densely  villous  all  over,  oblong;  filaments  crisp  villous  upon  the 
lower  half;  capsules  clothed  with  long  lax  hairs,  closely  sessile; 
style  evident ;  stigmas  divided,  linear. 

Common  along  streams  and  washes  throughout  our  valley  region. 

7.  S.  xnacrostachya  leucodendroides  Rowlee.     Shrub  1-3  m. 
high ;  leaves  10-12  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide,  densely  white  tomentose 
on  both  sides,  largest  remotely  denticulate ;  aments  cylindric,  4-5 
cm.  long,  otherwise  as  in  the  type. 

San  Bernardino  Valley. 

8.  S.  exigua  Nutt.     Small  shrub  or  becoming  a  small  tree ; 
branches  light  brown ;  leaves  4  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  yellowish, 
closely  sessile,  entire  or  nearly  so,  canescent  when  young,  usual- 
ly becoming  quite  glabrous  at  maturity,  very  narrowly  elliptic, 
veins  very  indistinct;  stipules  none;   aments  2-5   cm.  long,  on 
peduncles  about  the  same  length,  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
rather  densely  and  evenly  flowered,  sometimes  the  lower  flowers 
remote;  scales  in  the  staminate  ament  oblong  to  obovate,  in  the 
pistillate  narrower  and  longer,  smooth  or  more  or  less  crisp 
villous  on  the  margins;  capsule  closely  sessile,  lanceolate,  gla- 
brous, light  green ;    stigmas  short  and  thick,  sessile,  sometimes 
even  appearing  slightly  sunken  in  the  apex  of  the  capsule. 

In  the  interior  valleys,  mostly  beyond  our  limits. 

9.  S.  exigua  virens  Rowlee.     Leaves   10-12  cm.  long,  1  cm. 
wide,  nearly  glabrous,  veins  conspicuous  on  both  sides,  distinctly 
denticulate;    stipules  large,  oblong  denticulate;    aments  large, 
the  pistillate  4  cm.  long,  1  cm.  thick,  sometimes  borne  in  3's  at 
the  ends  of  the  long  leafy  shoots. 

San  Bernardino,  Wright. 

10.  S.  argophylla  Nutt.    Tree  or  large  shrub  forming  clumps, 
young  twigs  puberulent,  branches    nearly  glabrous    and   very 
tough;    bark  turning  from  brown  to  yellow  or  orange  before 
blooming;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  5  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide, 
closely  sessile,  entire  or  rarely  minutely  and  remotely  denticulate, 
clothed  equally  on  both  sides  with  an  appressed  silky  pubescence ; 
stipules    none    or    very    minute    on    vigorous    shoots ;    aments 
surpassed  by  their  leafy  peduncles,  3-5  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick, 


Betulaceae  103 

often  in  pairs  or  in  3's  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse  in  the  staminate  aments,  narrower  and  more  acute  in  the 
pistillate,  glabrous  on  the  back,  crisp  hairy  on  the  margin  and 
toward  the  base,  erose  above ;  lower  half  of  the  filament  densely 
crisp  hairy  ;  capsule  lanceolate,  covered  with  straight  appressed 
silky  hairs,  closely  sessile;  stigmas  sessile,  oblong,  about  twice 
as  long  as  thick;  mature  capsule  often  becoming  nearly  glabrous. 
Mostly  east  of  our  limits  in  dry  washes. 


Family  17.  BETITLACEAE.     BIRCH  FAMILY. 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled 
simple  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  aments.  Staminate 
aments  pendulous,  with  1-3  flowers  in  the  axils  of  each 
bract,  consisting  of  a  membranous  2-4-parted  calyx  or 
none,  and  1-10  stamens.  Pistillate  aments  erect  or 
drooping,  spike-like  or  capitate,  their  flowers  with  or 
without  a  calyx  adnate  to  the  solitary  1-2-celled  ovary  ; 
style  2-cleft  ;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Fruit 
a  small  compound  or  ovoid-globose  nut  or  samara.  En- 
dosperm none  ;  cotyledons  fleshy. 

1.  ALNUS  Gaertn.    ALDER. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  dentate  or  serrulate  -leaves,  and 
both  pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  in  aments  ;  the 
staminate  pendulous ;  the  pistillate  erect,  clustered. 
Staminate  flowers  3-6  in  each  axil,  consisting  of  a  most- 
ly 4-parted  perianth,  1-4  stamens  and  subtended  by  2-4 
minute  bractlets  ;  ovary  2-celled  ;  bracts  woody,  per- 
sistent, 5-toothed  or  erose.  Nut  small,  compressed, 
winged  or  wingless. 

1.  A.  rhombifolia  Nutt.  Tree  7-14  m.  high,  with  a  light  gray 
trunk ;  leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  ovate  to  elliptic,  2.5-10  cm. 
long,  irregularly  serrulate,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath;  stam- 
inate aments  7-15  cm.  long;  bracts  obtuse;  stamens  usually  2 


104  Fagaceae 

(1-3);  pistillate  aments  4-6  mm.  long;    cones  broadly  oblong, 
12-20  mm.  long;  seeds  acutely  margined. 

Common  along  mountain  streams  and  occasionally  extending  down  into 
the  valleys.    January. 


Family  18.  FAGACEAE.     BEECH  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  evergreen  or  deciduous  alternate 
petioled  leaves  and  small  monoecious  flowers,  the  stam- 
inate  in  pendulous  erect  or  spreading  aments,  the  pistil- 
late solitary  or  several  together,  subtended  by  an  invo- 
lucre of  more  or  less  united  bracts,  which  becomes  a  bur 
or  cup.  Petals  none.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-7- 
lobed  perianth  and  4-20  stamens  ;  filaments  slender,  dis- 
tinct ;  anther  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate 
flowers  with  a  4-8-lobed  urn-shaped  or  oblong  perianth, 
adnate  to  the  3-7-celled  ovary ;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cell, 
only  1  in  each  ovary  maturing,  pendulous,  anatropous  ; 
styles  as  many  as  cells  to  the  ovary,  linear.  Fruit  a 
1 -seeded  nut,  with  coriaceous  or  bony  exocarp.  Endo- 
sperm none  ;  cotyledons  large,  fleshy. 

Represented  with  us  by  a  single  genus.  1.  QUERCUS. 

1.  QUERCUS  L.     OAK. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  persistent  or  deciduous  leaves 
and  small  green  or  yellowish  monoecious  flowers, 
the  staminate  numerous  in  slender  mostly  drooping 
aments,  the  pistillate  solitary  in  many-bracted  involu- 
cres. Staminate  flowers  subtended  by  caducous  bracts, 
consisting  of  mostly  a  6-lobed  campanulate  perianth  and 
5-12  stamens  with  filiform  filaments.  Pistillate  with  an 
urn-shaped  or  oblong  3-celled  ovary  ;  ovules  2  in  each 
cell  ;  styles  usually  3,  short.  Fruit  (acorn)  consisting 
of  the  imbricated  and  more  or  less  united  bracts  of  the 
involucre  (cup),  subtending  or  nearly  enclosing  the 
1-seeded  coriaceous  nut. 


Beech  Family  105 

*  Stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so;  nuts  not  densely  tornentose  on  inner 
surface;  scales  of  the  rather  shallow  cup  thick  and  often 
tuberculate.  White  Oak. 

•*-  Acorns  maturing  the  first  year. 

1.  Q.  lobata  Nee.     (Valley  Oak,   Roble.)     Stately  tree  with 
slender,  often  long  and   pendulous   branches;    leaves  oblong  or 
obovate,  6-12  cm.  long,  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  pale  green, 
acorns    subsessile;    nut    long-conic,   3-6    cm.   long;     cup  deep- 
hemispheric,  strongly  tuberculate. 

Chatsworth  Park  and  San  Fernando.  A  single  tree  has  also  been  ob- 
served near  Santa  Monica  (Hasse)  and  another  near  Lamanda  Park  by  the 
author,  which  is  the  southern  limit  of  this  oak  as  far  as  known. 

2.  Q.  Douglasii  H.  &  A.     (Blue  Oak.)     Middle-sized  tree  with 
rounded  head,  branches  numerous,  erect-spreading ;  leaves  decid- 
uous, 5-6  cm.  long,  oblong,  sinuate  or  with  shallow  lobes,  bluish- 
green  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  acorn  sessile  or  short  pedun- 
cled ;   nut  elongated-oblong,  2-3  cm.  long,  mostly  acutish  ;  cup 
hemispheric,  with  ovate-lanceolate,  thick  or  somewhat  tubercled 
scales. 

Encino,  San  Fernando  Valley,  Davidson. 

3.  Q.  Engelmanni  Greene.     A   middle-sized    tree,   8-15    m. 
high,  with  light  colored  and  rather  smooth  bark,  trunk  often 
6-10  dm.  thick,  branches  spreading  to  form  a  well  rounded  scarce- 
ly depressed  head;  leaves  short-petioled,  oblong,  5-8  cm.  long, 
entire  or  sometimes  with  a  few  coarse  teeth,  obtuse  or  retuse  at 
the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  those  of  young 
shoots   sometimes   acutish  at  both   ends   and   coarsely   serrate- 
toothed  throughout,  somewhat  coriaceous,  almost  without  retic- 
ulation, downy-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrous  in  age ; 
acorns  sessile  or  peduncled ;  cup  hemispheric,  tuberculate ;  nut 
oblong,  about  2  cm.  long. 

Frequent  from  Altedena  to  Monrovia;  also  occurring  at  Azusa  and  Glen- 
dora,  as  well  as  in  the  foothills  of  San  Diego  County. 

4.  Q,.  duxnosa  Nutt.    Shrub  1.5-5  m.  high,  the  slender  branches 
tomento.se  when  young;  leaves  coriaceous,  sometimes  persistent, 
2  cm.  long  or  more,  oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate  or  sinuate-toothed, 
dark  green  above,  pubescent  beneath;   acorns  sessile;  nut  oval, 
2-3  cm.  long;    cup  deep-hemispheric,   1-2  cm.   broad,   usually 
strongly    tuberculate,   occasionally    with    somewhat    flattened 
scales. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains.  What  seem  to  be 
hybrids  between  this  and  Q.  Engelmanni  are  not  infrequent  wherever  the 
range  of  these  two  approach  each  other. 


106  Urticaceae 

•*-  •*-  Acorns  developing  the  second  year. 

5.  0,.   chrysolepis  Liebm.     (Canyon  Oak.)     Usually  a  large 
tree ;  leaves  evergreen,  oblong,  acute  or  cuspidate,  obtuse  or  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  usually  entire  or  spinose-denticulate,  pale  and 
glaucous  green  above,  more  or  less  fulvous-tomentose  beneath, 
becoming  glabrate  in   age;    acorns  variable  in  size;   nut  oval, 
obtuse,  15-30  mm.  long;  cup  hemispheric,  very  thick,  its  scales 
usually  almost  hidden  by  fulvous  tomentum,  1-3  cm.  broad 

Common  in  the  canyons  of  all  our  mountains  above  2500  feet. 

**  Stigmas  on  long  styles;  nuts  densely  tomentose  on  the  inner  sur- 
face;  scales  of  the  deep  cup  thin.     Black  Oak. 

6.  Q.   agrifolia  Nee.     (Live  Oak,   Encina.)     Large,   widely 
spreading  tree;  leaves  persistent,  oval  to  oblong,  4-7  cm.  long, 
sinuately  spinose-dentate,   somewhat    stellate  pubescent  when 
young,  in  age  mostly  convex  above,  pale  and  nearly  glabrous 
beneath;  acorns  annual,  sessile  or  nearly  ao;   nut  narrow  and 
tapering,  2-3  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide;   cup  turbinate,  rather 
deep  with  lanceolate  slightly  pubescent  brown  scales. 

The  common  oak  of  our  valleys  and  foothills. 

7.  Q.  Wislizeni  A.  DC.    A  spreading  shrub  or  a  small  tree 
with  us;    leaves  persistent,  coriaceous,    lanceolate   or    oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  somewhat  spinose-dentate,  usually 
plain,  green  on  both  faces,  glabrous;  acorns  biennial;  nuts  nar- 
row as  in  the  last ;  cup  turbinate,  very  deep. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains  except  the  Santa 
Monica  Range. 

Q.  CALIFORNICA  (Torr.)  Cooper.  A  middle-sized  tree  with  large 
deeply  toothed  deciduous  leaves ;  fruit  developing  the  second  year ; 
cups  deep,  with  thin  scales. 

Common  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Bernardino,  San  Jacinto  and  Cuya- 
maca  Mountains. 

Family  19.  URTICACEAE.     NETTLE  FAMILY. 

Ours  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  stipulate, 
simple  leaves  and  often  with  stinging  hairs.  Flowers  in 
racemed  or  panicled  cymes  (ament-like),  with  small 
persistent  bracts,  monoecious  or  polygamous,  small, 


Nettle  Family  107 

greenish.  Petals  none.  Calyx  mostly  4-parted  or 
sepals  distinct,  with  as  many  stamens  opposite  the 
lobes  ;  filaments  inflexed  and  anthers  reversed  in  the 
bud,  straightening  elastically  at  anthesis.  Ovary  super- 
ior 1-celled,  1-ovuled  ;  style  and  stigma  1.  Fruit  an 
achene.  Endosperm  oily,  not  copious  ;  embryo  straight. 

Herbs  with  stinging  hairs;  leaves  opposite. 

Sepals  4,  distinct.  1.  URTICA. 

Staminate  calyx  4-parted;  pistillate  unequally  2-4-toothed. 

2.  HESPEROCNIDE. 
Herbs  without  stinging  hairs;  leaves  alternate.  3.  PABIETARIA. 

1.  UBTICA  L.     NETTLE. 

Annual  or  perennial,  simple  or  branching  herbs,  with 
stinging  hairs,  and  opposite  3-7-nerved  petioled  serrate  or 
dentate  stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  clustered  in  axillary 
geminate  racemes  or  heads.  Staminate  flowers  4-mer- 
ous.  Pistillate  calyx  with  unequal  sepals,  the  inner 
larger  and  at  length  enclosing  the  flattened  achene. 
Stigma  sessile,  tufted. 

*  Annual. 

1.  U.  urens  L.    Erect,  branching  from  the  base  or  sometimes 
simple,  25-50  cm.  high ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  deeply  and 
sometimes  doubly  serrate,  1-4  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  of 
about  the  same  length;    stipules  4  mm.  long;    flower  clusters 
rather  dense,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles;  flowers  androg- 
ynous, mainly  pistillate. 

Common  in  gardens  and  waste  places.    Native  of  Europe. 

**  Perennials. 

2.  U.  holosericea  Nutt.      Stems  simple,  stout,  1-3  m.  high  or 
more,  more  or  less  bristly  and  finely  pubescent ;  leaves  finely  and 
densely  pubescent  beneath,  less  so  above  or  with  only  a  few  scat- 
tering bristles,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  much 
shorter,  on  petioles  }£  as  long,  coarsely  serrate ;  stipules  narrow- 
ly oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,   6-10  mm.  long;   Staminate  flower 
clusters  rather  loose,  nearly  equaling  the  leaves ;  pistillate  denser 


108  Urticaceae 

and  shorter;   inner  sepals  ovate,  densely  hispid,  1  mm.  long, 
about  equaling  the  broadly  ovate  achene. 

Very  common  along  streams  and  in  low  ground  in  the  valleys  and  the 
lower  altitudes  of  the  mountains.  May-September. 

3.  U.  Breweri  Wats.  Much  resembling  the  last,  grayish  with 
a  short  hispid  pubescence  or  nearly  glabrous  and  with  scattered 
bristles;  petioles  slender,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  about  \4  the  length  of 
the  leaves;  flower  clusters  rather  open,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
petioles;  sepals  obovate  or  somewhat  rounded,  obtuse,  minutel)' 
hispid,  nearly  2  mm.  long  and  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
broadly  ovate  achene. 

"Frequent  about  Los  Angeles  (Breiuer)  and  ranging  eastward  to  southern 
Colorado  and  western  Texas."  Bot.  Cal.  2 :  64.  1880.  Not  seen  by  us,  nor  has 
it  been  by  recent  collectors. 

2.  HESPEBOCNIDE  Torr.     WESTERN  NETTLE. 

Annual  herbs  distinguished  from  Urtica  by  the  pistil- 
late perianth,  which  is  a  membranous  flattened  oblong- 
ovate  sac,  with  a  minutely  2-4-toothed  orifice. 

1.  H.  tenella  Torr.  Slender  and  weak,  25-50  cm.  high,  simple 
or  branched,  somewhat  hispid  with  branching  hairs  and  bristly ; 
leaves  1-3  cm.  long,  thin,  ovate,  obtusely  serrate;  petioles  slen- 
der, >£  as  long ;  flower  clusters  rather  dense,  nearly  glomerate, 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  calyx  thin,  hispid,  with  hooked  hairs, 
in  fruit  1-1.5  mm.  long;  achene  membranous,  striately  tubercu- 
late  with  minutely  rough  points. 

Sepulveda  Canyon,  Santa  Monica  Mountains;  San  Pedo  Hills;  also  near 
San  Diego  and  on  Catalina  Island. 

3.  PABIETABIA  L. 

Ours  slender  annuals  without  stinging  hairs.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  3-nerved  petioled,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  in  axillary  glomerate  clusters,  polygamous,  sub- 
tended by  leafy  bracts.  Calyx  of  the  perfect  flowers 
4-parted,  in  the  pistillate  tubular-ventricose,  4-cleft  with 
connivent  lobes.  Style  slender  or  none  ;  stigma  spatu- 
late,  recurved,  densely  tufted.  Achene  ovoid,  smooth 


Loranthaceae  109 

and    shining,    enclosed    in   the    dry   brownish    nerved 
calyx. 

1.  P.  debilis  Forst.  Very  slender,  usually  diffusely  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  10-25  cm.  high,  somewhat  hispid;  leaves  5-10 
mm.  long  or  more,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  rounded  at  the  base  or 
abruptly  cuneate;  petioles  slender,  about  equaling  the  leaves ; 
achene  1  mm.  long. 

Growing  in  moist  shady  places,  especially  in  the  chaparral  belt.  Santa 
Monica  Mountains;  Verdugo  Hills;  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 

Family  20.  LORANTHACEAE.    MISTLETOE  FAMILY. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  herbs,  ours  parasitic  on  shrubs  or 
trees  and  absorbing  food  from  their  sap  through  special- 
ized roots  (haustoria).  Stems  dichotomously  branched, 
s woolen  at  the  joints  and  bearing  opposite  thick  coriace- 
ous entire  exstipulate  leaves,  foliaceous  or  reduced  to- 
connate  scales.  Flowers  dioecious,  regular,  clustered  or 
solitary,  small  and  greenish.  Petals  none.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  2-5-lobed.  Stamens  equaling  the 
calyx-lobes  and  inserted  upon  them  ;  anthers  2-celled 
or  confluently  1-celled.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled, 
1-ovuled  ;  style  simple  or  none  ;  stigma  1.  Fruit  a 
berry ;  seed  solitary  with  glutinous  testa  and  copious 
endosperm  ;  embryo  straight,  terete  or  angled. 

Leaves  scale-like;  anthers  1-celled;  pollen  spinulose.   1.  RAZOUMOFSKYA. 
Leaves  foliaceous;  anthers  2-celled;  pollen  smooth.      2.  PHORADBNDRON. 

1.  RAZOUMOFSKYA  Hoffm. 

Plants  yellow  or  greenish-brown  with  fragile  jointed 
angled  stems.  Leaves  reduced  to  opposite  connate 
scales.  Flowers  solitary  or  several  from  the  same  axil. 
Staminate  flowers  mostly  3-parted,  compressed.  An- 
thers sessile  on  the  lobes,  circular,  1-celled,  dehiscent  at 
the  base  by  a  circular  slit  ;  pollen  grains  spinulose. 
Pistillate  flowers  ovate,  compressed,  2-toothed,  subsessile, 


110  Polygonaceae 

at  length  exserted  on  reflexed  pedicels.  Berry  fleshy 
compressed,  dehiscing  elastically  at  the  circumscissile 
base.  Cotyledons  very  short. 

1.  R.  occidentalis  (Engelm.)  Kuntze.  Stems  much  branched, 
5-15  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick ;  staminate  plants  brownish-yellow, 
bearing  numerous  dense  spikes,  many-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  3-4 
mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  pistillate  plants  olive-brown; 
spikes  short,  5-6-flowered  or  with  the  upper  reduced  to  1 ;  berry 
brown,  oblong,  tapering  to  each  end,  4-5  mm.  long.  (Arceutho- 
bium  occidentalis  Engelm.) 

Frequent  on  pines. 

2.  PHOKADENDRON  Nutt.     MISTLETOE. 

Woody  plants  with  terete  usually  jointed  and  brittle 
stems.  Leaves  foliaceous,  entire,  faintly  nerved,  or  re- 
duced to  connate  scales.  Flowers  sunk  in  the  jointed 
rachis,  usually  several  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Stami- 
nate flowers  with  a  mostly  3-lobed  globose  calyx,  bearing 
a  sessile  transversely  2-celled  anther  at  the  base  of  each 
lobe.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  similar  calyx  adnate  to 
the  inferior  ovary.  Berry  sessile  ovoid  or  globose, 
fleshy. 

1.  P.   villosum  Nutt.     Foliage  deep  green;    leaves  elliptic, 
obtuse,  3-nerved,  pubescent,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  on  short  petioles; 
berries  pinkish,  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

On  oaks  about  Pasadena. 

2.  P.  macrophyllum    (Engelm.)    Cockerell.     Foliage  deep 
green;   leaves  orbicular-obovate,  5-7  cm.  long,  usually  5-nerved; 
spikes  large ;  flowers  pubescent. 

Common  on  the  sycamores. 

Family  21.  POLYGONACEAE.     BUCKWHEAT 
FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  verticillate 
leaves,  which  are  often  only  radical,  with  sheathing 
stipules  or  none.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  on  jointed 


Buckwheat  Family  111 

pedicels.  Calyx  of  4-9  sepals,  usually  petaloid,  persist- 
ent. Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  perigynous.  Styles 
2-4,  distinct  or  somewhat  united,  opposite  the  angles  of 
the  lenticular  or  triquetrous  achene.  Seed  erect;  em- 
bryo straight  within  the  mealy  endosperm  or  curved 
around  it. 

Leaves  without  stipules. 
Involucre  bract-like. 

Flowers  solitary,  surrounded  by  a  2-lobed  bract,  becoming  elongated 

in  fruit.  1.  PTEROSTEGIA. 

Flowers  capitate,  each  surrounded  by  a  bract.  2.  NEMACAULIS. 
Involucre  wanting;  calyx  involucre-like.  3.  LASTARBIAE. 

Involucre  tubular  with  3-6  cuspidate  or  awned  often  hooked  teeth. 

4.  CHOBIZANTHE. 

Involucre  turbinate  with  18-20  acicular  awns.         5.  ACANTHOSCYPHUS. 
Involucre  campanulate  or  turbinate,  deeply  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  ending  in 

straight  awns  or  awnless.  6.  OXYTHECA. 

Involucre  oblong,  campanulate  or  turbinate,  4-8-toothed  or  lobed,  awnless, 

usually  many-flowered.  7.  ERIOGONUM. 

Leaves  with  sheathing  stipules. 

Sepals  6,  the  outer  3  smaller;  stigmas  3,  tufted.      8.  RUMEX. 
Sepals  4-6,  equal ;  stigmas  2-3,  capitate.  9.  POLYGONUM. 

1.  PTEROSTEGIA  F.  &  M. 

Very  slender  annuals,  diffusely  dichotomous  from  the 
base,  with  opposite  leaves  and  foliaceous  bracts.  Invo- 
lucres axillary,  sessile,  solitary,  consisting  of  a  single 
2-lobed  bract,  shorter  than  the  solitary  sessile  flower, 
enlarged  in  fruit,  scarious  and  reticulated,  loosely  en- 
closing the  achene,  gibbously  2-saccate  on  the  back. 
Calyx  6-parted  or  rarely  5-parted.  Stamens  3-6,  insert- 
ed at  the  base  of  the  calyx-lobes.  Achene  triangular, 
glabrous  ;  cotyledons  accumbent. 

1.  P.  drymarioides  F.  &  M.  Stems  several  from  the  base, 
10-30  cm.  long  or  more;  lower  leaves  petioled,  4-12  mm.  long, 
fan-shaped,  2-lobed,  the  lobes  crenately  toothed  or  slightly  lobed ; 
upper  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  entire  or  more  or  less  toothed; 
bracts  similar,  2  mm.  long;  involucres  2-3  mm.  long  in  fruit,  the 
margins  of  the  lobes  toothed  or  laciniate;  flowers  about  1.5  mm. 
long,  sessile ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate. 

Common  and  general  below  4000  feet.  The  whole  plant  often  reddis 
when  growing  in  exposed  places. 


-112  Polygonaceae 

2.  NEMACAULIS  Nutt. 

Slender  diffuse  annuals  with  spatulate  mostly  radical 
leaves  and  no  stipules.  Flowers  capitate,  each  with  a 
free  herbaceous  bract,  perfect.  Calyx  6-cleft,  colored, 
enclosing  the  achene.  Stamens  3.  Styles  3  ;  stigmas 
capitate.  Achene  short-ovoid,  obscurely  3-angled. 

1.  N.  denudata  Nutt.  Stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  15-30 
cm.  long,  glabrate,  reddish;  leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  2-5  cm. 
long,  including  the  short  petiole,  densely  tomentose-hairy  on 
both  sides;  bractlets  of  the  flower  clusters  obovate-spatulate, 
2  mm.  long,  the  outer  flowerless,  the  inner  smaller,  woolly  within 
and  glabrous  without;  flowers  yellowish,  scarcely  1  mm.  long, 
short  pedicellate,  glabrous;  inner  segments  broadest;  achene 
0.7  rnm.  long.  (N.  Nuttallii  Benth.) 

Occasional  on  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore  and  in  sandy  soils  in  our 
interior  valleys. 

3.  LASTABBIAEA  Eemy. 

A  small  diffuse  rigid  fragile  annual,  with  the  aspect  of 
Chorizanthe.  Involucre  wanting.  Perianth  involucre- 
like,  coriaceous,  tubular,  5-6-cleft  to  the  middle  ;  the 
narrow  teeth  rigid,  awned,  recurved  and  uncinate. 
Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  throat ;  filaments  very  short, 
with  small  membranous  appendages  intervening  at  their 
insertions.  Achene  triangular  ;  embryo  curved. 

1.  Li.  Chilensis  Remy.  Branches  procumbent  or  ascending, 
5-15  cm.  long,  hirsute ;  lowest  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  hispid-ciliate, 
1-2  cm.  long,  cauline  in  whorls  of  4-5,  unequal;  bracts  3-6  mm. 
long  concealing  the  flowers;  perianth  2-3  mm.  long,  its  tube 
triquetrous ;  teeth  5,  3  long  and  2  short ;  anthers  small,  orbicular ; 
style  very  short. 

Occasional  on  dry  hillsides,  especially  in  sandy  soils.    April. 

4.  CHOBIZANTHE  R.  Br. 

Low  dichotomously  branched  annual  herbs,  with 
rosulate  basal  leaves  and  opposite  or  ternate  stem-leaves, 
often  reduced  and  bracteate.  Involucre  1 -flowered,  or 


Buckwheat  Family  113 

rarely  2-3-flowered,  tubular  or  funnelform,  sessile,  3-6- 
anded  or  costate,  3-6-toothed  or  3-6-cleft,  its  teeth 
divaricate,  cuspidate  or  awned.  Flowers  pedicellate  or 
nearly  sessile,  included  within  the  involucre,  or  the  seg- 
ments protruding.  Calyx  6-parted  or  6-cleft,  colored. 
Stamens  usually  9,  rarely  3  or  6,  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  glabrous. 

*  Glabrous  or  glandular-pubescent. 

1.  C.  Thurberi  (Gray)    Wats.     Somewhat  glandular-puberu- 
lent,  usually  about  1  dm.  high,  branching  from  the  base;  leaves 
2.5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  slightly  ciliate ;  bracts  oblong,  more  or 
less  united,  2-6  mm.  long;  involucres  glabrous,  chartaceous,  tri- 
angular-prismatic, obscurely  reticulated,  4-6  mm.  long,  1-2  mm. 
broad,  with  3  broad  straight  awned  spurs  at  base  and  3-5  broad 
short  erect  teeth  ;  flowers  1  of  2  on  slender  pedicels,  pubescent  at 
base,  nearly  2  mm.  long;  segments  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  or 
emarginate,  the  alternate  ones  slightly  shorter. 

Occasional  on  dry  sandy  plains,  mostly  farther  inland  than  our  range. 

2.  C.  leptoceras  (Gray)  Wats.     Very  slender  and  nearly  gla- 
brous; leaves  and  bracts  as  in  the  last;  involucre  4-6  mm.  long, 
somewhat  hirsute,  deeply  4-6-cleft,  the  coriaceous  turbinate  base 
surrounded  by  as  many  rigid  usually  uncinate  awn-like  spurs ; 
lobes  rigid,  narrow,  unequal,  attenuate  into  straight  rigid  some- 
what divergent  awns ;  flowers  2  or  3,  occasionally  exserted,  villous- 
pubescent,   1  mm.  long;    segments   narrowly  oblong  to    ovate, 
nearly  equal. 

On  dry  sandy  plains  from  San  Gabriel  eastward. 

3.  C.  Californica  Gray.     Hirsute  and  glandular,  3  dm.  high 
or  less,  often  reddish ;  bracts  1-2  cm.  broad,  lateral  or  rarely  per- 
foliate,  lobed ;    involucres  on  contracted  branchlets   and  often 
clustered  in  the  axils,  4-6  mm.  long,  obtusely  angled,  2-3-toothed 
and  2-3-sided ;  segments  of  the  perianth  obovate,  entire,  villous- 
pubescent  on  the  midvein. 

Common  on  sandy  soil  along  the  coast  and  in  the  interior  valleys. 

**  Villo us-pubescent  or  hirsute,  not  glandular. 
-*- Bracts  notfoliaceous. 

4.  C.  staticoides  Benth.    Erect  or  decumbent,  rather  stout, 
1-4  dm.  high,  with  spreading  branches,  villous-pubescent,  often 


114  Polygonaceae 

purplish,  leaves  all  basal,  tomentose  beneath,  oblong,  obtuse, 
2.5-6  cm.  long  ;  bracts  not  acerose ;  involucres  in  rather  close 
cymes,  3-6  mm.  long,  the  alternate  teeth  larger,  nearly  equal; 
flowers  nearly  sessile,  4-5  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  sparsely  villous 
on  the  midvein,  cleft  to  near  the  middle;  segments  oblong,  en- 
tire, the  alternate  ones  about  half  as  long  and  narrower;  stamens 
inserted  at  base. 

Very  common  and  general.    May-July. 

5.  C.   procumbens  Nutt.     Slender,    procumbent,    branching 
from  the  base  and  diffuse,  villous-pubescent,  often  yellowish; 
leaves  spatulate,   2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  not  tomentose,  bracts 
mostly    small;  involucres    2-3  mm.   long,  the    alternate  teeth 
strongly  divergent,  about  equaling  the  tube,  uncinate;  flowers 
sessile,  2.5  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  somewhat  villous,  segments 
equal,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  entire;  stamens  inserted  at  the 
base. 

Frequent  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  Davidson. 

•*-  +-  Bracts  more  or  less  foliaceous. 

6.  C.  Parryi  Wats.     Branching  from  the  base,  5-8  cm.  high, 
villous-pubescent;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  2.5  cm.  long, 
not  tomentose;  lower  bracts  as  large,  similar,  pungent;  tube  of 
the  involucre  2  mm.  long,  the  alternate  teeth  strongly  divergent, 
as  long  or  longer ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  white  or  pinkish,  3  mm. 
long,  villous  on  the  nerves,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle;  segments 
recurved,  somewhat  undulate,  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  crenate,  the 
inner  ones  about  the  same  length,  but  narrower ;  stamens  insert- 
ed at  the  base. 

Scarcely  reaching  our  eastern  borders,  but  rather  frequent  on  dry  plains 
and  foothills  in  San  Bernardino  and  Riverside  Counties. 

7.  C.  Fernandina  Wats.    Procumbent,  rather  stout,  strongly 
silky-pubescent,  6-10  cm.   long;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
not  tomentose ;    lower  bracts  foliaceous,   the    upper    narrowly 
linear;  tube  of  involucre  2  mm.  long,   the  teeth  stout,  with 
straight  awns;  flowers  white,  2  mm.  long;  lobes  nearly  equal, 
broadly  oblong,  the  alternate  ones  slightly  narrower. 

First  collected  in  San  Fernando  Canyon.    Otherwise  only  known  from 
Chatsworth  Park. 

8.  C.  Xanti  Wats.    Branching  diffusely  from  near  the  base, 
6-15  cm.  high,  villous-pubescent  and  tomentose;   leaves  ovate- 


Buckwheat  Family  115 

oblong,  4-12  mm.  long,  tomentose  beneath ;  lower  bracts  similar  or 
linear-oblanceolate ;  involucres  tomentose,  in  diffuse  cymes,  the 
tube  4  mm.  long  with  strongly  divergent  teeth  half  as  long  or 
more,  the  alternate  ones  much  smaller;  flowers  rose-colored,  5 
mm.  long,  sessile,  villous ;  segments  linear-oblong,  entire,  acutish, 
the  alternate  ones  only  half  as  long;  stamens  inserted  at  the 
base. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains. 

5.  ACANTHOCYPHUS  Small. 

Slender  nearly  glabrous  acaulescent  annual  herbs, 
with  erect  wiry  forking  scapes.  Leaves  basal  firm  dentic- 
ulate with  spinulose  teeth,  dilated  at  the  base.  Bracts 
scale-like,  ternate,  united  at  the  bases,  inclined  to  one 
side  of  the  axes.  Involucres  turbinate,  truncate,  on 
wire-like  peduncles,  with  18-20  hard  ribs,  which  are 
prolonged  into  as  many  rigid  acicular  awns,  these  sur- 
passing the  tube  in  length.  Flowers  5-14,  of  2  kinds  : 
staminate,  included  ;  pistillate,  exserted.  Pedicels  sub- 
tended by  linear  or  linear-spatulate  bractlets.  Perianth 
glabrous,  segments  6.  Stamens  9,  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  perianth. 

1.  A.  Parishii  (Parry)  Small.  Slender,  2-5  dm.  high ;  stems 
with  short-stalked  glands  at  the  base  and  for  a  short  distance 
above  the  forks,  otherwise  glabrous  and  more  or  less  glaucous ; 
leaves  3-4  cm.  long,  finely  spinulose-denticulate,  tube  of  invo- 
lucre 2  mm.  long,  much  surpassed  by  its  slender  whitish 
bristles.  (Oxytheca  Parishii  Parry.) 

Common  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

6.  OXYTHECA  Nutt. 

Slender  dichotomously  branched  annuals,  stipitate- 
glandular  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  in  a  rosette  at  base. 
Bracts  foliaceous  and  more  or  less  united,  usually  ter- 
nate. Involucres,  few-flowered,  more  or  less  distinctly 
pedicellate,  campanulate  or  turbinate,  3-5-cleft,  the 


116  Polygonaceae 

teeth  bearing  an  awn  or  awnless.     Flowers  equal,  gland- 
ular-pubescent on  the  outside.     Stamens  9. 

1.  O.  trilobata  Gray.  Much  branched  from  the  base,  1  dm. 
high  or  less;  leaves  somewhat  villous,  oblanceolate,  2-3  cm. 
long;  bracts  ternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  awned,  not  reflexed ;  in- 
volucres broadly  turbinate,  5-parted  nearly  to  the  base,  strongly 
nerved,  3-4  mm.  long,  with  awns  slightly  shorter  than  the  lobes; 
pedicels  spreading,  4-10  mm.  long;  flowers  3-5  in  each  involucre, 
light  rose  color,  2  mm.  long;  segments  ligulate-oblong,  3-cleft, 
the  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  erose  on  the  sides; 
ovary  triangular. 

Not  common  within  our  limits,  but  found  on  dry  plains  in  San  Bernardino, 
Riverside  and  San  Diego  Counties. 

7.  EBIOGONUM  Michx. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  with 
basal,  alternate  or  verticillate  leaves,  without  stipules, 
and  perfect  involucrate  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate, 
turbinate  or  oblong,  4-8-toothed  or  4-r8-lobed,  awnless, 
usually  many-flowered  ;  the  more  or  less  exserted  pedi- 
cels intermixed  with  scarious  narrow  setaceous  bracts  or 
bractlets.  Perianth  6-parted  or  deeply  6-cleft,  petaloid. 
Stamens  9,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Styles 
3  ;  stigmas  capitate.  Achene  triangular,  rarely  lenticu- 
lar. 

*  Involucres  nerveless,  pedicellate;  perianth-lobes  unequal. 

I.  E.  Thurberi  Torr.  Annual,  very  slender,  about  15  cm. 
high,  much  branched  below  the  middle,  with  ovate  acute  bracts 
at  the  forks,  tomentose  below  the  panicle,  leaves  subbasal, 
rounded-ovate,  about  1  cm.  long,  undulate  rugose,  pubescent 
above,  white  tomentose  beneath ;  pedicels  slender,  about  2  cm. 
long,  erect  or  spreading,  involucres  campanulate,  less  than  2  mm. 
high,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle;  flowers  rose-colored  or  white, 
outer  segments  rounded,  much  broader  than  the  inner  lanceolate 
ones. 

Common  on  dry  plains  and  foothills  from  Pasadena  eastward;  also  in  the 
Santa  Ana  Mountains. 


Buckwheat  Family  117 

**  Involucres  5-6-nerved,  mostly  sessile;  perianth-lobes  similar. 

-«-  Involucres  capitate  or  fascicled. 

•**  Perennials  with  stout  short  woody  caudex. 

2.  E.  latifoliuxn  Smith.     Caudex  indurate,  its  branches  few, 
short,  very  leafy;  scapes  not  fistulose,  2-5  dm.  high;  leaves  ob- 
long to  ovate,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  often  undulate  and  becoming  gla- 
brate  above;  bracts  triangular;  heads  large  and  dense,  12-20  mm. 
broad,  solitary  and  terminal  or  few  in  a  simple  umbel;  involucre 
tomentose,  4  mm.  long;  flowers  glabrous,  light  rose  color,  3  mm. 
long. 

Bluffs  near  Santa  Monica. 

3.  E.  nudum  Dougl.     Caudex  sparingly  leafy;  scapes  rather 
slender,  fistulose,    3-6    dm.    high,   sparingly    branched    above; 
leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  1-5  cm.  long,  on  slender 
petioles,  undulate,  densely   tomentose   beneath,    becoming  gla- 
brate  above;  involucres  usually  3-6  in  each  cluster,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  4-6  mm.  high;  flowers  glabrous  or  somewhat  villous, 
2-3  mm.  long,  white  or  rose  color. 

Occasional  on  Catalina  Island  and  on  the  mainland  east  of  our  territory. 
August-September. 

+*++  Perennials,  shrubby,  leafy;  leaves  often  fascicled;  bracts  foli- 
aceous. 

4.  E.  cinereum  Benth.     Shrubby,   8-15  dm.   high,  in  dense 
clumps,  hoary-tomentose  throughout;  leaves  orbicular  to  oblong, 
12-18  mm.  long,  on  very  short  petioles,  obtuse,  undulate,  strongly 
nerved;  peduncles  elongated,  sparingly  dichotomously  branched, 
bearing  few  rather  loose  heads ;  bracts  short ;  involucres  4  mm. 
long;  perianth  very  villous,  rose-colored,  2-3  mm.  long-. 

Bluffs  along  the  seashore  at  Santa  Monica  and  San  Pedro. 

5.  E.  parvifolium  Smith.     Shrubby,  about  3  m.  high,  more 
or  less  white-tomentose  throughout;   leaves  broadly  ovate  to 
oblong,  8-18  mm.  long,  acute,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base  to  the 
very  short  petiole,  revolute  and  undulate  on  the  margins,  becom- 
ing glabrate  above ;  lower  bracts  conspicuous,  the  upper  smaller; 
involucres  tomentose,  about  3  mm.  long;  perianth  rose-colored, 
glabrous,  about  3  mm.  long. 

Common  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore. 

6.  E.  fasciculatum  Benth.     (WILD  BUCKWHEAT.)     Shrubby, 
5  dm.  high  or  more,  more  or  less  tomentose ;   leaves  narrowly 


118  Polygonaceae 

oblanceolate,  revolute,  tomentose  beneath,  glabrate  above,  6-18 
mm.  long,  much  fascicled  ;  peduncles  short  or  elongated,  bearing 
a  short  cymosely  divided  umbel;  bracts  rather  conspicuous; 
involucres  about  4  mm.  high,  glabrate;  flowers  rose-colored  or 
whitish,  glabrous  or  somewhat  villous. 
Very  common  on  the  plains  and  in  the  foothills. 

•*-•*-  Involucres  solitary,  often  secund  along  the  virgate  branches. 
**  Perennials,   white-tomentose;   panicle    sparingly   branched  and 
virgate. 

7.  E.  saxatile  Wats.     Caudex  densely  leafy,  sparingly  branch- 
ed; leaves  rounded  or  obovate,  obtuse,  12-16  mm.  broad,  cuneate 
at  base,  densely  tomentose  on  both  sides ;    petioles  short  and 
thick;  branches  of  the  cymose  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  spreading; 
bracts  subfoliaceous,  triangular;  involucres  3-4  mm.  long,  teeth 
acute ;  perianth  rose  color,  2-3  mm.  long,  the  lobes  appressed  to 
the  nearly  glabrous  achene,  this  abruptly  narrowed  at  base. 

Frequent  in  the  higher  altitudes  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains. 

8.  E.  Wrightii  Torr.     Much  branched,  leafy  at  base,  2-5  dm. 
high,  rather  slender;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  15-25  mm.  long,  acute, 
narrowed  at  base  to  a  4-8  mm.  long  petiole;   bracts  all  small, 
triangular;    involucres    loosely    spicate    along    the    ascending 
branches,  3  mm.  high,  the  teeth  rigid,  acute ;  perianth  rose  color, 
3  mm.  long ;  achene  scabrous  on  the  angles  above,  these  acute  at 
base. 

Frequent  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains  in  the  pine  belt. 

9.  E.  Bloomeri  Parish.     Caudex  as  in  the  last ;  leaves  dense- 
ly white-tomentose  or  somewhat  brownish,  oval,  ovate  or  obo- 
vate; scapiform  peduncles  numerous,  2-4  dm.  high,  erect,  repeat- 
edly branched;    lower  bracts  foliaceous;    involucres  distant,  4 
mm.  high;    the  teeth  subacute,  few-flowered;    perianth  8  mm. 
high,  attenuate  at  base,  glabrous,  yellowish;  filaments  hairy  at 
base ;  achene  glabrous,  attenuate  above. 

Frequent  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Moun- 
tains. 

10.  E.  elongatum  Benth.     Stems  erect,  rather  slender,  from 
a  sparingly  branched  base;  leaves  usually  somewhat  scattered, 
oblong-lanceolate,  2-3  cm.  long,  acute,  narrowed  to  a  short  peti- 
ole, becoming  glabrate  above ;  bracts  ovate-triangular  to  lanceo- 


Buckwheat  Family  119 

late,  acute;  involucres  distant  on  the  few  elongated  branches, 
5-6  mm.  high,  obtusely  toothed ;  flowers  white  or  pale  rose  color, 
2-3  mm.  long;  achene  glabrous. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains,  as  well  as  in  the  in- 
terior valleys. 

****  Annuals. 

11.  E.  virgatum  Benth.     Slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  tomentose 
throughout,  branches  few,  ascending,  elongated,  strictly  virgate  or 
flexuous;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  involucres,  some- 
times including  1  or  more  leaves ;  involucres  tomentose,  narrow, 
4  mm.  long;  perianth  2  mm.  long,  white  or  yellowish,  glabrous. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills. 

12.  E.  vimineum.  Dougl.     Glabrous  or  tomentose  toward  the 
base,  erect,  2-4  dm.  high,  much  branched  from  near  the  base,  the 
branches  elongated  and  virgate,  the  lower  commonly  in  whorls 
of  4-5 ;  lower  forks  often  leafy ;  leaves  orbicular  to  broadly  ovate, 
6-18  mm.  long,   white-tomentose    beneath,   becoming  glabrate 
above,   the  margins  undulate,  on  petioles  of  about  the  same 
length;  involucres  very  narrow,  2  mm.  high;  flowers  few,  pale 
rose  color  or  yellowish,  2  mm.  long,  outer  segments  obovate; 
inner  oblong. 

Frequent  in  the  coast  ranges. 

13.  E.  gracile  Benth.    Floccose-tomentose  throughout,  rather 
diffusely  branched,  2-6  dm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  broadly 
oblong,  tomentose  on  both  sides  or  less  so  above ;  bracts  more  or 
less  elongated,  the  lower  foliaceous ;  involucres  rigid,  acute,  often 
dark  brown ;  perianth  white  or  pale  rose  color,  1.5  mm.  long. 

Common  in  sandy  soil,  especially  toward  the  coast. 

14.  E.   gracile  leucocladon  (Benth.)  Torr.    Less  branched, 
the  branches  strict,  becoming  glabrate ;  flowers  pale  rose  color. 

Dry  sand-washes  of  the  interior. 

8.  RUMEX  L.    DOCK. 

Perennial  or  annual  leafy-stemmed  herbs.  Stem 
grooved,  usually  branched.  Leaves  entire  or  undulate, 
flat  or  crisped,  with  scarious  obliquely  truncate  cylindric 
sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  green,  usually  perfect,  in 
a  simple  or  compound  often  panicled  raceme.  Calyx 


120  Potygonaceae 

6-parted,  the  3  outer  sepals  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  3  inner 
ones  (wings)  usually  bearing  a  grain-like  callosity  on 
the  back,  larger  and  enclosing  the  achene.  Stamens 
6  ;  filaments  short,  glabrous  ;  anthers  oblong.  Style 
3-parted  ;  stigmas  peltate,  tufted.  Achenes  3-angled. 

*  Flowers  dioecious;  leaves  hastate. 

1.  B.  Acetosella  L.     Perennial  by  slender  running  rootstocks, 
slender  erect  or  nearly  so,  simple  or  branched,  2-4  dm.  high,  gla- 
brous; leaves  narrowly  hastate,  petioled,  the  uppermost  leaves 
somewhat  entire;  panicle    narrow,   naked,    becoming  reddish; 
calyx  green,!  mm.  long;    stamens  exserted;   achene    granular, 
exceeding  the  persistent  calyx. 

In  moist  grassy  places  about  Los  Angeles.    Native  of  Europe. 

**  Flowers  perfect;  leaves  not  hastate. 

•*-  Inner  calyx-lobes  with  slender  awned  teeth. 

2.  B.  pulcherL.     Stems  erect,  5-8  dm.  high,  with  rigid  di- 
varicately spreading  branches  ;  leaves  scabrous  beneath,  the  basal 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute,  cordate  or  obtuse  at  base ;  flowrers  on 
short  stout  rigid  pedicels;  wings  ovate,  2-3  mm.  long,  with  4-6 
rigidly  awned  teeth  on  each  side. 

Sparingly  introduced,  Inglewood.    Native  of  Europe. 

3.  B.  persicarioides  L.     Annual,  pubescent,  pale  green  ;  stem 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  2-6  dm.  high,  sometimes    spreading, 
very   leafy;    leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  2  dm.  long  or  usually 
less,  narrowed  at  the   base  or  cordate,  acute  at  the  apex,  the 
margins    undulate    and  somewhat  crisped;    panicle  simple  or 
branched;  racemes  erect,  leafy  bracted;  whorls   dense,  usually 
rather  distant ;  pedicels  equaling  or   somewhat    exceeding  the 
inner  calyx-lobes,  jointed  at  the  base;  inner  calyx-lobes  oblong, 
2  mm.  long,  with  1-3  bristles  on  each  margin,  each  bearing  an 
ovoid  or  oblong  grain;  achene   about   1.5  mm.   long,   pointed, 
reddish. 

Frequent  in  moist  places,  especially  along  the  margins  of  ponds.    Native 
of  Europe. 

•*-  Inner  calyx-lobes  with  entire  or  dentate  or  erose  margins,  herbage 
glabrous. 

4.  B.  salicifolius  Weinm.     Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous ; 
stems  ascending  or  spreading,  simple  or  branched,  grooved,  flexu- 


Buckwheat  Family  121 

ous,  4-8  dm.  long;  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
petioled,  not  undulate  or  crisped;  racemes  dense,  interrupted 
below  in  fruit;  flowers  in  dense  clusters;  wings  2  mm.  long, 
undulate  or  subdentate,  each  bearing  a  large  ovoid  grain  ;  achene 
2  mm.  long,  dark  red. 

Frequent  in  moist  places  along  the  coast  and  in  the  mountains. 

5.  B.  conglomeratus  Murr.  Stems  slender,  erect,  commonly 
branched,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  15  cm.  long 
or  less,  somewhat  undulate  and  crisped,  the  lower  long  petioled, 
cordate  at  base,  acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  the  upper  short  petioled  ; 
panicle  very  loose,  much  branched;  racemes  slender,  inter- 
rupted; flowers  loosely  whorled,  the  whorls  distant;  pedicels 
slender,  shorter  than  or  equaling  the  wings ;  wings  ovate,  fiddle- 
shaped,  3  mm.  long,  toothed  near  the  base,  each  bearing  a  large 
oblong  grain  ;  achene  about  1.5  mm.  long,  pointed,  red. 

Common  in  damp  land,  especially  toward  the  coast. 

(>.  R.  crispus  L.  Stems  simple  or  branched  above,  erect, 
rather  slender,  3-10  dm.  high;  leaves  crisped  and  undulate,  the 
lower  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  15-30  cm.  long,  long  petioled, 
the  upper  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate,  short  petioled,  all  cordate 
or  obtuse  at  base;  panicle  rather  open;  racemes  simple  or  com- 
pound ;  flowers  rather  loosely  whorled ;  calyx  green ;  fruiting 
pedicels  about  twice  the  length  of  the  wings,  jointed  near  the 
base;  wings  cordate,  3-4  mm.  long,  truncate  or  notched  at  base, 
erose-dentate  or  nearly  entire,  each  bearing  a  grain ;  achene  2 
mm.  long,  dark  brown. 

Common  in  moist  places. 

7.  B.  hymenosepalus  Torr.  Stems  erect,  4-6  dm.  high, 
stout,  leafy,  simple  or  branched  above;  leaves  attenuate  to  a 
short  thick  fleshy  petiole,  oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  often  3 
dm.  long,  acute,  strongly  undulate;  racemes  panicled  about  3 
dm.  long;  pedicels  6-12  mm.  long;  wings  8-12  mm.  broad,  rose 
color,  deeply  cordate,  strongly  reticulate-veined,  grains  entirely 
wanting;  achene  4  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  dry  sandy  soil.    Canaigre  of  commerce. 

9.  POLYGONUM  L.     KNOTWEED. 

Annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs,  with 
alternate  entire  leaves  and  naked,  ciliate  or  foliaceous 
margined  sheaths.  Flowers  usually  perfect,  often  colored, 


122  Polygonaceae 

variously  clustered.  Pedicels  jointed.  Calyx  4-5-part- 
ed,  usually  petaloid,  the  outer  segments  slightly  larger 
than  the  inner  ones.  Stamens  5-9  ;  filaments  glabrous  ; 
anthers  oblong.  Style  2-3-parted  or  2-3-cleft ;  stigmas 
capitate.  Achene  lenticular  or  3-angled,  invested  by 
the  persistent  calyx. 

1.  P.  incarnatum  Ell.     Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem 
erect,  simple  or  branched  above,  more  or  less  swollen  at  the 
nodes,  8-12  dm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  6-18  cm.  long,  acumi- 
nate at  both  ends,  short  petioled,  sparingly  punctate  and  ciliate; 
sheaths  loose,  long,  sometimes  ciliate  when  young,  becoming 
naked;  racemes  panicled,  drooping,  4-10  cm.  long,  linear;  calyx 
white  or  pink,  small ;  stamens  6 ;  style  2-parted  to  near  the  base ; 
achene  ovoid-oblong,  lenticular,  smooth  and  shining. 

Marshes    about  Los   Angeles.    Probably  introduced  from  the   Atlantic 
coast. 

2.  P.   lapathifolium  L.      Stem  simple  or  much   branched, 
erect  or  ascending,  swollen  at  the  nodes,  3-12  dm.  high,  the 
peduncles  and  petioles  glandular;   leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  tapering  to  the 
short  petiole,  ciliate,  inconspicuously  punctate;  sheath  cylindric, 
ribbed  or  striate;  racemes  panicled,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  drooping, 
narrow,  rather  dense,  calyx  pink,  white  or  greenish,  5-parted ; 
stamens  6  ;  style  2-parted  to  below  the  middle ;  achene  lenticular, 
2  mm.  long.     (P.  nodosum  Pers.) 

Occasional  along  streams. 

3.  P.  hydropiperoides  Michx.     Stems  rather  stout,  3-10  dm. 
high,  erect  or  decumbent,  clothed  with  short  appressed  hairs; 
leaves     lanceolate,   obtuse;     sheath    cylindric,     loose,    ciliate; 
racemes    panicled,    terminal,    erect,    narrow,  more   or   less  in- 
terrupted, 3-7  cm.  long;  calyx  white  or  whitish,  often  conspicu- 
ous;   stamens  8;    style  3-parted  to  below  the  middle;   achene 
3-angled,  ovoid  or  oblong,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  smooth. 

Frequent  along  streams,  especially  toward  the  coast. 

4.  P.  aviculare  L.     Annual  or  perennial,  slender,   glabrous, 
bluish-green;    stem    prostrate    or  ascending,   simple   or    much 
branched,  1-6  dm.  long;  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  commonly 
oblong,  6-18  mm.  long,  nearly  sessile ;  sheath  oblique,  2-parted 


Chenopodiaceae  123 

or  becoming  lacerate;  flower  clusters  axillary,  1-5-flowered; 
flowers  small,  short  pedicelled;  calyx  green,  its  5  lobes  with 
white  or  pinkish  margins;  stamens  5-8;  style  short  3-parted  to 
near  the  base;  achene  3-angled,  ovoid,  2  mm.  long,  reticulated. 
A  common  weed  in  waste  places. 

5.  P.  Convolvulus  L.  Annual,  glabrous,  scurvy ;  stem  twin- 
ing or  trailing,  branched,  1-10  dm.  long;  leaves  ovate-sagittate, 
long-petioled,  acuminate,  slightly  ciliate,  1-7  cm.  long;  sheath 
oblique,  rough  on  the  margin;  axillary  clusters  loosely  flowered; 
flowers  greenish,  pendulous  on  slender  pedicels;  calyx  5-parted, 
closely  investing  the  achene;  stamens  8;  style  short,  nearly 
entire;  stigmas  8;  achene  3-angled,  granular. 

Cultivated  fields  about  Pasadena,  JfcClatchie. 

Family  22.  CHENOPODIACEAE.     GOOSEFOOT 
FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  often  succulent  mealy  or  scurvy,  some- 
times fleshy.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  some- 
times wanting,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  uni- 
sexual, with  an  herbaceous  calyx  of  2-5  often  keeled 
rigid  sepals,  or  sometimes  wanting  in  pistillate  flowers. 
Stamens  distinct,  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite 
them  or  fewer ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  superior, 
1-celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming  an  achene  or  utricle  in  fruit. 
Embryo  annular  and  surrounding  the  endosperm  or  spiral 
and  with  the  endosperm  lateral  or  wanting. 

Leaves  various,  not  semiterete  and  fleshy  nor  spiny. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous. 
Calyx  3-5-cleft  or  3-5-parted. 

Calyx  3-cleft;  stamen  1;  leaves  entire.  1.  APHANISMA. 
Calyx  mostly  5-cleft,  herbaceous  in  fruit;  stamens  mostly  5;  flowers 

in  panicled  spikes.  2.  CHENOPODIDM. 

Calyx  3-5- toothed,  dry  in  fruit;  flowers  few  or  solitary  in  the  axils; 

leaves  pinnatifid.  3.  ROUBIEVA. 

Calyx  of  1  sepal;  stamen  1.  4.  MONOLEPIS. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  5.  ATRIPLEX. 

Leaves  wanting;  stems  fleshy.  6.  SALICORNIA. 

Leaves  semiterete,  fleshy.  7.  DONDIA. 

Leaves  spiny.  8.  SALSOLA. 


124  Chenopodiaceae 

1.  APHANISMA  Nutt. 

Slender  glabrous  annuals,  with  alternate  sessile  entire 
leaves,  and  axillary  mostly  solitary  perfect  bractless 
flowers.  Calyx  3-cleft,  with  concave  segments  un- 
changed in  fruit.  Stamen  1 ;  filament  short.  Ovary 
depressed  ;  style  shortly  2-3-cleft ;  pericarp  somewhat 
5-angled,  rather  thick  and  indurate.  Seed  horizontal, 
with  very  thin  crustaceous  testa.  Embryo  annular  sur- 
rounding the  copious  endosperm. 

1.  A.  blitoides  Nutt.  Stems  ascending,  branched,  3-7.5  dm. 
high;  leaves  thin,  oblanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  the  upper  ones 
ovate,  acute,  6-15  mm.  long;  calyx  minute,  its  lobes  ovate, 
obtuse,  closely  appressed  to  the  base  of  the  fruit;  fruit  1  mm. 
broad;  seed  shining,  punctulate-rugose. 

San  Pedro,  Davidson;  Catalina  Island. 

2.  CHENOPODIUM  L.     GOOSEFOOT. 

Annual  or  rarely  perennial  herbs,  mostly  introduced 
weeds.  Leaves  often  white-mealy,  sometimes  glandular, 
alternate,  petioled.  Flowers  perfect,  bractless,  clustered 
in  axillary  or  terminal  often  panicled  spikes.  Calyx 
herbaceous,  3-4-parted  or  mostly  5-parted ;  the  lobes 
usually  connate  or  crested,  more  or  less  closely  covering 
the  fruit.  Pericarp  membranous,  closely  investing  the 
lenticular  or  subglobose,  horizontal  or  vertical  seed. 
Embryo  annular  or  curved  around  the  copious  endo- 
sperm. 

*  Annuals;  ours  introduced. 

•*-  Leaves  white-mealy  or  glabrous. 

1.  C.  album  L.  Stems  erect,  0.5-2  m.  high,  branches  ascend- 
ing; leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  apex,  white-mealy 
beneath,  dentate  or  sinuate  or  the  upper  entire,  2-6  cm.  long; 


Goosefoot  Family  125 

spikes  densely  flowered,  often  panicled;  calyx  about  1  nun.  broad 
in  fruit,  its  lobes  strongly  carinate. 

A  common  weed  in  waste  fields.  May-September.   Nativeof  the  Old  World. 

2.  C.  album  viride  (L.)    Moq.     Closely  resembling  the  type, 
but  leaves  bright  green  or  very  slightly  mealy  beneath. 

Vernon,  Davidson. 

3.  C.    murale    L.     Stout    erect,    3-6    dm.    high,    the    lower- 
branches  usually  spreading  or  decumbent;  leaves  3-8  cm.  long, 
rhombic-ovate,   broadly  cuneate    or    subtruncate  at    the  base, 
acute  at  the  apex,  glabrous  or  slightly  mealy  when  young  ;  spikes 
panicled, loosely  flowered;  calyx  enclosing  the  fruit ;  seed  acutely 
margined. 

Frequent  in  waste  places.    Often  flowering  the  year  round.    Native  of  the 
Old  World. 

4.  C.  rubrum  L.     Annual,  somewhat  fleshy  and  glabrous  or 
commonly  somewhat  mealy;    stem  erect,   leafy,  3-7  dm.   high, 
with  strict  or  ascending  branches;  leaves  thick,  3-5  cm.   long, 
rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-lanceolate,  coarsely   sinuate-dentate, 
or  the  upper  entire,  acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base  to 
a  rather  short  petiole;  flowers  in  compound,  leafy-bracted  axil- 
lary and  terminal  spikes,  often  exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx  3-5- 
parted,  its  segments  slightly  fleshy,  reddish,  not  keeled,  obtuse, 
about  as  long  as  the  utricle;  stamens  1-2;  stigmas  short;  utricle 
horizontal,  shining,  rather  sharp-edged. 

Occasional  in  saline  flats  and  marshes  along  the  coast.    August-November. 

-*-  Leaves  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent. 

5.  C.  ambrosioides  L.    Stem  ascending  or  erect,  0.5-1  m.  high, 
much  branched   and    leafy,  more    or  less  glandular-pubescent, 
strong-scented ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  obtuse,  subacute  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  repand-dentate, 
undulate  or  the  upper  entire,  3-9  cm.  long ;  flower  clusters  dense, 
axillary  upon  the  branches,  forming  a  leafy  spike;  calyx-lobes 
appressed ;  pericarp  deciduous. 

Frequent  in  waste  places.    Native  of  Europe. 

**  Perennials. 

6.  C.  Californicum  \Vata.    Stout,  erect  or  decumbent  at  base, 
5-8  dm.  high,  from  a  thick  fusiform  root;  leaves  broadly  triangu- 
lar-hastate, truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  3-9  cm.  long,   sharply 


126  Chenopodiaceae 

and  unequally  sinuate-dentate,  dark  green,  glabrous  or  slightly 
mealy  when  young ;  flowers  in  dense  clusters  in  terminal  spikes ; 
calyx  deeply  5-toothed,  loosely  enveloping  the  fruit;  pericarp 
persistent;  seed  subglobose,  about  2  mm.  broad. 
Frequent  in  the  valleys  and  foothills.    March-May. 

3.  BOUBIEVA  Moq. 

A  perennial  herb,  glandular-pubescent,  strong  scented, 
prostrate  and  diffusely  branched,  with  narrow  small 
sh'ort-petioled  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves.  Flowers  small, 
green,  perfect  or  pistillate,  solitary  or  in  small  axillary 
clusters.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  3-5-toothed,  in  fruit  be- 
coming ovoid,  strongly  reticulated.  Stamens  5.  Styles 
3,  exserted.  Wall  of  the  pericarp  thin,  glandular.  Em- 
bryo a  complete  ring. 

1.  R.  multifida  (L.)  Moq.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  very  leafy, 
1-4  dm.  long;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear  or  linear-oblong,  deeply 
pinnatifid  into  linear-oblong,  acute,  entire  or  toothed  lobes; 
flowers  1-6  in  an  axil,  sessile,  scarcely  1  mm.  broad,  some  perfect, 
some  pistillate ;  fruiting  calyx  3-nerved  and  strongly  reticulate- 
veined  ;  utricle  compressed. 

Occasionally  found  in  waste  places.    Pasadena;  Compton. 

4.  MONOLEPIS  Schrad. 

Low  branching  annual  herbs,  with  small  narrow  alter- 
nate entire,  toothed  or  lobed  leaves  and  polygamous  or 
perfect  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  a 
single  persistent  herbaceous  sepal.  Stamen  1.  Styles 
2,  slender.  Utricle  flat,  the  pericarp  adherent  to  the 
vertical  seed.  Embryo  nearly  a  complete  ring. 

1.  M.  Nuttalliana  (R.  &  S.)  Greene.  Slightly  mealy  when 
young,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  8-24  cm.  high, 
with  many  ascending  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled 
or  the  upper  sessile,  1-6  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  base,  3-lobed,  the 
middle  lobe  linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-4  times 
as  long  as  the  ascending  lateral  ones ;  sepal  oblanceolate  or 
spatulate;  utricle  minutely  pitted,  1  mm.  broad. 

Cienega,  Davidson. 


Goosefoot  Family  127 

5.  ATBIPLEX  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubby,  often  scurvy- 
canescent  or  silvery,  with  alternate  petioled  or  sessile 
leaves,  or  some  of  them  opposite.  Flowers  dioecious  or 
monoecious,  small,  green,  in  panicled  spikes  or  in  axil- 
lary clusters.  Staminate  flowers  bractless,  consisting  of 
a  3-5-parted  calyx  and  an  equal  number  of  stamens. 
Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  2  or  more  united  bract- 
lets  which  enlarge  in  fruit,  their  margins  entire  or 
toothed,  often  crested  or  winged.  Calyx  none.  Stigmas 
2.  Utricle  completely  or  partially  enclosed  by  the  fruit- 
ing bract  lets.  Embryo  annular. 

*  Annuals',  monoecious. 

1.  A.  patula  L.     Stems  stout  and  succulent,  erect,  2-6  dm. 
high,  with  few  ascending  branches,  herbage  green,  only  the  grow- 
ing parts  somewhat  mealy ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire  or 
coarsely  toothed,  sometimes  hastate  at  base ;  inflorescence  more 
or  less   leafy  below,  the  clusters  dense  in  spikes   or  panicles; 
bracts  rhombic-ovate,  thick  and  subcoriaceous,  8-12  mm.  long, 
entire  or  toothed,  sometimes  muricate. 

Frequent  in  saline  places,  especially  toward  the  coast. 

2.  A.  expansa  Wats.     Annual,  erect,   much   branched,   5-10 
dm.  high,  closely  and  finely  mealy-scurvy;  leaves  2.5-7  cm.  long, 
broadly  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  irregularly  and  sharply  sinuate- 
toothed,  the  lower  on  stout  petioles  about  1  cm.  long,  and  strong- 
ly 3-nerved  from  the  base,  the  upper  reduced  to  sessile  more  or 
less  cordate  floral  bracts,  as  broad  or  broader  than  long ;  flower 
clusters  more  or  less  unisexual,  those  of  the  lower  clusters  mostly 
staminate ;   fruiting  bracts  sessile,  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  orbicular,  mostly  3-nerved,  4  mm.  long,  5-6  mm.  broad, 
usually  emarginate  at  the  apex,  the  wing  sharply  toothed  and 
commonly  bearing  on  one  face  a  few  irregular  projections  or 
crests. 

Occasional  in  the  Ballona  Marshes. 

3.  A.  microcarpa  Dietrich.     Minutely  and  somewhat  hoary 
puberulent,  the  numerous  reddish  branches  nearly  glabrous ;  stems 


128  Chenopodiaceae 

15-30  cm.  long,  spreading  and  decumbent;  leaves  oblong  or 
oblong-ovate,  6-10  mm.  long,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile;  flowers 
in  small  axillary  clusters,  the  terminal  ones  usually  more  stami- 
nate;  fruiting  bracts  round-obovate,  usually  less  than  2  mm. 
broad,  the  roundish  summit  narrowly  bordered  with  3-7  small 
herbaceous  teeth,  sides  frequently  somewhat  muricate  or  1-nerved  ^ 
seed  0.5  mm.  broad. 

Rather  common  in  saline  places  toward  the  coast. 

4.  A.  Watsoni  A.  Nelson  in   lit.     Branching  from  the  base, 
somewhat  woody  below,  slender,  decumbent  or  sometimes  pros- 
trate,  densely  hoary-scurvy ;    leaves  mostly  opposite,  cuneate- 
rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acutish,  oblong-ovate,  12-25  mm.  long; 
staminate  flowers  in  dense  clusters  in  short  interrupted  terminal 
spikes;  calyx  5-cleft;  fruiting  bracts  sessile,  slightly  cordate  at 
base,  acute,  4  mm.  long  and  broad,  compressed,  united  to  above 
the  middle,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate;   seed  nearly  2  mm. 
long.     (A.  decumbens  Wats.) 

Not  known  to  occur  within  our  limits,  but  found  at  San  Diego. 

**  Perennials;  monoecious,  or  the  last  2  dioecious. 

5.  A.  Serenana  A.  Nelson  in  lit.     Stems  rather  stout  and  more 
or  less  diffuse,  3  dm.  or  more  long ;  branches  smooth  and  shining, 
straw-colored  ;  foliage  finely  grayish-scurvy  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  8-18  mm.  long,  thin,  sharply  toothed  or  the  smaller  entire ; 
flower-clusters  unisexual,  the  staminate  in  terminal  simple  or 
compound  spikes,  the  pistillate  axillary ;  fruiting  bracts  2  mm. 
long,  the  margins  laciniately  toothed  or  dentate,  the  central  tooth 
lanceolate  and  conspicuous.     (A.  bracteosa  Wats.) 

Very  common  throughout  our  range  in  saline  places. 

6.  A.  semibaccata  R.  Br.     Perennial ;  steins  much  branched 
from  the  base,  prostrate,  woody  below,  branches  3-10  dm.  long, 
branchlets  slender,  whitish,  leafy  throughout;    leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  to  a  short  petiole  rounded  at  apex, 
2-4  cm.  long,  15-30  mm.  wide,  entire  or  commonly  irregularly  and 
remotely  dentate,  pale  green  above,  silvery  beneath ;  staminate 
flowers  in  short  capitate  spikes  terminating  the  branchlets ;  fruit- 
ing bracts  about  3  mm.  long,  the  margins  entire  or  minutely 
toothed  on  the  lateral  angles,  becoming  fleshy  and  reddish  when 
mature. 

Becoming  well  established  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places.    Wise- 
burn;  Wilmington;  Santa  Ana.    More  common  about  San  Diego  and  Escon- 


Goosefoot  Family  129 

dido.    Native  of  Australia  and  cultivated  to  some  extent  under  the  name 
of  Australian  salt-bush. 

7.  A.  Californica  Moq.     Finely  white-mealy;  stems  slender, 
leafy,  mostly  herbaceous,   prostrate  or  scrambling  among   low 
shrubs,  usually  much  branched  and  forming  a  mat;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  4-12  mm.  long,  sessile  or  narrow- 
ed to  a  short  petiole ;   staminate  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  the 
pistillate  in  axillary  clusters  ;  fruiting  bracts  membranous,  ovate,, 
acute,  entire,  loosely  closed  over  the  utricle  but  not  united,  3  mm., 
long  or  less. 

Occasional  in  saline  places  along  the  coast  and  on  sandy  bluffs  overhang- 
ing the  sea. 

8.  A.  leucophylla  Dietrich.     Densely  whitish-scurvy,  steins 
stout,  3  dm.  long  or  more,  mostly  prostrate;    leaves  thickish, 
orbicular  or  elliptic,  8-16  mm.  long,  sessile,  3-nerved ;  staminate 
clusters  in  a  dense  terminal  spike,  1-2  cm.  long ;  pistillate  flowers 
in   axillary  2-3-flowered    clusters;     fruiting    bracts    completely 
united  and  with  a  short  terminal  wing,  globose  or  nearly  so,  3-4 
mm.  long. 

Rather  common  on  the  seabeach  sands,  often  more  or  less  buried. 

9.  A.  orbicularis  Wats.     Subcanescent  with  very  fine  pubes- 
cence, woody  at  base,  much  branched  and  forming  a  compact 
growth,  9-14  dm.  high;    leaves  oblong-obovate,  2  cm.  long  or 
more,  retuse  or  obtuse  and  apiculate,  narrowed  to  a  very  short, 
slender  petiole ;  inflorescence  paniculate,  naked  or  leafy  below, 
the  small  dense  staminate  clusters  with  the  pistillate  flowers  in 
sessile  clusters ;    fruiting   bracts  orbicular,    somewhat  coherent 
toward  the  base,  entire,  not  appendaged  on  the  back,  4-6  mm. 
broad;  seed  1  mm.  broad. 

Common  along  the  seashore  from  Santa  Monica  to  Port  Los  Angeles. 
What  seems  to  be  the  same  is  also  common  on  bluffs  near  Capistrano. 

10.  A.  Breweri  Wats.     Dioecious,  stout,  1.5-2  m.  high,  woody 
below,  grayish-puberulent ;  the  branches  terete,  somewhat  flexu- 
ous  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  rhombic-cuneate  at  the  base, 
obtuse  or  abruptly  acute,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  calyx  deeply  4-cleft; 
fruiting  bracts  spongy,  ovate  to  rounded,  convex,  united  at  the 
margin  to  the  middle,  entire,  2-3  mm.  broad. 

Bluffs  along  the  seashore.   Port  Los  Angeles ;  Santa  Monica ;  Port  Ballona . 


130  Chenopodiaceae 

11.  A.  canescens  (Pursh)  James.  Erect  and  shrubby,  rather 
Strict,  about  8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong  or 
linear,  15-45  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
entire ;  usually  dioecious ;  the  flowers  in  panicled  spikes ;  calyx 
5-cleft;  fruiting  bracts  connate  and  indurated,  not  scurvy  or 
muricate,  the  wings  distinct  and  broad,  veined  and  entire  or 
toothed,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Bernardino  and  San  Diego.  A  common 
species  on  the  desert. 

6.  SALICOBNIA  L. 

Fleshy  glabrous  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  op- 
posite terete  branches,  the  leaves  reduced  to  mere  oppo- 
site scales  at  the  nodes.  The  flowers  sunken,  3-7  together 
in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming  narrow  terminal 
spikes,  perfect  or  the  lateral  staminate.  Calyx  fleshy, 
3-4-toothed  or  truncate,  becoming  spongy  in  fruit, 
deciduous.  Stamens  2  or  sometimes  solitary,  exserted. 
Styles  and  stigmas  2.  Utricles  enclosed  by  the  spongy 
fruiting  calyx  ;  embryo  conduplicate. 

1.  S.  ambigua  Michx.       Perennial    by  a  woody   rootstock ; 
stem  decumbent  or  trailing,  1-6  din.  long,  the  branches  ascending 
or  erect,  nearly  or  quite  simple,  rather  long-jointed,  7-15  cm. 
long,  pale  green ;  scales  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse;  fruiting 
spikes  1.5-4  cm.  long,  broad  as  the  branches;  flowers  about  all 
equally  high  and  about  equaling  the  joints. 

Very  common  in  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.    May-August. 

2.  S.  subterminalis  Parish.     Perennial  from  a  tufted  ligneous 
spreading-prostrate  caudex  ;  the  herbaceous  stems  widely  spread- 
ing or  suberect,  crowded  or  fascicled,  1-3  dm.  high,  internodes 
short;  the  numerous  branchlets  slender,  both  members  of  each 
pair  often  ascending  on  the  same  side  of  the  main  stem,  giving  it 
a  unilateral  appearance;   spikes   1-3  cm.   long,   of  few-several 
enlarged  fertile  bracts  (joints   broader  than   long)    and   usually 
about  as  many  slender  longer  sterile  ones ;  scales  acute,  becom- 
ing divaricate-alate ;  middle  flower  united  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
stigmas ;  fruit  glabrous. 

Not  common  within  our  limits.  Capistrano;  Mesmer.  Easily  distin- 
guished from  S.  ambigua  by  its  much  greener  slender  and  numerous  branch- 
lets.  Common  about  San  Diego. 


Goosefoot  Family  131 


7.  DONDIA  Adans. 

Fleshy  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  suffretes- 
cent,  with  alternate  narrowly  linear  thick  or  nearly 
terete  entire  leaves  and  perfect  or  polygamous  bracteo- 
late  flowers  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils. 
Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  the  segments  sometimes  keeled 
or  slightly  winged  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  utricle.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Styles  usually  2,  short.  Seed  vertical  or  hori- 
zontal ;  embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral. 

1.  D.  Moquini  (Torr.)  Nelson.    Erect  branched,  rather  bushy, 
usually  about  6  dm.  high,  somewhat  woody  at  base,  branches 
leafy,  smooth  or  somewhat  tomentose ;  leaves  linear  subterete, 
narrow  at  base,  12-18  mm.  long,  acute,  the  floral  similar ;  clusters 
mostly  7-flowered  ;   perianth  deeply  cleft,  incurved   or  slightly 
cucullate;  seed  vertical,  1.5  mm.  broad,  dark  brown,  finely  tuber- 
culate.     (Suaeda  Torreyana  Wats.) 

Common  in  saline  places.    July-September. 

2.  D.  multiflora   (Torr.)    Heller.     Somewhat  shrubby,   6-10 
dm.  high,  with  slender  diffuse  or  divaricate  leafy  branches,  more 
or  less  tomentose;  leaves  numerous,  small,  1  cm.  long  or  less,  ob- 
long, narrow  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute;  flowers  solitary  or  clus- 
tered, shortly  lobed,  small ;  seed  mostly  vertical,  less  than  1  mm. 
broad,  obscurely  tuberculate.     (Suaeda  suffrutescens  Wats.) 

In  saline  places  in  the  interior  and  occasional  along  the  coast. 

3.  D.  Californica   (Wats.)    Heller.     Glabrous  or  pubescent; 
stems  woody  at  base,  about  2  dm.  high;  branches  decumbent, 
6-12  dm.  long,  woody  below,  bearing  ascending  or  erect,  very 
leafy  branchlets  15-30  cm.  long ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  acute,  10-14 
mm.  long ;  flowers  4  mm.  broad,  1-3  in  the  axils ;  perianth  deeply 
cleft;    seed  vertical,   nearly   2  mm.  broad,   faintly  reticulated. 
(S.  Californica  Wats.) 

Frequent  In  saline  places  along  the  coast. 

4.  D.  depressa  (Pursh)  Britton.     Annual,  branched  from  the 
base  and  usually  above,  2-5  dm.  high;  branches  decumbent  or 
ascending,  usually  very  leafy;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  2-3  cm. 
long,  broadest  at  or  near  the   base,  the  upper  often  narrowly 


132  Amaranthaceae 

lanceolate;  sepals  acute,  1  or  more  of  them  strongly  keeled  in 
fruit;  seed  about  1  mm.  broad,  dull,  minutely  reticulated. 

Frequent  in  low  alkaline  places  toward  the  coast.     Hyde  Park;  Mesmer. 

8.  SALSCXLA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  much-branched  herbs,  with 
prickly-pointed  leaves  and  sessile  perfect  2-bracteolate 
flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils  or  sometimes  several 
together.  Calyx  5-parted,  its  segments  appendaged  by 
a  broad  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit  and  enclos- 
ing the  utricle.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  depressed  ;  styles  2. 
Utricle  flattened,  its  seed  horizontal  ;  embryo  coiled  into 
a  conic  spiral. 

1.  S.  Tragus  L.  Annual,  more  or  less  scabrous-pubescent, 
bushy-branched,  the  branches  slender,  2-6  dm.  high;  leaves  and 
outer  bracts  usually  red  at  maturity,  the  former  not  noticeably 
swollen  at  base,  linear,  somewhat  fleshy;  calyx  membranous, 
conspicuously  veiny,  its  wings  longer  than  the  ascending  lobe. 

Occasional  along  roadsides.    Commonly  called  the  Russian  thistle. 

Family  23.   AMARANTHACEAE.     AMARANTH 
FAMILY. 

Ours  herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite,  simple  mostly 
entire  leaves.  Flowers  small  usually  green,  perfect  or 
unisexual,  bracteolate,  variously  clustered,  usually  in 
terminal  spikes  or  axillary  heads.  Calyx  herbaceous 
or  membranous,  2-5-parted,  the  segments  distinct  or 
more  or  less  united.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  1-5,  mostly 
opposite  the  calyx-lobes,  hypogynous;  anthers  1-2-celled. 
Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  2-3  stigmas.  Fruit  a 
utricle,  circumscissile  or  bursting  irregularly.  Embryo 
annular  ;  endosperm  mealy,  usually  copious. 

Leaves  alternate;  flowers  unisexual.  1.  ARAMANTHUS. 

Leaves  opposite;  flowers  perfect.  2.  ALTERNANTHERA. 


Amaranth  Family  133 

1.  AMARANTHUS  L.     AMARANTH. 

Ours  annual  weeds,  with  alternate  petioled  undulate 
or  crisped  leaves,  and  polygamous  or  monoecious  small 
green  or  purplish  flowers,  in  dense  spikes  or  axillary 
clusters.  Calyx  of  2-5  distinct  sepals.  Anthers  2-celled, 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Fruit  indehiscent  or  circum- 
scissile,  beaked  by  the  persistent  style. 

1.  A.  retroflexus  L.     Stems  stout  erect,  with  a  few  erect  or 
ascending  branches  from  the  base, 3-10  dm.  high;  herbage  rather 
deep  green  often  somewhat  reddish,  roughish-puberulent ;  leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  ovate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  on  slender  petioles, 
2-6  cm.  long  or  sometimes  longer;  flowers  green,  densely  clus- 
tered in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes,  which  are  sessile,  stout, 
ovoid-cylindric,   erect    or    ascending,   2-4  cm.   long,   8-14  mm. 
broad;    bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  scarious  except  the  carinate 
midrib,  3-6  mm.  long;  sepals  5,  scarious,  oblong-lanceolate,  cus- 
pidate, 2  mm.  long  or  less;  stamens  5;  utricle  black  and  shining, 
circumscissile,  about  1  mm.  broad. 

Frequent  ifi  uncultivated  orchards  and  gardens.    Native  of  Europe. 

2.  A.  graecizans  L.     Stems  erect,  bushy-branched,  glabrous, 
whitish,  2-6  dm.  high;  leaves  oblong,  spatulate  or  obovate,  2-4 
cm.  long,  slender  petioled;  flowers  polygamous,  in  small  axillary 
clusters;    bracts   subulate,   pungent-pointed,  much  longer  than 
the  3  membranous  sepals;  stamens  3;    utricle  slightly  rugose, 
longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  about  0.7  mm.  broad.      (A.  albus 
L.) 

Rather  common  summer  weed  in  cultivated  fields.    Native  of  Europe. 

3.  A.  blitoides  Wats.     Stems  somewhat  succulent,  prostrate, 
3-6  dm.  long,   whitish;    leaves  glabrous,    deep  green,  shining; 
flowers  in  small  axillary  few-flowered   spikelets ;    bracts   ovate- 
oblong,  shortly  acuminate,  2-3  mm.  long;  sepals  4-5,  1.5-2  mm. 
long,   oblong,  obtuse    and   mucronulate  or    acute;    stamens    3; 
utricle  smooth,  circumscissile;  seed  1.5  mm.  broad. 

Moist  soil  at  Santa  Monica,  Davidson.    Common  about  Rialto. 

4.  A.  deflexus  L.     Glabrous,  purplish-green,  somewhat  suc- 
culent;   stem   usually  much  branched,  erect,   stout  or  slender, 


134  Batidaceae 

3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oval,  obtuse  to  emarginate  at  apex, 
mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-7  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide;  petioles 
slender,  often  as  long  as  the  blades  or  the  lower  longer ;  flowers 
polygamous,  in  dense  mostly  short  and  thick  terminal  spikes  and 
capitate  in  the  axils  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  2-3  oblong  or  spat- 
ulate  sepals;  utricle  fleshy,  3-5-nerved,  smooth,  indehiscent, 
rather  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Rgdondo,  Greata.    A  ballast  plant  introduced  from  tropical  Americf. 

2.  AL.TERN  ANTHER  A  Forsk. 

Annual  or  perennial  branching  herbs,  with  opposite 
(at  least  the  lower)  entire  leaves  and  perfect  or  dioecious 
flowers,  in  panicles  or  heads,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5.  Sta- 
mens 5,  united  into  a  short  cup  at  base  ;  sterile  fila- 
ments minute,  tooth-like  ;  anthers  1-celled.  Style  short ; 
stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Seed  vertical,  lenticular. 

1.  A.  Achyrantha  R.  Br.  Stem  prostrate,  pubescent;  1-3 
dm.  long;  leaves  smoothigh  oval  or  obovate,  narrowed  into  a 
petiole;  heads  mostly  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  dense,  oval, 
white;  sepals  lanceolate,  spine-pointed,  woolly  with  barbed  hairs 
on  the  back,  the  2  inner  ones  much  smaller;  sterile  filaments 
subulate,  equaling  the  fertile  ones. 

Streets  of  Los  Angeles,  Davidson.    Native  of  tropical  America. 


Family  24.  BATIDACEAE.     BATIS  FAMILY. 

A  low  maritime  shrub,  with  opposite  entire  exstip- 
ulate  leaves  and  dioecious  bracteate  flowers,  in  axil- 
lary sessile  ament-like  spikes.  Staminate  flowers  dis- 
tinct. Calyx  campanulate,  2-lipped.  Petals  4,  rhombic- 
ovate,  clawed.  Pistillate  flowers  8-12,  united  into  a 
fleshy  spike,  without  perianth.  Ovaries  coherent,  4-celled, 
becoming  a  fleshy,  ovoid-conical  fruit;  stigma  sessile, 
capitate.  Seeds  1  in  each  cell,  erect,  oblong  ;  testa  mem- 
branous ;  embryo  slightly  curved,  caulicle  inferior  ;  endo- 
sperm none.  Represented  by  a  single  monotypic  genus. 


Phytolaccaceae  135 

1.  BATIS  L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  B.  xnaritima  L.  Glabrous,  stems  branched,  prostrate,  9-14 
dm.  long,  the  short  flowering  branches  erect;  leaves  linear  to 
ovate-oblong,  2.5  cm.  long,  narrowed  to  the  base;  spikes  soli- 
tary in  the  axils  along  the  branches;  the  staminate  4-8  mm. 
long;  the  pistillate  2  mm.  long,  becoming  10-15  mm.  long  in 
fruit;  bracts  entire,  obtuse  or  acute,  in  vertical  rows,  persistent, 
those  of  the  pistillate  deciduous;  petals  white;  stamens  2  mm. 
long,  exserted. 

San  Pedro  and  Redondo  to  San  Diego. 

Family   25.  PHYTOLACCACEAE.     POKEWEED 
FAMILY. 

Ours  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and 
perfect  racemose  flowers.  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  usually  10,  hypogynous, 
with  subulate  or  filiform  filaments  ;  anthers  2-celled, 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  10-celled  ; 
ovules  solitary,  amphitropous  ;  styles  10  ;  stigmas  linear 
or  filiform.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seeds  compressed  ;  embryo 
annular  ;  endosperm  mealy. 

1.  PHYTOLACCA  L. 

With  the  characters  of  the  family. 

1.  P.  decandra  L.  Stems  branching  from  a  perennial  root, 
1.5-3  dm.  high,  glabrous,  strong  smelling  and  succulent;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both 
ends,  1-3  dm.  long;  petioles  2-8  cm.  long;  racemes  formed  at  the 
base  of  the  branches,  becoming  opposite  the  leaf,  peduncled,  5-20 
cm.  long;  pedicels  divergent,  with  a  subulate-lanceolate  bract  at 
base  and  usually  with  2  similar  ones  above;  calyx  white,  4-6 
mm.  long;  sepals  orbicular;  ovary  subglobose ;  style  recurved; 
berry  dark  purple,  10-12  mm.  in  diameter. 

Santa  Monica,  Davidson. 


136  Nyctaginaceae 

Family  26.  NYCTAGINACEAE.     FOUR-O'CLOCK 
FAMILY. 

Ours  herbs  with  fragile  stems  and  tumid  joints,  and 
entire  petiolate  exstipulate  mostly  opposite  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  with  a  calyx-like  involucre.  Petals 
wanting.  Calyx  corolla-like,  campanulate  or  salver- 
shaped,  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-toothed.  Stamens  hypogynous  ; 
filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscent  by  lateral 
slits.  Ovary  superior,  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  the  per- 
sistent calyx,  1-celled,  1-ovuled  ;  style  short  or  elongated  ; 
stigma  capitate.  Fruit  consisting  of  the  hardened  base 
of  the  calyx,  often  costate  or  winged,  enclosing  the  free 
achene. 

Calyx  funnelform  or  campanulate;  fruit  slightly  ribbed.  1.  MIRABILIS. 

Calyx  salver-shaped;  fruit  winged.  2.  ABRONIA. 

1.  MIBABILIS  L.     FOUR-O'CLOCK. 

Perennial  herbs,  somewhat  woody  toward  the  base,  with 
opposite  leaves  and  axillary  solitary  or  paniculate  ped- 
uncles. Involucre  calyx-like,  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  herba- 
ceous unchanged  in  fruit,  bearing  1-12  flowers.  Calyx 
tubular  or  narrowly  campanulate,  with  somewhat  spread- 
ing lobes.  Stamens  5,  equaling  the  calyx  ;  filaments 
united  at  the  base.  Fruit  globose  to  ovate-oblong, 
smooth  or  slightly  ribbed  or  angled. 

1.  M.  multiflora  pubescens  Wats.  Stems  stout  spreading, 
0.5-1  m.  long;  herbage  roughish  pubescent  throughout;  leaves 
rather  thin,  3-7  cm.  long,  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  sometimes  slightly  cordate,  decurrenton  the  slender 
2-4  cm.  long  petioles;  involucre  about 20-25  mm.  long,  5-cleft  to 
about  the  middle,  the  lobes  acute;  flowers  usually  6,  broadly 
funnelform,  3-5  cm.  long,  rose  color  to  purple,  the  tube  greenish, 
acutely  5-lobed ;  stamens  5,  equaling  the  calyx,  shorter  than  the 
filiform  style;  fruit  ovate-oblong,  6-8  mm.  long,  with  10  shallow 
furrows  near  the  base  and  with  as  many  intermediate  dark  lines. 


Four-o'clock  Family  137 

2.  M.  Californica  Gray.  Stems  ascending  or  spreading  from 
a  somewhat  woody  base,  3-6  dm.  long;  herbage  viscid-pubescent; 
leaves  rather  thick.  1-3  cm.  long,  broadly  ovate  to  cordate,  ob- 
tuse or  acute;  petioles  slender,  1-2  cm.  long;  involucre  about  6 
mm.  long,  acutely  5-cleft  to  near  the  middle;  calyx  narrowly 
campanulate,  10  mm.  long,  the  lobes  spreading,  emarginate; 
stamens  equaling  the  calyx  and  nearly  equaling  the  style;  fruit 
ovate  smooth,  3  mm.  long. 

Common  in  the  foothills  throughout  our  range.    March-June. 

2.  ABRONIA  Juss.     SAND-VERBENA. 

Ours  perennial  herbs,  often  prostrate  and  more  or  less 
viscid-pubescent,  with  thick  opposite  unequal  leaves. 
Involucres  of  5-15  somewhat  scarious  leaflets,  enclosing 
numerous  sessile  showy  and  fragrant  flowers.  Calyx 
salver-shaped,  the  lobes  usually  5,  obcordate  or  emarginate. 
Stamens  usually  5,  unequal,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube  and 
included.  Style  included  ;  stigma  linear-clavate.  Fruit 
indurated,  3-5-winged  ;  achene  smooth,  cylindric.  Em- 
bryo with  only  1  cotyledon. 

1.  A.  umbellata  Lam.     Stems  slender,  prostrate  and  widely 
branching,  3-10  dm.  long,  viscid-puberulent;  leaves  nearly  gla- 
brous, broadly  obovate  to  oblong,  the  margin  rarely  sinuate,  2-4 
cm.  long,  narrowed  to  a  slender  petiole  of  equal  length  or  longer ; 
peduncles  5-10  cm.  long;  involucral  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate, 
4-6  mm.  long,   enclosing  10-15  flowers,  forming  an  umbel-like 
head;  calyx  rose-purple,  rarely  whitish,  12-16  mm.  long,  lobes  5, 
emarginate;  fruit  oblong,  attenuate  at  each  end,  8-10  mm.  long, 
glabrous ;  wings  thin,  broadest  above  and  often  truncate. 

Common  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore. 

2.  A.  maritima  Nutt.     Stems  stout,  the  lower  portion  usually 
buried  in  the  drifting  sand,  prostrate,  succulent  and  viscid ;  leaves 
thick,  broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  3-5  cm. 
long,  vertical  on  stout  petioles  of  about  the  same  length;  ped- 
uncles slightly  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  involucral  bracts  short,  ovate- 
oblong,  enclosing  10-15  flowers,  forming  a  narrow  head ;  calyx  1 
cm.  long,  deep  red  ;  fruit  viscid-pubescent;  wings  rather  thick. 

Common  on  the  beach  sands  along  the  seashore. 


138  Aizoaceae 


Family  27.  AIZOACEAE.     CARPET-WEED  FAMILY. 

Ours  herbs  very  succulent,  except  Mollugo,  with  op- 
posite or  verticillate  leaves.  Calyx  5-lobed,  herbaceous 
or  petaloid,  the  tube  adnate  or  free  from  the  ovary. 
Petals  numerous  or  wanting.  Stamens  3-many,  with 
slender  filaments  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Styles 
3-20.  Fruit  a  capsule,  3-20-celled,  dehiscence  various. 
Seeds  numerous,  minute  ;  embryo  annular  ;  endosperm 
scanty  or  copious. 

Ovary  free  from  the  calyx;  petals  none. 

Sepals  5;  capsule  3-valved;  leaves  not  succulent. 

1.  MOLLUGO. 
Calyx-lobes  5,  petaloid;  capsule  circumscissile;  succulent. 

2.  SESOVIUM. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary;  petals  and  stamens  numerous. 

3.  MESBMBRIANTHEMDM. 

1.  MOLLUGO  L.     CARPET- WEED. 

Annuals,  ours  prostrate,  glabrous,  much-branched,  with 
verticillate  stipulate  leaves.  Stipules  scarious,  mem- 
branous, deciduous.  Flowers  axillary  on  long  slender 
pedicels.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ;  sepals  scarious- 
margined.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3-5.  Ovary  ovoid 
or  globose,  3-celled.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculici- 
dally  dehiscent. 

1.  M.  verticillata  L.  Stem  much  branched,  prostrate,  10-20 
cm.  long,  glabrous,  not  succulent;  leaves  in  whorls  of  5's  or  6's, 
spatulate  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  10-25  mm.  long, 
narrowed  to  a  short  petiole;  flowers  1.5-2  mm.  broad;  sepals 
oblong,  slightly  shorter  than  the  ovoid  capsule;  capsule  rough- 
ened by  the  projecting  seeds;  seeds  minute,  smooth  and  shining 
or  slightly  granular. 

Growing  in  damp  places  near  borders  of  pools.  Garvanza,  Davidson; 
Laguna,  Orange  County. 

2.  SESUVIUM  L.     SEA  PURSLANE. 

Stems  prostrate  or  decumbent,  fleshy  with  opposite  ex- 
stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  sessile  or 


Carpet-weed  Family  139 

on  short  stout  pedicels.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  free  from 
the  ovary,  the  lobes  5,  often  purplish  within,  oblong, 
obtuse.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5-many  ;  filaments 
united  at  the  base  into  sets.  Ovary  3— 5-celled,  with  as 
many  styles.  Capsule  membranous,  ovate-oblong,  cir- 
cumscissile  at  the  middle.  Seeds  many,  minute,  smooth. 

1.  S.  sessile  Pers.  Stems  prostrate,  much  branched,  1-3  dm. 
long  or  more;  leaves  broadly  sp&tulate  or  linear,  1-4  cm.  long; 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  6-10  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate-lance- 
olate, scarious-rnargined,  6  mm.  long;  filaments  united  below 
the  middle,  red. 

Occasional  in  low  saline  places.    June-September. 

3.  MESEMBBIANTHEMUM  L.     ICE-PLANT. 

Ours  very  fleshy  maritime  herbs,  with  opposite  exstip- 
ulate  leaves.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  terminal  and 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  the  lobes  5,  unequal,  herbaceous.  Petals  numer- 
ous, linear.  Stamens  very  numerous,  with  slender  fila- 
ments, inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 
Capsule  4-20-celled,  with  as  many  styles,  dehiscing  at 
the  depressed  summit  by  stellate  valves.  Seeds  minute, 
many. 

1.  M.  aequilaterale  Haw.     Stems   prostrate,   often   forming 
extensive  mats;  leaves  3-angled,  4-6  cm.  long,  smooth;  flowers 
solitary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  about  3  cm.  broad;  calyx- tube  tur- 
binate, 2-4  cm.  long;  the  larger  foliaceous  lobes  nearly  as  long; 
petals  red  ;  styles  6-10. 

Common  along  the  seashore. 

2.  M.   crystallinum  L.     Annual  or  biennial,  prostrate  and 
widely  branching,  the  herbage  covered  with  white  glistening  pa- 
pillae; leaves  flat,    fleshy,  clasping,  broadly  ovate  or  spatulate, 
undulate;  flowers  axillary  sessile  or  nearly  go,  white  or  pink; 
calyx-tube  campanulate,  6-10  mm.  long,  lobes   ovate,  retuse  or 
acute ;  stigmas  5. 

Common  in  low  saline  places  near  the  coast.    May-June. 


140  Portulacaceae 

3.  M.  nodiflorum  Haw.  A  prostrate  branching  annual  with 
rather  slender  terete  leaves;  flowers  white  or  whitish,  small, 
about  1  cm.  broad. 

Not  known  within  our  limits,  but  occurring  on  Catalina  Island  and  along 
the  shore  of  the  mainland  from  near  Capistrano  south.  Abundant  about 
San  Diego. 

Family  28.  PORTULACACEAE.     PURSLANE 
FAMILY. 

Herbs  generally  fleshy  or  succulent,  with  alternate  or 
opposite  leaves  and  regular  but  unsymmetrical  per- 
fect flowers.  Sepals  commonly  2.  Petals  4  or  5,  rarely 
more,  hypogynous,  equal  in  number  to  the  petals  and 
opposite  them  or  fewer  ;  anthers  2-celled,  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  styles  2-3-cleft  or  divided  ; 
ovules  2-many,  amphitropous.  Capsule  membranous  or 
crustaceous,  circumscissile  or  3-valved.  Seeds  2-many, 
reniform-globose  or  compressed  ;  embryo  curved ;  endo- 
sperm farinaceous. 

Sepals  2,  distinct,  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent. 
Ovary  3-valved. 

Styles  2-cleft;  sepals  unequal,  hyaline.  2.  CALYPTRIDIUM. 

Styles  3-cleft;  sepals  equal,  herbaceous. 

Stamens  more  than  5;  seeds  many,  smooth.          I.  CALANDRINIA. 
Stamens  usually  3;  seeds  few,  tuberculate.          3.  MONTIA. 
Sepals  2,  united  at  the  base,  adnate  to  the  ovary;  ovary  circumscissile. 

4.  PORTULACA. 

1.  CALANDBINIA  H.  B.  K. 

Low  succulent  herbs  with  alternate  or  radical  leaves, 
and  purplish  flowers  in  bracteolate  racemes.  Sepals  2, 
green  and  persistent.  Petals  mostly  5.  Stamens  5-15 
or  sometimes  only  3.  Ovary  free,  many-ovuled,  style 
3-cleft,  short.  Capsule  ovoid,  membranous,  3-valved. 
Seeds  smooth  or  minutely  tuberculate. 

1.  C.  caulescens  Menziesii  (Hook.)  Gray.  Stems  decumbent 
or  ascending,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent,  10-30  cm.  long,  leafy  ; 


Purslane  Family  141 

leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  the  lower  petioled,  3-6  cm.  long; 
flowers  scattered  along  the  branches;  sepals  ovate,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, carinate,  the  keel  and  margins  entire  or  sparsely  ciliolate  ; 
petals  broadly  obovate,  5-15  mm.  long,  rose-red  or  rarely  white; 
seeds  black  and  shining.  (C.  Menziesii  (Hook.)  T.  &  G. ;  C.  ele- 
gans  Spach.) 

Common  on  the  mesas,  especially  in  the  coast  region.    February-May. 

2.  C.  maritima  Nutt.  Stems  glaucous,  depressed,  6-10  cm. 
long;  leaves  mostly  rosulate  at  the  base,  obovate  to  obovate- 
spatulate,  the  upper  bract-like;  flowers  in  a  loose  naked  cyme; 
calyx  ovate,  acute,  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  5-6  mm.  long,  rose- 
purple;  capsule  ovoid,  4  mm.  long,  acutish  ;  seeds  dull  grayish. 

Along  the  seashore  at  Santa  Monica ;  Davidson. 

2.  CALYPTBIDIUM  Nutt. 

Glabrous  and  rather  succulent  herbs,  branching  from 
the  base,  the  branches  prostrate  or  ascending.  Flowers 
small,  ephemeral,  solitary  or  clustered  in  scorpioid  spikes 
Sepals  2,  broadly  ovate  or  cordate-orbicular,  scarious, 
persistent.  Petals  2-4.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  bifid.  Cap- 
sule membranaceous,  2-valved,  6-12-seeded. 

1.  C.  monandrum  Nutt.  Stems  prostrate,  much  branched, 
2-8  cm.  long;  leaves  spatulate,  about  equaling  the  branches, 
mostly  radical,  the  cauline  similar  but  usually  smaller;  sepals  2, 
narrowly  scarious  margined,  1.5mm.  long;  petals  2-3,  about  equal- 
ing the  sepals;  stamens  1,  shorter  than  the  petals;  filaments  subu- 
late ;  style  short,  shortly  2-lobed  or  entire ;  capsule  linear,  be- 
coming much  exserted,  bearing  the  withered  petals  at  the  apex ; 
seeds  5-10. 

Frequent  on  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore  and  occasional  in  the  foot- 
hill region.  March-May. 

3.  MONTIA  L.     MINER'S  LETTUCE. 

Low  glabrous  and  succulent  herbs  with  delicate  pale 
rose-colored  or  white  flowers  in  loose  axillary  or  ter- 
minal, simple  or  compound  racemes.  Sepals  2,  rarely  3, 
persistent.  Petals  usually  5,  rarely  3  or  wanting,  more 


142  Portulacaceae 

or  lesss  united  at  base,  usually  slightly  unequal.  Sta- 
mens 3-5,  inserted  on  the  corolla  opposite  the  lobes. 
Ovary  3-ovuled.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-seeded. 

1.  M.  perfoliata  (Bonn)  Howell.      Scapose  stems  10-30  cm. 
high;    leaves  long  petioled,   oblanceolate  to  ovate  or  deltoid; 
involucral  bracts  completely  joined,  forming  a  perfoliate  disk ; 
flowers  in  short  or  rather  long  peduncled  racemes ;  sepals  ovate, 
2-3  mm.  long;  petals  3-5  mm.  long,  white  or  rose  color;  seeds 
lenticular,   black  and  shining,   minutely  granular.     (Claytonia 
perfoliata  Donn.) 

Common  in  moist  shady  places  below  4000  feet  altitude.    February-May. 

2.  M.  spathulata  (Dougl.)  Howell.     Low  and  rather  dense, 
3-10  cm.  high ;  radical  leaves  linear  or  spatulate-linear,  little  ex- 
ceeded by  the  flowering  stems;    cauline  leaves  from  spatulate- 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  almost  distinct  or  connate  upon  one  side  into 
an  obcordate  or  2-lobed  involucre;   inflorescence  1-2  cm.  long; 
flowers  small;  petals  2-4  mm.  long;  seeds  black,  shining,  granu- 
lated.    (Claytonia  spathulata  Dougl.) 

Kings  Canyon,  Davidson.    May. 

4.  PORTTJLACA  L.     PURSLANE. 

Low  succulent  prostrate  or  ascending  herbs  with  alter- 
nate or  opposite  leaves  and  scarious  or  setaceous  stipules. 
Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  ephemeral,  (ours)  yellow. 
Sepals  2,  coherent  at  the  base  into  a  tube  and  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  free  upper  portion  at  length 
deciduous.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  4-20,  perigynous  with 
the  petals.  Style  1,  deeply  3-8-cleft.  Capsule  circum- 
scissile  near  the  middle,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  oleracea  L.  Stems  prostrate,  1-5  dm.  long;  leaves 
fleshy,  glabrous,  obovate  to  spatulate,  rounded  at  the  apex ;  flowers 
sessile,  axillary;  stipules  minute;  sepals  acute,  carinate ;  petals 
yellow,  2-4  mm.  long;  stigmas  5;  capsule  6-10  mm.  long;  seeds 
dull  black,  finely  tuberculate. 

Cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.    May-August. 


Caryophyllaceae  143 


Family  29.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.    PINK  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  lignescent  at  base, 
with  nodose  stems  and  opposite  entire  leaves.  Flowers 
regular  perfect  or  rarely  unisexual  by  abortion.  Sepals 
4-5,  united  into  a  tube  or  distinct.  Petals  as  many  (or 
none),  often  emarginate-toothed  or  deeply  bifid.  Sta- 
mens usually  as  many  as  petals  and  alternating  with 
them  ;  filaments  sometimes  slightly  cohering  at  the  base, 
anthers  introrse.  Styles  2-5,  free  or  united  below  ; 
ovary  free,  1-celled  or  imperfectly  2-5-celled  at  the  base  ; 
placenta  axial ;  ovules  usually  numerous.  Fruit  a 
many-seeded  capsule,  opening  by  2-5  entire  or  bifid 
valves,  or  1-seeded  and  indehiscent.  Embryo  straight 
or  curved  ;  endosperm  present. 

Ovary  several-many-seeded,  becoming  a  capsule. 

Sepals  united.  1.  SILENE. 

Sepals  distinct. 
Stipules  none. 

Styles  3-4;  petals  divided  nearly  to  the  base.      2.  ALSINE. 
Styles  5. 

Petals  retuse  or  bifid.  3.  CERASTIUM. 

Petals  entire  or  slightly  emarginate.  4.  SAGINA. 

Styles  3;  petals  entire.  5.  ABENARIA. 

Stipules  present. 

Leaves  not  cuspidate. 

Petals  rather  large  or  rarely  none;  styles  distinct. 

Leaves  whorled.  6.  SPEBGULA. 

Leaves  opposite.  7.  TISSA. 

Petals  minute ;  styles  united  below.  8.  POLYCABPON. 

Leaves  cuspidate.  9.  LOEFLINGIA. 

Ovary  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  utricle.  10.  PENTACAENA. 

1.  SILENE  L.    CATCH-FLY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  clustered  or  solitary 
stems  and  bright  red  or  usually  white  flowers.  Calyx 
more  or  less  inflated,  tubular,  ovoid  or  campanulate, 
5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  10-many-nerved.  Petals  5,  narrow, 
clawed.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3,  rarely  4—5 ;  ovary 


144  Caryophyllaceae 

1-celled  or  incompletely  2-4-celled.  Capsule  dehiscent 
by  6  or  rarely  3  apical  teeth.  Seeds  usually  spiny  or 
tubercled. 

*  Calyx  18-30-ribbed. 

1.  S.  multinervia  Wats.    Animal,  erect,  25-35 cm.  high,  pubes- 
cent throughout  and  somewhat  viscid-glandular   above;    leaves 
narrowly  oblong  or  linear,  acute ;  inflorescence  cymose  with  un- 
equal branches;  calyx  ovate  in  fruit,  contracted  above,  10  mm. 
long,  18-23-ribbed ;  petals  small  not  exceeding  the  subulate  calyx- 
teeth,  purplish,  unappendaged ;  capsule  narrowly  ovate. 

Occasional  about  Santa  Monica,  Hasse. 

**  Calyx  10-nerved. 
•*-  Annuals. 

2.  S.  Anglica  L.     Stems  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
25-40  cm.  high,  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  leaves  spatulate- 
obovate,  hirsute  on  both  sides,  2-4  cm.  long;  racemes  terminal, 
1-sided;  flowers  on  pedicels  2-4  cm.  long;  calyx  villous-hirsute, 
slender,  becoming  ovoid  in  fruit ;  petals  little  exceeding  the  calyx, 
their  blades  obovate,  somewhat  bifid,  toothed  or  entire.    (S.  Gal- 
lica  L.) 

A  common  introduced  plant  of  fields  and  roadsides.    Native  of  Europe. 
March-May. 

3.  S.  antirrhina  L.     Stems  erect,  slender,  sparingly  branched, 
the  middle  of  the  upper  internodes  with  a  viscid  belt,  otherwise 
glabrous ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  usually 
acute;  inflorescence  paniculate;  pedicels  filiform,  1-3.5  cm.  long; 
calyx  glabrous,  bright  green,  ovoid  in  fruit,  8  mm.  long;  petals 
small,  pink,  or  white,  emarginate  or  bifid;  ovary  nearly  sessile. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills.    April. 

*-  •*-  Perennials. 

4.  S.  laciniata  Cav.    Finely  pubescent,  glandular  above;  stems 
usually  much  branched  and  widely  spreading,  erect  or  decum- 
bent, 3-10  dm.  long;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  scabrous,  ciliolate, 
narrowed  to  a  sessile  base;  calyx  subcylindric  or  clavate,  15-20 
mm.  long;   petals   bright  scarlet,   4-cleft,   much  exceeding  the 
calyx ;  capsule  oblong,  usually  exserted  at  maturity. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt.    May-August. 


Pink  Family  145 

5.  S.  verecunda  Wats.  Finely  hoary  pubescent,  glandular- 
viscid  above;  stems  several,  usually  erect,  20-40  cm.  high,  leafy 
below ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  to 
linear,  acute,  3-5  cm.  long  ;  flowers  terminal  on  the  short  branches 
or  borne  in  3-flowered  lateral  cymes;  calyx  in  fruit  clavate  or 
obovate;  petals  rose  color,  blades  shorter  than  the  pubescent 
claws,  2-cleft,  appendages  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  and  often 
toothed  at  the  apex  ;  capsule  ovoid,  stipitate. 

Common  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains  in  the 
coniferous  belt;  also  summit  of  Santiago  Peak,  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 

2.  ALSINE  L. 

Tufted  annuals,  diffuse  with  cymose  white  flowers. 
Sepals  usually  5.  Petals  5,  2-cleft  or  2-parted,  rarely 
none.  Stamens  10  or  less,  hypogynous.  Ovary  1-celled, 
srveral-many-ovuled.  Styles  commonly  3,  rarely  4-5, 
usually  opposite  the  sepals.  Capsule  globose  to  oblong, 
dehiscent  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  styles.  Seeds 
smooth  or  roughened. 

1.  A.  media  L.     Weak  and  decumbent  or  ascending,  10-40  cm. 
long,  glabrous  except  a  line  of  hairs  along  the  stem  and  branches  ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oval,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
petioled;  flowers  4-8  mm.  broad,  in  terminal  leafy  cymes  or  axil- 
lary ;  pedicels  slender ;  sepals  oblong,  mostly  acute,  longer  than 
the  2-parted  petals  ;  capsule  ovoid,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  seeds 
rough.     (Stellaria  media  Cyrill.) 

Common  in  shady  places.    February-April. 

2.  A.  nitens   (Nutt.)  Greene.     Very  slender,   erect  annual; 
stems  filiform,   several  times  forked,  pubescent  below ;    leaves 
mostly  basal,  the  lowest  ovate,  acute,  about  4  mm.  long,  on  slender 
petioles  of  about  the  same  length,  the  upper  sessile,  lance-linear, 
acute,   6-10  mm.   long;   sepals  very  acute,   scarious-margined, 
1-3-nerved ;  petals  half  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  wanting ;  capsule 
oblong,  about  equaling  the  sepals.     (Stellaria  nitens  Nutt.) 

Common  in  the  foothills  in  somewhat  shady  places.    March-May. 

3.  CEBASTIUM  L.     CHICKWEED. 

Annual  or  perennial,  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs,  with 
terminal  dichotomous  cymes  of  white  flowers.  Sepals  5, 


146  Caryophyllaceae 

rarely  4.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  emarginate  or 
bifid,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles 
equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  and  opposite  them,  or 
fewer.  Capsule  cylindric,  1-celled,  many-ovuled,  often 
curved,  dehiscent  by  10,  rarely  8  apical  teeth.  Seeds 
rough. 

1.  C.   viscosum    L.      Annual,   tufted;    stems    ascending    or 
spreading,  densely  viscid-pubescent,  10-30  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate 
or  obovate,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  8-25  mm.  long,  obtuse;  bracts 
small,  herbaceous;  flowers  4-6  mm.  broad,  in  glomerate  cymes, 
becoming  paniculate  in  fruit;  pedicels  shorter  than  or  equaling 
the  acute  sepals ;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals,  bifid. 

Frequent  in  waste  places. 

2.  C.  vulgatum  L.     Biennial  or  perennial,  viscid-pubescent, 
tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  15-45  cm.  long ;  lower  leaves  spatulate- 
oblong,  obtuse ;  upper  leaves  oblong,  12-25  mm.  long,  acute  or 
obtuse;    bracts  scarious-margined ;   inflorescence  cymose,  loose, 
the  pedicels  at  length  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  sepals  obtuse 
or  acute;  petals  exceeding  the  sepals,  4-6  mm.  long,  2-cleft;  cap-: 
sule  usually  curved  upward.     (C.  trivale  Link.) 

Frequent  in  lawns. 

4.  SAGINA  L. 

Low  tufted  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  subulate 
leaves  and  small  pedicelled  whitish  flowers.  Sepals 
4-5.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  entire,  emarginate  or 
none.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  or  twice  as  many 
or  sometimes  fewer.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and 
alternate  with  them.  Capsule  4-5-valved,  at  length  de- 
hiscent to  the  base,  the  valves  opposite  the  sepals. 

1.  S.  occidentalis  Wats.  Very  slender  glabrous  annual, 
with  several  decumbent  or  ascending  stems,  these  5-15  cm.  long; 
leaves  nearly  filiform  but  flattened  above;  pedicels  exceeding  the 
leaves,  14-25  mm.  long;  flowers  5-merous,  4-5  mm.  broad; 
capsule  3.5  mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains  and  the  Verdugo  Hills. 


Pink  Family  147 

5.  ABENARIA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  sessile  leaves  and 
terminal  cymose  or  capitate,  rarely  axillary  and  solitary 
white  flowers.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire  or  scarcely 
emarginate,  rarely  none.  Stamens  10.  Styles  usually 
3,  rarely  2-5.  Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled.  Capsule 
globose  or  oblong,  dehiscent  at  the  apex  by  as  many 
valves  or  teeth  as  there  are  styles,  or  twice  as  many. 
Seeds  reniform-globose  or  compressed. 

*  Valves  of  the  capsule  2-cleJt  or  2-toothed. 

1.  A.  Fendleri  Gray.     Stems  numerous  from  a  thick  perennial 
root,  glaucous,  glandular-pubescent  above,  erect,  leafy,  10-35  cm. 
high;   basal  leaves  gramineous,  setaceous,  ciliolate  or  smooth, 
5-10  cm.  long,  somewhat  pungent;   cauline  becoming  reduced, 
connate  and  sheathing  at  the  base ;   inflorescence  dichotomous, 
few-many-flowered ;   sepals  lanceolate,  alternate,  glandular,  4-6 
mm.  long;  petals  white  or  pale  yellow,  obovate,  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  sepals;  capsule  3-4  mm.  long. 

Los  Angeles,  Nevin. 

**  Valves  of  the  capsule  entire. 

2.  A  Douglasii  Fenzl.     Annual,  glabrous  or  sparsely  glandu- 
lar-pubescent and  somewhat  viscid  ;  stems  much  branched,  5-30 
cm.  high;  leaves  filiform  ;  peduncles  filiform  ;  flowers  numerous, 
8-10  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  thin-margined,  obscurely  or  rather 
distinctly  ribbed;  petals  obovate,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx; 
capsule  subglobose,  somewhat  exceeding  the  sepals;  seeds  about 
1.5  mm.  broad,  reniform,  broadly  margined,  smooth  or  with  fine 
radiating  striae. 

Frequent  in  the  foothill  region,  in  open  stony  places.    March-May. 

3.  A.  paludicola  Robinson.     Perennial,  glabrous  and  flaccid, 
stems  several,  subsimple,  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints, 
leafy  throughout ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  2-3  cm.  long, 
somewhat  connate,  margins  slightly  scarious;  peduncles  solitary 
in  the  axils,  2-5  cm.  long,  spreading  or  recurved;  sepals  nerve- 


148  Caryophyllaceae 

less,  acutish,  3-4  mm.  long;  petals  obovate,  6-8  mm.  long.     (A. 
palustris  Wats.) 

Growing  in  marshy  ground,  near  Los  Angeles,  Davidson. 

6.  SPEBGULA  L.     CORN  SPURRY. 

Annual  branched  herbs,  with  subulate  stipulate  leaves, 
much  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal 
cymes.  Sepals  and  petals  5.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles 
3,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Capsule  5-valved,  the 
valves  opposite  the  sepals.  Seeds  compressed,  acutely 
margined  or  winged. 

1.  S.  arvensis  L.  Slender,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent, 
branching  from  the  base,  erect  or  ascending,  15-45  cm.  high; 
leaves  narrowly  linear  or  subulate,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  clustered  at 
the  nodes,  appearing  verticillate;  stipules  minute,  connate;  flow- 
ers 4-6  mm.  broad,  numerous,  in  loose  terminal  cymes;  pedicels 
slender  divaricate;  sepals  ovate,  3-4  mm.  long,  slightly  longer 
than  the  petals;  stamens  10  or  5;  capsule  ovoid,  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

Occasional  about  Los  Angeles  and  Pasadena.  Native  of  Europe. 
March-April. 

7.  TISSA  Adans. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  fleshy  linear  or 
setaceous  leaves,  and  small  pink  or  whitish  flowers  in 
terminal  racemose,  bracted  or  leafy  cymes.  Stipules 
scarious,  usually  conspicuous.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  fewer 
or  none,  entire.  Stamens  2-10.  Ovary  1-celled  many- 
ovuled  ;  styles  3.  Capsule  3-valved  to  the  base.  Seeds 
reniform-globose  or  compressed,  smooth,  winged  or  tuber- 
culate.  (Buda  Adans.;  Spergularia  Pursh.) 

*  Annual,  roots  fibrous. 

1.  T.  marina  (L.)  Britton.  Stout,  erect  or  ascending,  more  or 
less  glandular-pubescent,  3  dm.  high  or  less ;  leaves  fleshy,  2-4 
cm.  long,  linear, clustered  in  the  axils;  petals  rose  color;  stamens 


Pink  Family  149 

10;  mature  capsule  5-8  mm.  long;  seeds  smooth  or  somewhat 
roughened,  sometimes  margined. 

Common  in  salt  marshes  toward  the  coast. 

2.  T.  tennis  Greene.     Slender,  diffusely  branching,  forming 
depressed  mats  about  3  dm.  broad,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  2.5  cm.  long;   stipules  inconspicuous;  flowers 
minute,  numerous,  cymosely  crowded  on  all  but  the  lower  parts 
of  the  branches,  subsessile;  sepals  obtuse,  less  than  2  mm.  long; 
petals  wanting;  stamens  2;  styles  3;  capsule  3-sided,  6-8  mm. 
long;  seeds  numerous,  minute,  reddish-brown,  smooth,  wingless. 

Santa  Monica,  Nevin. 

3.  T.  gracilis  (Wats.)  Britton.,  Much    resembling  the  last, 
but  the  flowers  on  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  capsule  2  mm.  long; 
seeds  triangular-pyriform,  strongly  rough-tuberculate. 

Occasional  on  the  mesas  in  low  adobe  soil  ;  Wilmington  ;  Inglewood. 
March-April. 

**  Perennial,  roots  fleshy. 

4.  T.  macrotheca    (Hornem.)    Britton.      Perennial,   from   a 
fleshy  root;  glandular-pubescent  or  nearly  smooth  ;  stems  stout, 
ascending,  4  dm.  high  or  less,  branching  from  the  base;  leaves 
broadly  linear,  4  cm.  long  or  less;  flowers  on  pedicels  usually 
about  15  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  6-8  mm.  long;  petals  rose  color; 
stamens   10;   capsule  equaling  the  calyx-lobes;   seeds  winged, 
smooth. 

Common  in  salt  marshes  and  alkaline  flats.    May-July. 

8.  POLYCARPON  L. 

Low  diffuse,  dichotomously  branched  annuals  with 
flat  stipulate  leaves  and  minute  cymose  flowers.  Sepals 
5,  carinate-concave.  Petals  5,  minute,  hyaline.  Sta- 
mens 3-5.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  style  short,  3-cleft.  Capsule 
3-valved,  several-seeded. 

1.  P.  depressum  Nutt.  Very  slender,  prostrate,  the  many 
branches  2.5-5  cm.  long;  leaves  opposite,  spatulate,  glabrous; 
stipules  small,  narrow;  flowers  minute;  the  pedicels  with  small 
bracts;  petals  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  entire;  cap- 
sule globose,  6-1 2-seeded. 

On  seashore  sand-dunes,  and  in  sandy  soil  in  the  foothills.  Not  common. 
March-May. 


150  Ceratophyllaceae 

9.  LOEFLINGIA  L. 

Low  much  branched  rather  rigid  and  pungent-leaved 
annuals.  Leaves  with  adnate  and  connate  setaceous 
stipules.  Flowers  small,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves 
and  branches.  Sepals  5,  rigid,  carinate.  Petals  minute 
or  none.  Capsule  2-valved,  several-seeded. 

1.  I*,  squarrosa  Nutt.  Much  branched,  prostrate  or  ascend- 
ing, 5-15  cm.  high;  herbage  glandular-pubescent;  leaves  and 
sepals  subulate  setaceous,  rigid  and  recurved,  the  leaves  4-6  mm. 
long,  the  sepals  somewhat  shorter;  capsule  elongated,  triquetrous, 
exserted,  many-seeded. 

Streets  of  Los  Angeles  and  Pasadena,  Davidson,  McClatchie. 

10.  PENTACAENA  Bartl. 

Tufted  perennials  with  subulate  pungent  leaves  and 
silvery-hyaline  stipules.  Flowers  sessile  clustered  in 
the  axils.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  hooded,  the  3  outer  larger 
and  with  a  stout  divergent  terminal  spine.  Petals  minute, 
scale-like.  Stamens  3-5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
sepals.  Style  very  short,  2-cleft.  Utricle  enclosed  in 
the  rigid  persistent  calyx. 

1.  P.  ramosissima  H.  &  A.  Stems  prostrate,  forming  dense 
mats  15-30  cm.  broad,  woolly-pubescent;  leaves  crowded  on  the 
stems,  6  mm.  long;  sepals  woolly,  except  the  divergent  apex; 
utricle  apiculate. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  along  the  coast. 

Family  30.  CERATOPHYL.L.ACEAE.     HORNWORT 
FAMILY. 

Submerged  aquatics  with  slender  widely  branching 
stems  and  verticillate  leaves,  the  monoecious  or  dioecious 
flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils.  Perianth  many- 
parted,  the  segments  entire  or  toothed.  Stamens  numer- 
ous, crowded  on  a  flat  or  convex  receptacle  ;  anthers  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so,  linear  oblong,  extrorse,  appendaged. 
Ovary  superior,  1 -celled  ;  ovule  1,  pendulous  ;  style  fili- 


Ranunculaceae  151 

form.     Fruit  an  indehiscent  nut  or  achene.     Endosperm 
none  ;  cotyledons  4,  verticillate. 

1.  CEBATOPHYLLUM  L.     HORNWORT. 

Leaves  crowded  in  verticils,  linear  or  filiform,  spinu- 
lose-serrulate,  forked.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers, 
generally  at  different  nodes.  Stamens  10-20  ;  anthers 
about  equaling  the  perianth.  Ovary  and  fruit  slightly 
exceeding  the  sepals,  the  fruit  beaked  with  the  long  per- 
sistent style. 

1.  C.  demersum  L.  Stems  2-9  dm.  long,  leaves  2-3-times 
forked,  the  end  of  the  segments  capillary  and  rigid,  8-25  mm. 
long,  fruit  oval,  4-6  mm.  long,  smooth  or  tuberculate,  sometimes 
winged  or  with  2  basal  spurs  on  each  side. 

In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  frequent  throughout  our  range.    May-July. 

Family  31.  RANUNCULACEAE.     CROWFOOT 
FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  rarely  climbing  shrubs, 
with  alternate  or  opposite,  simple  or  compound,  exstip- 
ulate  leaves.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular.  Sepals 
3-15,  generally  caducous,  often  petal-like.  Petals  usu- 
ally of  the  same  number,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens 
many,  hypogynous,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Carpels 
many  or  rarely  solitary,  1-celled,  1-many-ovuled. 
Ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  achenes,  follicles  or  berries. 
Endosperm  present. 

Flowers  perfect. 
Fruit  a  follicle. 

Sepals  herbaceous,  persistent.  1.  PAEONIA. 

Sepals  petal-like,  deciduous. 

Petals  all  spurred.  2.  AQUILEGIA. 

Upper  sepal  spurred.  3.  DELPHINIUM. 

Fruit  an  achene. 

Woody  climbers ;  petals  wanting.  4.  CLEMATIS. 

Herbs. 

Achene  longitudinally  nerved.  5.  OXYGRAPHIS. 

Achene  not  longitudinally  nerved.  6.  RANUNCULUS. 

Flowers  dioecious,  greenish;  petals  none.  7.  THALICTBUM. 


152  Ranunculaceae 

1.  PAEONIA  L.     PEONY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  ternately  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves  and  large  showy  flowers.  Sepals  5  or  6,  herbace- 
ous and  persistent.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  borne 
with  the  numerous  stamens  on  a  fleshy  disk.  Style 
short  or  none.  Follicles  2-5,  thick  and  leathery,  several- 
seeded. 

1.  P.  Brownii  Dougl.  Glaucous  and  somewhat  fleshy,  20-40 
cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  radical,  ternately  or  biternately 
divided,  the  lobes  obovate  to  linear-spatulate ;  peduncles  2.5-5 
cm.  long;  petals  about  equaling  the  sepals,  brownish-red;  fol- 
licles usually  5,  broadly  oblong,  smooth,  2-4  cm.  long. 

Occasional  in  the  foothills  throughout  our  range.    March-April. 

2.  AQUILEGIA  L.     COLUMBINE. 

Erect  branching  perennial  herbs  with  ternately  de- 
compound leaves  and  large  showy  flowers.  Sepals  5, 
regular,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  concave,- spurred  at 
base.  Stamens  numerous,  the  inner  ones  reduced  to 
staminodia.  Carpels  5,  sessile,  many-ovuled,  forming 
heads  of  follicles  in  fruit. 

1.  A.  truncata  F.  &  M.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  viscid-pubes- 
cent, 6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  large,  biternate,  the  leaflets  roundish, 
cuneate  at  base,  incised,  the  segments  lobed  or  crenately  toothed, 
long-petioled  ;  flowers  scarlet,  tinged  with  yellow,  reflexed  ;  sepals 
truncate,  widely  spreading,  shorter  than  the  spurs ;  follicles  2-3 
cm.  long,  veined,  beaked  by  the  long  persistent  style. 

Occasional  in  moist  shady  places,  mostly  above  2500  feet  altitude.  May- 
July. 

3.  DELPHINIUM  L.     LARKSPUR. 

Annual,  or  ours  perennial,  erect  branching  herbs  with 
palmately  divided  leaves,  and  racemose  or  paniculate 
showy  flowers.  Sepals  5,  the  posterior  one  prolonged 
into  a  spur.  Petals  usually  4,  the  2  posterior  spurred. 
Carpels  few,  becoming  many-seeded  follicles. 


Crowfoot  Family  153 

*  Flowers  usually  blue  or  purple,  at  least  not  red. 

1.  D.  Parryi  Gray.     Glabrous  or  minutely  and  sparsely  puber- 
ulent;    stems  erect,  4-8  dm.  high,  from  rather  simple  or  few- 
fascicled  elongated  roots,  neither  fusiform  nor  tuberiform  ;  leaves 
3-5-parted,  the  divisions  and  few  lobes  linear,  obtuse;   raceme 
virgate,  at  length  rather  loose ;    sepals  mostly  broadly  oblong, 
about  10-15  mm.  long,  equaling  the  spur,  deep   blue,  sparsely 
and  minutely  puberulent  or  glabrate ;  upper  petals  white-mar- 
gined,  7-8  mm.   long;   follicles  about  15  mm.  long,  apparently 
glabrous  and  shining,  but  minutely  puberulent  under  a  lens. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  throughout  our  region.    April-June. 

2.  D.  variegatum  T.  &  G.     Usually  hirsute-pubescent  below; 
stems  erect  and  rather  rigid,  3-6  dm.  high,  from  rather  short  and 
closely  fascicled,  somewhat  fusiform  roots;  leaves  3-5-parted,  the 
divisions  and  lobes  broadly  linear,  obtuse ;   raceme  mostly  few- 
flowered  and  rather  close,  sepals  roundish-obovate  or  oval,  15-20 
mm.  long,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  spur,  violet-blue  or  purple, 
at  least  the  spur  grayish  puberulent ;  upper  petals  entirely  white 
or  nearly  so,  about  10  mm.  long;  follicles  about  15  mm.  long, 
grayish  puberulent. 

Port  Ballona.    March-May. 

3.  D.   decorum  F.  &  M.      Glabrous  throughout  or  pedicels 
slightly  puberulent;  stem  lax,  2-5  dm.  high;  lowest  leaves  reni- 
form  or  orbicular  in  outline,  3-5-lobed  or  3-5-parted,  the  divisions 
round-ovate  to  cuneate,  entire  or  slightly  2-5-lobed ;  upper  leaves 
with  narrow  divisions  ;  raceme  often  paniculate,  sparsely  flowered  ; 
pedicels  slender,  spreading ;  sepals  oval,  10-15  mm.  long,  equal- 
ing the  spur,  blue;  follicles  10-12  mrn.  long,  erect  or  slightly 
spreading. 

Frequent  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  apparently  less  so  in  the  Santa 
Monica  Mountains  and  foothills  about  Los  Angeles. 

4.  D.  decorum  patens  (Benth.)  Gray.     More  slender  than  the 
type,  sometimes  obscurely  and  sparsely  pubescent;  stems  erect; 
raceme  closer;  pedicels  ascending  in  fruit;  sepals  8-10  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  of  all  our  mountains. 

**  Flowers  red. 

5.  D.  cardinale  Hook.     Stems  about   1   m.  high,  branching 
above;    leaves  deeply  parted  into  narrow  divisions,  with   long 


154  Ranunculaceae 

linear  or  lanceolate  lobes ;  inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate, 
many-flowered;  sepals  obovate,  10-15  mm.  long,  half  as  long  as 
the  narrow  spur,  deep  red ;  petals  usually  somewhat  yellowish. 
Frequent  in  the  foothills,  mostly  below  3500  feet  altitude.    June-July. 

4.  CLEMATIS.     VIRGIN'S  BOWER. 

Ours  woody  climbers  with  opposite  mostly  pinnately 
divided  leaves.  Sepals  usually  4,  petaloid.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  many,  becoming 
achenes  with  long  plumose  styles. 

1.  C.  lasiantha  Nutt.     Tomentose-pubescent;  leaves  3  foliate; 
leaflets  2.5-5  cm.  long,  mostly  broadly  ovate,  somewhat  3-lobed 
and  coarsely  toothed,  the  teeth  rounded;    flowers  polygamous, 
solitary  or  3-5  on  bibractiolate  peduncles,  3-6  cm.  broad  ;  sepals 
broadly  oblong,  cream-colored;  achenes  pubescent. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt,  clambering  over  shrubs.    April-May. 

2.  C.   ligusticifolia  Nutt.      Somewhat  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous ;  leaves  pinnately  5-7-foliate,  or  the  lowest  pair  of  leaf- 
lets again  3-foliate,  ovate,  cordate  or  obtuse  at  base,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, mostly  incised  or  rather  sharply  toothed ;  inflorescence 
paniculate,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  2-4  cm.  broad,  cream-colored ; 
achenes  densely  silky-pubescent. 

Common  in  canyons  in  all  our  mountains  and  occasionally  extending  into 
the  valleys  along  streams.  May-July. 

5.  OX YGB APHIS  Bunge. 

Perennial  herbs  with  crenate,  dentate  or  lobed,  long 
petioled  leaves  and  small  yellow  flowers,  solitary  or  2-7 
together  on  scapes  or  scape-like  peduncles.  Sepals  usu- 
ally 5,  spreading,  at  length  deciduous.  Petals  5—15  with 
a  nectar-pit  near  the  base  of  each.  Stamens  and  pistils 
numerous.  Head  of  fruit  oblong  or  oval  or  rarely  sub- 
globose.  Achenes  compressed,  longitudinally  striate, 
without  a  hard  coat. 

1.  O.  Cymbalaria  (Pursh)  Prantl.  Low,  glabrous,  spreading 
by  runners  ;  leaves  mostly  basal,  slender  petioled,  cordate-oval  or 
reniform  crenate,  4-18  mm.  long;  scapes  2-12  cm.  long,  some- 


Crowfoot  Family  155 

times  bearing  one  or  more  leaves  at  the  base;  flowers  1-7,  6-8 
mm.  broad;  head  of  fruit  oblong,  6-16  mm.  long;  achenes  com- 
pressed, somewhat  swollen,  distinctly  striate,  minutely  sharp- 
pointed.  (Ranunculus  Cymbalaria  Pursh.) 

Frequent  throughout  our  range  in  low  moist  places.    March-July. 

6.  RANUNCULUS  L.     BUTTERCUP. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  or  mostly 
basal  simple  entire,  lobed,  divided  or  dissected  leaves, 
and  yellow,  white  or  sometimes  red  flowers.  Sepals 
mostly  5,  deciduous.  Petals  equal  in  number  or  more, 
conspicuous  or  minute,  bearing  a  nectariferous  pit  and 
sometimes  a  scale  at  base  of  blade.  Achenes  capitate  or 
rarely  spicate,  generally  flattened,  smooth,  papillose  or 
pectinate,  sometimes  transversely  wrinkled,  beaked  with 
a  minute  or  elongated  style. 

*  Terrestrial  herbs;  flowers  mostly  yellow. 

1.  B.  Californicus  Benth.     Mostly   pubescent   and  hirsute; 
stems  branching,  2-6  dm.  high  ;  radical  leaves  usually  pinnately 
ternate,  the  leaflets  lanciniately  cut  into  3-7,  usually  linear  lobes  ; 
flowers  1-2  cm.  broad;  petals  7-15;  achenes  3.5  mm.  long,  flat- 
tened,  slightly  margined,   beaked  with  the  short  straight  or 
slightly  curved  style. 

Frequent  on  the  mesas  and  in  open  places  in  the  foothills.  February- 
April. 

2.  B,.  hebecarpus  H.  &  A.     Slender,  15-30  cm.  high,  branched, 
pilose-pubescent;    leaves  of  rounded  outline,   deeply  lobed  or 
cleft,  the  segments  3-lobed;  flowers  minute,  on  filiform  pedicels; 
achenes  few  in  a  globose  head,  rounded  and  flattened,  papillose 
and  pubescent;  beak  short,  recurved. 

Growing  in  moist  shady  places,  not  common.  Oak  Knoll;  Santa  Monica 
Mountains.  March-May. 

**  Aquatics  with  finely  dissected  leaves  and  white  flowers. 

3.  B.  trichophyllus  Chaix.     Submerged;    stems   branching, 
usually  3  dm.  long  or  more;   leaves  petioled,  2.5-5  cm.  long, 
flaccid  and  collapsing  when  withdrawn  from  the  water,  repeat- 
edly forked  with  capillary  divisions;  flowers  white,  12-18  mm.. 


156  Berberidaceae 

broad,  on  stout  peduncles  2.5-5  cm.  long;  achenes  transversely 
wrinkled. 

Occasional  in  ponds  and  slow-running  streams.    May-August. 

7.  THAL.ICTRUM  L.     MEADOW-RUE. 

Erect  perennial  herbs  with  ternately  decompound 
leaves  and  (ours)  with  small  greenish  dioecious  panicled 
flowers.  Sepals  4-5.  Petals  none.  Stamens  many. 
Achenes  few-ribbed  or  nerved,  stipitate  or  nearly  sessile. 

1.  T.  polycarpum  Wats.  Usually  robust,  6-12  dm.  high, 
glabrous  throughout;  leaves  of  rather  thin  texture;  achenes 
numerous,  forming  a  globular  head  in  fruit,  6  mm.  high,  vesic- 
ular, obovate  or  somewhat  orbicular,  usually  only  the  midveins 
apparent. 

Common  in  the  foothill  region,  mostly  below  4000  feet  altitude.  April- 
June. 

Family  32.  BERBERIDACEAE.     BARBERRY 
FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  alternate  or  basal,  simple  or 
compound  leaves,  with  or  without  stipules,  and  solitary 
or  racemed,  mostly  terminal,  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  an,d 
petals  generally  imbricated  in  several  series.  Stamens 
as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them,  hypogynous  ; 
anthers  extrorse,  opening  by  valves.  Pistil  1  ;  style 
short;  ovules  2-many,  anatro;pous.  Fruit  a  berry  .or 
capsule. 

1.  BERBERIS  L.     BARBERRY, 

Shrubs  with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  bitter. 
Leaves  mostly  pinnately  compound  and  spinulose-den- 
tate.  Flowers  racemose,  yellow.  Sepals  6-9,  petaloid, 
bracted,  each  with  2  glands  at  base.  Petals  6,  imbricated 
in  2  series.  Stamens  6,  irritable,  closing  around  the 
stigma  when  touched  on  the  inner  face  near  the  base. 
Pistil  1  ;  stigma  peltate.  Berry  .1-few-seeded. 


Lauraceae  1 57 

1.  B.  dictyota  Jepson.     Shrub,  4-12  dm.  high,  rather  sparsely 
leafy  ;  leaflets  5-7,  glaucescent  on  the  upper  surface,  somewhat 
paler  beneath  and  prominently  reticulate-veiny,  strongly  undu- 
late,  the   margins  spinose-dentate,   the  teeth   few  and    rather 
remote;  racemes  terminal,  clustered,  2-5  cm.  long;  berries  blue- 
black,  with  bloom. 

Occasional  on  dry  ridges.  Near  Glendale,  Davidson;  Switzer's  trail,  San 
Gabriel  Mountains. 

2.  B.  Nevinii  Gray.    Shrub  2-3  m.  high;  leaflets  pale,  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  often  acuminate,   teeth   not  remote, 
spinulose-serrate,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  racemes  loosely  5-7  flowered, 
equaling  or  surpassing  the  leaves ;  pedicels  slender. 

Fernando,  where  it  was  first  collected  by  Nevin. 

FAMILY  33.  LAURACEAE.     LAUREL  FAMILY. 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  entire  minute- 
ly punctate  exstipulate  leaves  and  perfect  or  unisexual 
yellow  or  greenish-  flowers,  in  panicles  or  racemes. 
Calyx  4-6-parted,  segments  imbricated  in  2  series.  Co- 
rolla none.  Stamens  in  3-4  series,  some  of  them  often 
imperfect ;  anthers  2-4-celled,  opening  by  valves. 
Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  calyx,  1-celled  ;  ovule  sol- 
itary, anatropous,  pendulose  ;  style  1 ;  stigma  1.  Fruit 
a  1-seeded  drupe. 

1.  UMBELLULABIA  Nutt.     CALIFORNIA  LAUREL  or  BAY  TRBE. 

Trees  with  thick  evergreen  petioled  leaves  and  perfect 
flowers,  borne  in  terminal  or  axillary  pedunculate  umbels, 
which  are  included  before  expansion  in  an  involucre 
consisting  of  4  broad  deciduous  bracts.  Calyx  6-parted, 
deciduous.  Stamens  9,  inserted  on  the  throat  in  3  rows, 
the  3  inner  with  a  fleshy  2-lobed  stipitate  gland  at  the 
base,  alternating  with  3  ligulate  staminodia  ;  anthers  4, 
4-valved,  the  outer  introrse,  the  inner  extrorse.  The 
stigma  dilated,  somewhat  lobed.  Drupe  subglobose  or 
ovoid,  subtended  by  the  thickened  base  of  the  calyx. 


158  Papaveraceae 

1.  U.  California  (H.  &  A.)  Nutt.  Tree  4-15  m.  high,  grow- 
ing parts  and  inflorescence  somewhat  puberulent;  leaves  shining, 
dark  green,  lanceolate-oblong,  5-10  cm.  long;  peduncles  in  4  ter- 
minal panicles  or  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  6-10-flowered ; 
sepals  3-5  mm.  long,  oblong-ovate;  stamens  included;  drupes 
solitary  or  2-3  in  a  cluster,  2  cm.  long,  becoming  dark  purple 
with  thin  pulp  and  stone. 

Throughout  our  range  in  canyons,  or  on  mountain  slopes  where  it  is 
often  reduced  to  an  arborescent  shrub.  January-April.  Fruit  in  November. 


Family  34.  PAPAVERACEAE.     POPPY  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs  with  white,  yellow  or  color- 
less sap  and  alternate  exstipulate  leaves  or  the  upper 
rarely  opposite.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters,  perfect, 
regular  or  irregular.  Sepals  distinct  or  united  into  a 
•calyptra,  caducous,  2,  rarely  3  or  4.  Petals  4-6  or  rarely 
none,  imbricated,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous  or  few, 
hypogynous,  distinct,  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  open- 
ing by  a  longitudinal  slit.  Ovary  1,  many-ovuled, 
mostly  1-celled,  the  carpels  rarely  becoming  distinct  in 
fruit ;  style  short,  stigma  simple  or  divided  ;  ovules  an- 
atropous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  generally  dehiscent  by  pores 
or  valves. 

Flowers  regular. 

Uppermost  leaves  opposite. 

Filaments  very  broad;  carpels  distinct  in  fruit.    1.  PLATYSTEMON. 
Filaments  filiform  or  nearly  so;  capsule  1-celled. 

2.  PLATYSTIGMA. 
Leaves  all  alternate. 
Flowers  large,  white. 

Perennial;  capsule  many-celled.  3.  ROMNEYA. 

Annual;  capsule  1-celled.  7.  ARGEMONE. 

Flowers  yellow  or  orange. 

Shrub;  flowers  yellow.  4.  DENDROMECON. 

Herbs;  flowers  usually  orange.  5.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 

Flowers  reddish. 

Stigmas  tufted  at  the  end  of  the  short  style. 

6.  MECONOPSIS. 

Stigmas  sessile,  radiate.  8.  PAPAVER. 

Flowers  irregular.  9.  BICUCULLA. 


Poppy  Family  159 

1.  PLATYSTEMON  Benth.     CREAM  CUP. 

Low  villous  annuals  with  entire  mainly  opposite 
leaves  and  cream-colored  flowers.  Sepals  3.  Petals  6. 
Stamens  many  with  flattened  filaments  and  linear  an- 
thers. Carpels  6-25,  at  first  united  ;  stigmas  linear  free. 
Fruit  of  as  many  distinct  linear  indehiscent  torulose 
pods,  3-8-seeded,  at  length  breaking  transversly  between 
the  seeds. 

1.  P.  Californicum  Benth.  Slender,  branching  from  the  base, 
more  or  less  decumbent,  15-30  cm.  high,  pilose;  leaves  5-8  cm. 
long,  sessile  or  clasping,  broadly  linear;  peduncles  erect,  8-20 
cm.  long;  sepals  villous;  petals  6-12  mm.  long,  cream-yellow, 
sometimes  shading  to  yellow  toward  the  base;  carpels  6-25, 
forming  an  oblong  head,  10-20  mm.  long,  beaked  by  the  persist- 
ent stigmas. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  throughout  our  range  ;below  3000  feet  altitude. 
March-May. 

2.  PLATYSTIGMA  Benth. 

Low  slender  annuals  with  leaves,  sepals  and  petals  as 
in  Platystemon.  Stamens  6-12  ;  filaments  filiform  or 
nearly  so.  Ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae, 
somewhat  3-lobed  or  nearly  terete  ;  stigmas  ovate  to 
subulate.  Capsule  3-valved,  dehiscent  through  the 
placentae. 

1.  P.  denticulata  Greene.  Glabrous,  branching,  8-25  cm. 
high;  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  the  small  blade  rhombic-ovate 
and  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole,  1-3  cm.  long;  upper  spatulate 
or  linear-oblong,  entire  or  denticulate;  petals  narrow,  oblong, 
2-4  mm.  long;  stamens  6-9;  anthers  linear,  equaling  or  exceed- 
ing the  filaments. 

Occasional  in  shady  places  in  the  foothills.    March-May. 

3.  ROMNEYA  Harv.     MATILIJA  POPPY. 

Smooth  stout  erect  perennial  herbs,  with  colorless 
juice,  pinnately  divided  alternate  leaves  and  very  large 


160  Papaveraceae 

showy  flowers.  Sepals  3,  with  a  broad  membranaceous 
dorsal  wing.  Petals  6.  Stamens  numerous,  with  fili- 
form filaments  somewhat  thickened  below,  and  oblong 
anthers.  Ovary  oblong,  densely  setose,  more  or  less 
'completely  several-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  many- 
ovuled  placentae  ;  valves  7-12,  opening  from  the  summit 
downward.  Seeds  finely  tuberculate. 

1.  B.  Coulter!  Harv.     Herbaceous  stem  1-2.5  m.  high,  from  a 
soft  woody  base,  branching  above,  glabrous  glaucescent ;  leaves 
of  firm  texture,  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  petioled,  6-12  cm. 
long ;  divisions  3-9,  cuneate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  dentate,  the  ter- 
minal 3-clef t,  margins  and  rachis  often  sparsely  ciliolate-spinulose ; 
flowers  terminating  the  branches;  sepals  smooth,  petals  delicate, 
4-6  cm.  long. 

Occasional  in  canyons.  Santa  Ana  Mountains;  Puente  Hills.  It  also 
occurs  in  Ventura  County. 

2.  Bi.  trichocalyx  Eastwood.     Closely  resembling  the  last  in 
habit,  leaves  thinner,  divisions  narrower;  sepals  setose. 

Occasional  in  the  canyons  of  San  Diego.  County,  also  in  Santa  Barbara 
and  Ventura  Counties.  To  be  expected  within  our  range. 

4.  DENDBOMECON  Benth.    BUSH  POPPY. 

Smooth  branching  shrubs  with  alternate  vertical  thick 
rigid  entire  or  ciliolate-denticulate  leaves,  and  showy 
yellow  flowers.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numer- 
ous, with  short  filiform  filaments  and  linear  anthers. 
Ovary  linear,  1-celled  and  with  2  nerve-like  placentae, 
elastically  2-valved  from  the  base  upward  ;  valves  striate- 
costate.  Seeds  oval  or  globose,  finely  pitted,  carunculate 
at  the  hilium. 

1.  D.  rigidum  Benth.  Shrub  1-3  m.  high,  with  many  slender 
branches  and  light-colored  bark;  leaves  pale  or  glaucescent, 
lanceolate  and  cuspidate-acuminate,  varying  to  oblong  and  obtuse 
with  rigid  mucro,  entire  or  rarely  ciliolate-denticulate,  reticulate- 
veiny  with  strong  midrib,  short-petioled,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers 
bright  yellow,  2-4  cm.  broad  ;  capsule  arcuate,  4-6  cm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt.    Flowering  nearly  throughout  the  year. 


Poppy  Family  161 

5.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA  Cham.     CALIFORNIA  POPPY. 

Smooth  glaucous  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with 
colorless  bitter  juice,  finely  dissected  leaves  and  bright 
orange  or  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  coherent  into  a  narrow 
pointed  hood,  deciduous  at  anthesis  from  a  dilated  torus. 
Petals  4,  borne  on  the  torus.  Stamens  numerous,  with 
short  filaments  and  linear  anthers.  Ovary  linear,  with 
2  nerve-like  placentae ;  styles  short ;  stigmas  divided 
into  4-6  linear  unequally  divergent  lobes.  Capsule 
elongated,  10-nerved,  1-celled,  dehiscent  by  2  valves 
>« -pa  rating  from  placenta!  ribs.  Seeds  globose,  reticulate 
or  rough  tuberculate. 

1.  E.  Californica  Cham.     Root  perennial,  thick  and  branch- 
ing;  stems  branching  decumbent  or  ascending,  leafy;  herbage 
glabrous ;  calyx  about  2  cm.  long,  conical ;   petals  flabelliform , 
4  cm.  long  or  less,  usually  orange,  sometimes  paler;  rim  of  torus 
expanded,  2-4  mm.  wide;  seeds  reticulated. 

Not  common  within  our  limits.  Sierra  Madre;  San  Fernando  Mountains 
near  Chatsworth  Park.  March-May. 

2.  E.  peninsularis  Greene.     Annual,  smooth  and  rather  glau- 
cous ;   scapose  or  at  length   freely  branching,  10-25  cm.   high; 
petals  golden  yellow  or  orange,  flabelliform  or  broadly  cuneate, 
4  cm.  long  or  less;  rirn  of  torus  expanded,  2-4  mm.  broad;  seeds 
reticulated. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  throughout  our  range  in  the  valleys.    March-May. 

3.  E.   hypecoides  Benth.      Scabrous  or  hirsute,   pubescent 
below,  glabrous  above,  glaucescent ;  branches  many  and  rather 
slender  from  an  annual  root,  decumbent  at  base,  about  30  cm. 
high  or  less,  leafy;  leaf  segments  few,  linear,  cuneiform;  calyx 
oblong-conic,  1   cm.   long;    petals   2  cm.  long  or  less,  orange; 
torus  short,  tubular  or  turbinate,  without  expanded  rim  to  the 
outer  margin,  the  inner  erect,  hyaline;  seeds  faintly  reticulated. 

Santa  Monica  Mountains,  not  common. 

6.  MECONOPSIS  Vigner. 

Ours  slender  erect  leafy  annuals,  with  orange-colored 
juice  and  scarlet  or  orange-red  flowers.  Sepals  2. 


162  Papaveraceae 

Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary  and  capsule 
tipped  with  a  style  and  with  a  globose  mass  of  stigmas, 
1-celled  and  with  4-8  more  or  less  intruded  placentae, 
dehiscent  by  only  as  many  short  teeth  or  valves  at  the 
summit. 

1.  M.  heterophylla  Benth.  Glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose- 
pubescent  below,  3-6  dm.  high,  simple  or  branching;  leaves 
somewhat  succulent,  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  mostly  petioled ; 
peduncles  slender;  petals  1-2  cm.  long,  brick-red;  capsule  tur- 
binate  to  obovate,  dehiscent  by  8  operculate  lids. 

Frequent  in  shady  places  in  the  foothills  and  mountains  below  4000  feet 
altitude.  March-April. 

7.  AB.GEMONE  L. 

Setose  and  spinulose-dentate  chiefly  annual  herbs 
with  orange-yellow  and  acrid  juice  and  sinuate  or  pinnat- 
ifid  leaves.  Sepals  with  cornute  tip  or  appendage  below 
the  apex.  Petals  4  or  6.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary 
densely  setose  1-celled,  with  4-5  nerviform  placentae, 
stigmas  oval,  somewhat  radiate  and  united  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  very  short  obsolete  style. 

1.  A.  platyceras  hispida  (Gray)  Prain.  Stem  erect,  simple 
or  rarely  branching,  3-6  dm.  high,  hispid  throughout  and  more 
or  less  armed  with  rigid  bristles  or  prickles  ;  leaves  6-10  cm.  long, 
the  lower  narrowed  to  a  winged  petiole,  the  upper  sessile ;  flowers 
white,  5-8  cm.  broad;  capsule  oblong,  3  cm.  long,  very  prickly; 
seeds  2  mm.  in  diameter. 

Occasional  in  dry  exposed  slopes  or  dry  canyon  floors  in  all  our  mountains. 
June-August. 

8.  PAPAVEB  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  narcotic  juice  milky 
or  rarely  turning  yellow,  mostly  pinnately  lobed  or  dis- 
sected leaves  and  showy  flowers  solitary  on  long  pedun- 
cles. Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary 
capped  by  the  closely  sessile  circular  flat  or  somewhat 


Poppy  Family  163 

conical  disk  of  the  combined  radiate  stigmas,  dehiscent 
only  under  the  edge  of  it  by  as  many  dentiform  short 
lids  ;  placentae  4-20,  mostly  projecting  far  into  the  cell. 

1.  P.  Californicum  Gray.  Annual,  erect,  simple  or  branch- 
ing, 3-6  dm.  high,  sparsely  pilose-pubescent,  leafy  below ;  petals 
brick-red  with  greenish  spot  at  base,  2  cm.  long  or  less;  capsule 
1  cm.  long  or  more,  clavate-turbinate,  6-11-nerved. 

Frequent  on  shady  slopes  in  the  Santa  Monica  and  San  Gabriel  Moun- 
tains. March-May. 

9.  BICUCULLA  Adans. 

Perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  compound  and  much- 
dissected  leaves  and  more  or  less  irregular  flowers.  Se- 
pals 2,  small  and  scale-like.  Petals  4  in  2  pairs  ;  the 
outer  pair  with  more  or  less  spreading  tips,  spurred  or 
saccate  at  base  ;  inner  pair  narrower,  callous  tipped, 
cohering  over  the  enclosed  stigma.  Stamens  6,  in  2  sets 
of  3  each  ;  anthers  of  middle  stamens  2-celled,  the  others 
1-celled  ;  filaments  slightly  united  or  distinct.  Ovary 
1 -celled  with  2  parietal  several-ovuled  placentae  ;  stigma 
2-lobed  contrary  to  the  placentaB.  Fruit  a  silique-form 
capsule. 

1.  B.  chrysantha  (H.&  A.)  Coville.    Pale  and  glaucous;  stem 
erect,  6-15  dm.  high;  leaves  twice  pinnate,  and  the  more  or  less 
confluent  divisions  pinnately  3-5-cleft  or  incised;  inflorescence 
compound  thyrsoid-paniculate,  many-flowered;   flowers  yellow, 
erect,  subterete,  1-15  dm.   long,  deciduous;    outer  petals  soon 
spreading  or  recurving  to  below  the  middle,  slightly  gibbous  at 
base,  but  little  larger  than  the  inner ;  these  dorsally  crested  with 
a  long  and  wide  undulate  or  crisped  wing.      (Dicentra  chrysantha 
H.  &  A.) 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range.    May-July. 

2.  B.  ochroleuca  (Engelm.)  Heller.     Much  like  the  last  in 
habit,  but  the  flowers  2-2.5  cm.  long,  ochroleucous ;   only  the 
tips  of  the  outer  petals  spreading ;  the  inner  with  purple  tips  and 
with  large  wing  crest.     (Dicentra  ochroleuca  Engelm.) 

Occasional  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains. 


164  Cruciferae 

Family  35.  CRUCIFERAE.     MUSTARD  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  suffrutescent  with  acrid  juice,  alter- 
nate leaves  and  racemose  or  corymbose  flowers.  Sepals 
4,  deciduous  or  persistent,  the  2  outer  narrow,  the  inner 
similar,  concave  or  saccate  at  base.  Petals  4,  rarely  2 
or  none,  hypogynous,  cruciate,  nearly  equal,  generally 
clawed.  Stamens  6,  rarely  fewer,  hypogynous,  tetrady- 
namous.  Pistil  1,  compound,  consisting  of  2  united  car- 
pels, the  parietal  placentae  united  by  a  dissepiment  ;  style 
generally  persistent,  sometimes  none  ;  stigma  discoid  or 
more  or  less  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle,  usually 
2-celled,  2-valved  or  rarely  indehiscent.  Endosperm 
none  ;  cotyledons  incumbent,  accumbent  or  conduplicate. 

**  Pods  dehiscent  into  2  valves  to  the  base. 
Pods  elongated-linear,  at  least  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

Flowers  white  or  purplish,  or  yellow  in  some  species  of  Roripa. 
Subaquatic  or  marsh  plants. 

Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell.  12.  CARDAMINE. 

Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  11.  RORIPA. 

Not  aquatic  or  marsh  plants. 

Rootstocks  tuberous.  13.  DENTARIA. 

Roots  fibrous. 
Petals  fiat. 

Pods  usually  compressed,  seeds  flat,  winged. 

22.  ARABIS. 
Pods  terete;  seeds  oblong  or  globose,  wingless. 

2.  THELYPODIUM. 
Petals  undulate-crisped  or  twisted. 

Pods  terete  or  nearly  so;  cotyledons  incumbent. 

3.  CAULANTHUS. 
Pods  compressed;  cotyledons  accumbent. 

4.  STREPTANTHUS. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Pods  borne  on  a  long  stipe.  1.  STANLEYA. 
Pods  terete  or  4-angled,  sessile  or  short  stipitate. 
Pubescence  simple  or  none. 
Pods  spreading. 

Seeds  globose  or  oblong. 

Seeds  in  2  rows.  7.  DIPLOTAXIS. 

Seeds  in  1  row.  8.  BRASSICA. 

Seeds  flat.  10.  BARBAREA. 

Pods  erect,  appressed  to  the  stem.  6.  ERYSIUM. 
Pubescence  branched  or  stellate. 

Leaves  entire  or  faintly  toothed.  23.  CHEIRANTHUS. 

Leaves  deeply  2-pinnatifid.  21.  SOPHIA. 

Pods  flat.  14.  TROPIDOCARPUM 


Mustard  Family  165 

Pods  short,  never  twice  as  long  as  broad  except  in  Draba. 
Pods  compressed  parallel  with  the  partition. 

Pods  many-seeded.  18.  DRABA 

Pods  2-seeded.  24.  KONIG. 
Pods  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition. 
Pods  many-seeded. 

Pods  heart-shaped.  17.  BURSA. 

Pods  elliptic.  16.  HUTCHINSIA. 

Pods  2-seeded.  5.  LEPIDIUM. 

**  Pods  indehiscent. 

Pods  of  2  indehiscent  cells.  15.  DITHYREA. 
Pods  1-celled,  1-seeded,  orbicular. 

Pods  winged.  20.  THYSANOCARPUS. 

Pods  wingless.  19.  ATHYSANDS. 
Pods  elongated  jointed.  9.  RAPHANUS. 

1.  STANLEY  A  Nutt. 

Mostly  tall  erect  branching  glabrous  and  glaucous 
perennial  herbs,  with  entire  toothed  or  pinnately  divided 
leaves  and  large  yellow  bractless  flowers  in  elongated 
terminal  racemes.  Sepals  linear,  narrow.  Petals  nar- 
row, long-clawed.  Stamens  6,  nearly  equal  ;  anthers 
twisted.  Ovary  short,  stipitate  ;  style  short  or  none. 
Siliques  linear,  long-stipitate,  spreading  or  recurving, 
somewhat  compressed,  dehiscent ;  the  valves  strongly 
1-nerved.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons 
straight. 

1.  S.  pinnata  (Pursh)  Britton.  Stems  stout,  15-25  dm.  high  ; 
lower  leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  or  rarely  entire, 
12-20  cm.  long,  2-8  cm.  wide,  long-petioled ;  upper  leaves  similar 
or  less  divided  or  oblong-lanceolate  and  entire,  short-petioled ; 
flowers  numerous,  yellow;  petals  16-24  mm.  long;  filaments  Ali- 
form exserted ;  siliques  5-8  cm.  long,  on  stipes  about  %  as  long. 

Occasional  on  the  dry  plains  and  foothills  of  all  our  interior  valleys. 

2.  THELYPODIUM  Endl. 

Erect  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
pubescent  with  simple  hairs.  Leaves  entire,  toothed  or 
pinnatifid.  Flowers  racemose  or  subspicate,  purplish  or 
whitish.  Siliques  nearly  terete,  linear,  short-stipitate  or 
sessile  ;  valves  1-nerved,  dehiscent  ;  style  short ;  stigma 
nearly  entire.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  mar- 
ginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent. 


166  Cruciferae 

1.  T.  lasiophyllum  Greene.     Erect  annual,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched  above  the  middle,  hispid  below,  often  smoothish 
above;    leaves    oblanceolate    in    outline,    irregularly    sinnuate- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  with  spreading  acute  entire  or  toothed  seg- 
ments, 4-12  cm.  long,  distinctly  petioled  or  the  upper  sessile  by  a 
narrow    base;     inflorescence    racemose;    sepals    oblong,  ^    as 
long  as  the  petals;  these  narrow,  spatulate,  3-5  mm.  long,  pale 
rose  color  or  yellowish-white;  siliques  usually  deflexed  or  widely 
spreading,  slender  attenuate,  3-5  cm.  long,  on  pedicels  2-3  mm. 
long.     (Sisymbrium  reflexum  Nutt.) 

Common  in  dry  ground  both  in  the  valleys  and  foothills. 

2.  T.  lasiophyllum  inalienum  Robinson.     Size  and  habit  of 
the  type;  petals  yellow  or  yellowish;  siliques  erect  or  slightly 
spreading.     (Sisymbrium  acutangulum  Brew.  &  Wats.) 

Hills  about  Los  Angeles. 

3.  CAULANTHUS  Watson. 

Stout  erect  biennials,  with  pinnatifid,  toothed  or  nearly 
entire  leaves  and  purple  or  greenish-white  flowers.  Se- 
pals about  equal,  saccate  at  base.  Petals  slightly  longer, 
undulate-crisped,  claw  broad,  blade  rhomboidal  scarcely 
broader  than  claw.  Anthers  linear,  sagittate  at  base, 
curved.  Stigma  somewhat  2-lobed,  the  lobes  parallel 
with  the  valves.  Pods  terete,  elongated,  sessile  upon 
the  receptacle  ;  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  in  1  row,  oblong, 
somewhat  flattened,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  margined. 
Cotyledons  incumbent. 

1.  C.  amplexicaulis  Wats.  Glaucous  annual,  rather  slender 
and  flexuous,  simple  or  more  frequently  with  several  spreading 
branches;  leaves  elliptic-oblong  or  the  upper  broadly  cordate- 
clasping,  subentire  often  ascending;  pedicels  8-24  mm.  long, 
widely  spreading. 
•  Near  San  Fernando,  Davidson. 

4.  STBEPTANTHUS  Nutt. 

Erect  branching  often  glaucous  annual  or  biennial 
herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  rarely  pinnatifid  leaves 


Mustard  Family  167 

and  purple  or  white  flowers.  Sepals  ovate  or  oblong, 
equal  at  base  or  1  or  rarely  both  pair  saccate  at  base, 
usually  colored,  their  tips  erect  or  spreading.  Petals 
narrow  or  with  a  well  developed  blade  and  channeled 
claw,  twisted  or  undulate.  The  longer  filaments  some- 
times connate ;  anthers  elongated,  sagittate  at  base. 
Pod  linear,  compressed  ;  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  in  1 
row,  flattened  and  more  or  less  winged.  Cotyledons 
accumbent. 

1.  S.  heterophyllus  Nutt.  More  or  less  pubescent  through- 
out with  spreading  simple  hairs;  stem  usually  simple,  1  m. 
high  or  less;  leaves  linear,  at  least  the  lowest  pinnatifid  with 
divaricate  lobes  or  toothed,  the  upper  usually  entire;  flowers 
purplish  or  white,  8-12  mm.  long;  calyx  narrow;  sepals  slightly 
saccate;  pods  abruptly  reflexed  on  slender  pedicels  5-7  cm.  long, 
about  1.5  mm.  wide,  beaked  by  a  slender  style;  seeds  small  and 
crowded,  narrowly  winged. 

Occasional  throughout  our  range;  confined  mostly  to  the  chaparral  belt. 
April-May. 

5.  LEPIDIUM  L.    PEPPERGRASS. 

Erect  or  diffuse,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  annual  or 
rarely  biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnatifid,  lobed 
or  entire  leaves  and  racemose  white  or  whitish  flowers. 
Petals  small  or  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  often  fewer 
than  6.  Stigmas,  in  ours,  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Silicles 
oblong  or  obovate,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition, 
more  or  less  emarginately  winged  at  the  apex ;  valves 
keeled,  dehiscent.  Seeds  1  in  each  cell,  flattened.  Coty- 
ledons incumbent  or  rarely  accumbent. 

*  Capsule  merely  emarginate. 
•*-  Pedicels  terete. 

1.  L.  medium  Greene.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  simple 
below,  branching  above,  erect,  2-9  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate, 
dentate,  rarely  pinnatifid;  stem  leaves  entire;  pedicels  slender, 


168  Cruciferae 

terete,  spreading  or  divaricate,  longer  than  the  capsule ;  stamens 
2-4 ;  capsule  orbicular  retuse,  glabrous. 

Common  in  the  valleys  and  mountains  throughout  our  range. 

•*-  •*-  Pedicels  flattened. 

2.  Ii.  lasiocarpum  Nutt.     Low,  branching  from  or  near  the 
base,  decumbent  or  ascending,  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs  or 
somewhat  tomentulose;  lower  leaves  pinnately  parted,  segments 
usually  rather  broad,  obtuse  or   rounded,  sparingly   toothed  or 
entire;  racemes  several ;  pedicels  distinctly  flattened,  horizontally 
spreading,  3  mm.  long;  capsule  suborbieular,  thin-margined  near 
the  apex,  hispid  pubescent  upon  both  faces  or  at  least  upon  the 
margins. 

Sand-dunes  along  the  seashore. 

3.  L.  nitidum  Nutt.    Erect  or  usually  branched  from  the  base 
and  spreading,  1-3  dm.  high,  glabrate  or  somewhat  pubescent; 
lower  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  with  narrow  rachis  and  alternate 
segments;   the  upper  leaves  often   entire;    racemes   1-several, 
loosely  flowered  ;  petals  considerably  exceeding  the  sepals ;  pedi- 
cels strongly  flattened,  spreading;  capsule  smooth,  shining,  often 
purplish,  4-5  mm.  long. 

Very  common  on  grassy  plains  and  hills.    February-March. 

**  Apex  of  capsule  produced  into  2  distinct  teeth  or  lobes. 

4.  L.  acutidens  (Gray)    Howell.     Branching  from  the  base, 
decumbent  or  ascending,  10-20  cm.  long,  pubescent  throughout 
with  short  spreading  hairs;  leaves  linear  tapering  at  both  ends, 
entire  or  faintly  and  remotely  denticulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  about 
2mm.  wide;  branches  flowering  about  %  their  length;  racemes 
rather  loose;  pedicels  strongly  flattened,  appressed  to  the  stem  to 
near  the  middle,  then  curving  outward;  pod  strongly  reticulated, 
sparsely  pubescent,  4  mm.  long  including  the  acute  teeth,  about 
3  mm.  broad;  sinus  about  1  mm.  deep  and  2  mm.  broad  at  tip. 
(L.  dictyotum  acutidens  Gray.) 

In  saline  places  toward  the  coast.    Cienega;  Santa  Monica. 

6.  EBYSIMUM  L.     HEDGE-MUSTARD. 

Erect  annual,  somewhat  hirsute  at  least  below  with 
simple   hairs.      Leaves   pinnatifid.      Inflorescence  spici- 


Mustard  Family  169 

form  with  several  divaricately  spreading  branches. 
Flowers  small,  yellow.  Siliques  terete,  tapering  almost 
from  the  base  to  the  apex  ;  stigma  slightly  2-lobed. 
Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell.  A  monotypic  genus  as  here 
understood. 

1.  E.  officinale  L.  Stems  3-6  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  lyrately 
and  somewhat  runcinately  pinnatifid,  7-15  cm.  long,  the  upper 
shorter,  lanceolate,  subentire  or  hastate;  pods  1  cm.  long,  nearly 
sessile,  erect  and  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis.  (Sisymbrium 
officinale  Scop. 

Common  along  streets  and  in  waste  places.    Native  of  Europe. 

7.  DIPLOTAXIS  DC.     SAND  ROCKET. 

Erect  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  pinnatifid  or 
lobed  leaves  and  rather  large  yellow  flowers  in  terminal 
racemes.  Silique  elongated  linear  flat  or  flattish,  short 
beaked  or  beakless  ;  valves  mostly  1-nerved.  Style  slen- 
der. Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyle- 
dons conduplicate. 

1.  D.  tenuifolia  (L.)  DC.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base, 
sparingly  hispid  or  glabrous,  the  slender  branches  3-6  dm.  high, 
leafy  only  below ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  sinnuate-lobed  or  some- 
times pinnatifid,  5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  mostly 
slender-petioled ;  fruiting  racemes  long,  loose  ;  flowers  12-16  mm. 
broad  ;  pod  about  3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  erect,  flattish  ;  fruiting 
pedicel  18-30  mm.  long. 

Occasional  along  ditches  about  Los  Angeles,  Pasadena  and  Santa  Ana. 
Native  of  Europe. 

8.  BBASSICA  L.     MUSTARD. 

Erect  branching  annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  pin- 
natifid basal  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  dentate  or  often 
nearly  entire,  and  showy  yellow  flowers  in  elongated 
racemes.  Siliques  elongated,  sessile  on  the  receptacle, 
terete  or  4-angled,  tipped  with  a  persistent  usually 
1 -seeded  beak  ;  valves  1-3-nerved  ;  stigma  truncate  or 


170  Cruciferae 

2-lobed.     Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  globose.     Cotyle- 
dons conduplicate. 

*  None  of  the  leaves  clasping  the  stem. 

1.  B.  nigra  (L.)  Koch.     Erect  1-3  m.  high,  freely  and  widely 
branching,  pubescent  or  glabrate;  lower  leaves  slender- petioled, 
deeply  pinnatifid,  with  1  terminal  large  lobe  and  2-4  smaller  lat- 
eral ones ;  segments  all  dentate ;  upper  leaves  short-petioled  or 
sessile,  pinnatifid  or  dentate  or  the  uppermost  entire;  flowers 
6-10  mm.  broad;  pedicels  slender,  4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  nar- 
rowly linear,  4-angled,  smooth  10-15  mm.  long,  1  mm.  wide,  ap- 
pressed  against  the  stem  ;  beak  slender  2-4  mm.  long;  seeds  dark 
brown. 

Common  in  poorly  cultivated  fields,  especially  in  adobe  soils.    April-May. 

2.  B.  alba  (L.)  Boiss.     Erect,  branching  above,  3-10  dm.  high, 
more  or  less  pubescent  with  simple  hairs ;  leaves  all  pinnatifid  or 
the  upper  only  dentate;  pods  spreading,  pubescent,  tipped  with 
a  flattened  beak  of  about  equal  length ;  seeds  pale  yellow. 

Near  the  Soldiers'  Home,  Hasse. 

**  Upper  leaves  clasping. 

3.  B.  campestris  L.  Stems  3-10  dm.  high,  glabrous  and  glau- 
cous or  rarely  slightly  pubescent  below;  lower  leaves  petioled, 
pubescent,  more  or  less  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  the  upper  glabrous, 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  or  obtuseish,  sessile  and  clasping  at  the 
base,  entire  or  dentate;  pedicels  spreading  or  ascending,  often  2 
cm.  long  in  fruit;  pods  3-5  cm.  long;  beak  8-10  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  waysides  and  neglected  gardens.  January-April.  In  favored 
places  often  flowering  nearly  throughout  the  year. 

9.  BAPHANUS  L.     RADISH. 

Erect  or  widely  branching  from  the  base,  annual  or 
biennial  herbs,  with  lyrate  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 
Silique  elongated  linear,  fleshy  or  corky,  constricted  or 
continuous  amd  spongy  between  the  seeds,  indehiscent. 
Seeds  globose.  Cotyledons  conduplicate. 

1.  B.  sativus  L.  Biennial  or  annual  from  a  more  or  less 
elongated  fleshy  root;  erect  and  freely  branching,  3-5  dm.  high, 


Mustard  Family  171 

sparsely  pubescent  with  stiff  "hairs  or  nearly  glabrous  above;  lower 
leaves  deeply  lyrate-pinnatifid;  segments  crenate  or  dentate; 
flowers  12-18  mm.  broad,  yellowish  or  commonly  whitish  with 
purple  veins;  pods  2-4  cm.  long,  constricted  between  the  seeds 
when  mature;  seeds  2-several ;  beak  conical,  1-2  cm.  long. 

Frequent  in  poorly  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,  especially  in  sandy 
soils.  April-June  or  often  throughout  the  year. 

10.  BARBAREA  R.  Br. 

Erect  glabrous  biennial  or  perennial  branching  herbs 
with  angled  stems,  pinnatificl  leaves  and  racemose  yellow 
flowers.  Silique  elongated,  linear,  4-angled  ;  valves  keeled 
or  ribbed  ;  style  short  ;  stigma  2-lobed  or  capitate.  Seeds 
in  1  row  in  each  cell,  flat,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyle- 
dons accumbent. 

1.  B.  Barbarea  (L.)  MacM.  Tufted  stems  erect,  3-6  dm. 
high;  lower  leaves  petioled,  5-12  cm.  long,  lyrately-pinnatifid, 
segments  oval  or  obovate,  repand-toothed  or  sometimes  entire ; 
upper  leaves  sessile,  rarely  clasping;  flowers  yellow,  6-8  mm. 
broad;  pods  spreading  or  ascending,  about  2  cm.  long,  obscurely 
4-angled;  pedicels  about  4  mm.  long.  (B.  vulgaris  R.  Br.) 

Moist  places  in  the  mountains,  confined  mostly  to  the  pine  belt.  June- 
August. 

11.  RORIPA  Scop. 

Branching  herbs  with  simple  or  pinnate-lobed,  dissected 
or  rarely  entire  leaves  and  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Sepals 
spreading.  Stamens  often  less  than  6.  Pods  short  or 
elongated,  terete  or  nearly  so,  sessile  on  the  receptacle  ; 
valves  faintly  1-nerved  or  nerveless.  Styles  short  or 
slender.  Seeds  turgid,  minute,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 
Cotyledons  accumbent. 

*  Flowers  white. 

1.  B.  Nasturtium  (L.)  Rusby.  (WATERCRESS.)  Aquatic,  gla- 
brous; stems  branching,  floating  or  creeping,  rooting  from  the 
nodes;  leaves  odd-pinnate;  leaflets  3-11,  roundish  or  oblong, 


172  Cruciferae 

nearly  entire;  racemes  elongated  in  fruit;  flowers  white,  4-5 
mm.  broad;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals;  pods  1-3  cm. 
long,  2  mm.  wide,  spreading  and  slightly  curved  upward,  on 
pedicels  of  about  their  own  length.  (Nasturtium  officinale  R.  Br.) 
Common  in  streams.  May-October. 

**  Flowers  yellow. 

2.  B.  curvisiliqua  (Hook.)  Bessey.  Annual  or  biennial,  spar- 
ingly pubescent  or  glabrous,  with  erect  or  ascending,  usually 
much  branched  stems,  15-45 cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  oblanceolate 
in  outline,  pinnatifid,  pinnately  lobed  or  toothed,  the  lower  25-75 
mm.  long;  racemes  short;  flowers  pale  yellow,  4  mm.  broad; 
petals  slightly  exceeding  the  sepals;  style  short;  pods  linear, 
8-15  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  wide,  strongly  curved  upward; 
pedicels  spreading  or  ascending. 

Frequent  in  low  ground,  about  ponds  and  on  river  bottoms.  Variable  in 
foliage  characters. 

12.  CABDAMINE  L. 

Erect  or  ascending  herbs  mostly  growing  in  marshes 
or  along  watercourses,  with  running  rootstocks  or  fibrous 
roots,  entire,  lobed  or  divided  leaves  and  racemose  or 
corymbose,  white  or  purple  flowers.  Stamens  usually 
6.  Siliques  elongated,  flat,  generally  erect  ;  valves 
nerveless,  elastically  dehiscent  at  maturity,  sessile  on 
the  receptacle.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  compressed, 
marginless.  Cotyledons  accumbent,  equal  or  unequal. 

1.  C.  Gambellii  Wats.  Rather  stout,  6-9  dm.  high,  branched, 
decumbent  at  base  and  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  glabrous  or 
sparingly  soft  villous;  leaves  mostly  basal,  persisting  in  a  rosu- 
late  cluster,  pinnately  divided;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  ovate  to 
oblong-linear,  usually  cuneate  at  base  and  acute,  mostly  few- 
toothed,  6-24  mm.  long;  raceme  nearly  sessile,  becoming  elon- 
gated ;  flowers  white,  6-8 mm.  broad ;  pedicels  slender,  divaricate ; 
pods  about  the  same  length,  narrow,  erect  or  ascending,  often 
curved  ;  style  slender,  2  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  marshes  and  wet  places  in  the  valleys. 


.Mustard  Family  173 

13.  DENT  ARIA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  growing  in  damp  woods,  with  fleshy 
tuberous  rootstocks,  erect  mostly  unbranched  stems  and 
more  or  less  divided  leaves.  Flowers  large,  white  or 
often  tinged  with  purple.  Petals  much  longer  than  the 
sepals  with  slender  claw  and  ovate  spreading  blades. 
Siliques  linear,  flattened,  their  valves  nerveless.  Seeds 
in  1  row  in  each  cell,  wingless.  Cotyledons  thick  often 
mu'qual,  accumbent. 

1.  D.  Californica  Nutt.  Rootstock  slender,  tubers  small; 
stem  2-3  dm.  high,  rather  stout,  simple  or  branched  above,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so;  basal  leaves  entire  or  3-foliate,  the  leaflets 
petiolulate,  suborbicular,  sinuate  or  coarsely  toothed;  cauline 
2-4,  mostly  shortly  petioled  and  above  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
deeply  lobed  or  pinnately  3-5-foliate,  rarely  simple,  the  leaflets 
mostly  petiolate,  ovate  to  lanceolate-linear,  entire  or  toothed,  2-7 
cm.  long;  flowers  white  or  rose-colored  ;  pods  2-6  cm.  long;  style 
4-6  mm.  long;  seeds  oblong. 

Frequent  in  damp  shady  places  in  the  mountains  and  foothills.  March- 
April. 

14.  TROPIDOCARPUM  Hook. 

Slender  erect  branching  annuals,  more  or  less  hirsute- 
pubescent  with  simple  hairs  or  writh  a  few  forked  ones 
intermingling.  Leaves  pinnatifid.  Flowers  yellow, 
borne  in  loose  leafy-bracted  racemes.  Sepals  concave, 
spreading,  equal  at  base.  Petals  spatulate-obovate. 
Stamens  tetradynamous  ;  anthers  short,  rounded.  Stig- 
ma circular  or  slightly  emarginate,  on  a  slender  style. 
Silique  partially  or  completely  2-celled,  ours  obcom- 
pressed,  sometimes  twisted. 

1.  T.  gracile  Hook.  Stems  slender,  erect  or  spreading,  usu- 
ally 15-25  cm.  long,  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves  shallowly  or 
deeply  pinnatifid,  the  segments  acutish,  cleft  or  entire ;  cauline 
leaves  reduced;  pedicels  axillary,  spreading,  6-20  mm.  long; 


174  Cruciferae 

pods  lance-linear  to  linear,  1-2  cm.  long,  strongly  obcompressed 
throughout;  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 
Frequent  in  our  interior  valleys.    March-May. 

2.  T,  dubium  Davidson.  Much  resembling  the  last  in  habit, 
foliage  and  pubescence;  capsule  linear,  2-celled  and  strongly 
obcompressed  above  the  middle,  by  a  twist  becoming  compressed 
below  and  only  1-celled. 

Frequent  about  Los  Angeles.  This  species  is  very  closely  related  to  the 
last  and  may  prove  to  be  only  a  tortological  form.  March-May. 

15.  DITHYBEA  Harv. 

Low  branching  annuals,  with  stout  stems  and  thickish 
ovate  or  orbicular  subentire  leaves,  the  whole  herbage 
more  or  less  cinerous-tomentose  with  stellate  hairs.  In- 
florescence racemose,  dense,  often  branched.  Flowers 
whitish  or  purple.  Sepals  ovate  to  oblong,  erect  or 
spreading,  pubescent.  Petals  conspicuous  with  spreading 
blade  and  slender  claw.  Stamens  6  with  linear  sagittate 
anthers.  Pods  strongly  obcompressed,  2-celled ;  the 
cells  nearly  orbicular,  indehiscent  with  a  thickend  mar- 
gin, separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  linear 
axis,  1-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  marginless.  Cotyledons 
accumbent. 

1.  D.  Californica  maritima  Davidson.  Branching  from  the 
base,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  thick,  fleshy,  densely  pubescent,  the 
basal  narrowed  to  slender  petioles,  the  upper  sessile,  coarsely 
toothed  or  subentire;  racemes  short,  very  dense,  elongated  in 
fruit;  flowers  about  12-15  mm.  broad;  limb  purplish;  pedicels 
dark  purple ;  pods  8-10  mm.  wide,  half  as  long,  emarginate  above 
and  below,  pubescent  on  the  margins. 

Occasional  along  the  seashore  between  Redondo  and  Port  Ballona. 

16.  HUTCHINSIA  R.  Br. 

Low  slender  mostly  diffuse  herbs,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent with  forked  hairs,  ours  annual  with  entire  or  pin- 
nately  lobed  leaves  and  minute  white  flowers  in  terminal 


Mustard  Family  175 

racemes.  Stamens  6.  Style  none  or  very  short.  Sili- 
cles  oval,  obcompressed,  the  valves  strongly  1-nerved. 
Seeds  numerous  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  incumbent  or 
accumbent. 

1.  H.  procumbens  (L.)  Desv.  Branching  from  the  base, 
slender,  ascending  or  procumbent,  5-20  cm.  long;  lower  leaves 
short-petioled,  pinnatifid,  lobed,  dentate  or  sometimes  entire, 
1-2.5  cm.  long ;  uppear  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  entire  or  lobed  ; 
pedicels  slender,  ascending  or  spreading,  6-12  mm.  long  in  fruit; 
pods  elliptic  or  oval,  obtuse,  rarely  emarginate,  3-4  mm.  long. 
(Capsella  divaricata  Walp.;  C.  elliptica  Meyer.) 

In  moist  saline  places  throughout  our  range.    March-April. 

17.  BUBSA  Weber.     SHEPARD'S  PURSE. 

Erect  annual  herbs,  pubescent  with  forked  hairs. 
Basal  leaves  tufted.  Flowers  racemose,  small,  white. 
Silicles  cuneate-obcordate,  obcompressed,  the  valves 
keeled.  Style  short.  Seeds  numerous  in  each  cell, 
marginless.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

1.  B.  Bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Britton.  Erect, branching,  15-40 cm. 
high,  pubescent  below,  mostly  glabrous  above;  basal  leaves 
lobed  or  pinnatifid,  forming  a  rosette,  5-12  cm.  long;  cauline 
leaves  few,  lanceolate,  auricled,  dentate  or  entire;  flowers  2  mm. 
broad ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading  or  ascending,  10-14  mm.  long 
in  fruit;  pods  triangular,  more  or  less  deeply  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  rarely  truncate,  4-6  mm.  long.  (Capsella  Bursa-pastoris 
Medic.) 

Common  weed  in  gardens  and  waste  places.  Flowering  at  all  times  of  the 
year. 

18.  DRABA  L. 

Low  tufted  mostly  stellate-pubescent  herbs,  with  sea- 
pose  or  leafy  stems,  simple  leaves  and  racemose  flowers. 
Silicles  elliptic,  oblong  or  rarely  linear,  compressed. 
Stigma  entire  or  nearly  so.  Valves  dehiscent  nerveless. 
Cotyledons  accumbent. 


176  Cruciferae 

1.  D.   cuneifolia  Nutt.      Annual,   loosely   stellate-pubescent 
throughout,  branching  from  the  base,  the  branches  slender,  8-15 
cm.  long,  leafy  below;  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  acute  or 
acutish,  entire  or  few-toothed,  1-5  cm.  long;    raceme  peduncu- 
late, at  length  elongated,  loosely  flowered;  flowers  small,  white; 
pods   linear-oblong,  6-10  mm.  long,  many-seeded,   hispid   with 
appressed   simple  hairs;    fruiting   pedicels  divaricate,  2-6  mm. 
long  ;  stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Occasional  in  dry  sandy  soil  in  the  foothills  and  the  interior  valleys.  The 
two  varieties  are  more  common. 

2.  D.  cuneifolia  integrifolia  Wats.     Smaller  than  the  type, 
2-5  cm.  high;  leaves  smaller,  mostly  entire;  capsule  glabrous; 
pedicels  2  mm.  long  or  less. 

Same  range  as  the  type  and  apparently  more  common. 

3.  D.  cuneifolia  Sonorae  (Greene)  Parish.     Much  resembling 
the  type  in  size  and  habit ;  racemes  often  nearly  sessile ;  capsules- 
hispid  with  stellate  hairs. 

Same  range  as  the  type  and  the  most  common  form  with  us. 

19.  ATHYSANUS  Greene. 

.Slender  diffuse  annual,  leafy  only  near  the  base- 
Leaves  simple,  toothed.  Sepals  equal.  Petals  without 
claws.  Stamens  6,  equal.  Silicles  orbicular  not  winged 
or  margined,  1-celled  and  1-ovuled. 

1.  A.  pusillus,  (Hook.)  Greene.  Hirsute-pubescent;  stems 
filiform,  branching  from  the  base,  the  branches  mostly  ascend- 
ing, unilaterally  racemose  throughout ;  leaves  few,  ovate,  sparingly 
toothed,  1  cm.  long ;  flowers  minute,  often  apetalous ;  pods  lentic- 
ular, more  or  less  uncinate  hispid,  2  mm.  long  or  less. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range.    March-May. 

20.  THYSANOCARPUS  Hook.     LACE  POD. 

Erect  and  slender,  sparingly  branched  annuals  with 
minute  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  slender  elongated 
racemes.  Stamens  6,  tetradynamous  or  rarely  only  4. 
Capsule  compressed,  orbicular,  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  inde- 
hiscent,  winged  ;  the  wings  entire  crenate  or  perforated. 


Mustard  Family  177 

1.  T.  curvipes  Hook.     More  or  less  hirsute,  2  dm.  high  or 
more,  branching  above;  basal  leaves  rosulate,  oblong,  pinnatifid 
with  short  blunt  lobes  or  dentate;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  sag- 
ittate-auriculate,  clasping  at  base,  1-2  cm.  long;   pedicels  very 
slender,  3-6  mm.  long,  strongly  recurved ;  capsule  usually  pubes- 
cent; wings  entire  or  crenate. 

Frequent  on  grassy  slopes.    March-April. 

2.  T.  laciniatus  Nutt.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  and  somewhat 
glaucous,  2-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  rather  thin,  the  basal  ones  not  form- 
ing a  rosette,  linear,  entire  to  deeply  pinnatifid  into  narrow  linear 
segments,  upper  leaves  entire,  20-25  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
narrowed  at  base,  racemes  10-20  cm.  long;  pods  elliptic  to  orbic- 
ular, 3-3.5   mm.  in  diameter,  including  the  entire  or  slightly 
crenate  wing,  reticulate,  glabrous  or  sometimes  somewhat  pubes- 
cent;   pedicels  slender,  spreading  and   becoming  more  or  less 
deflexed. 

Occasional  on  shaded  slopes  in  the  canyons  of  the  Santa  Monica,  San 
Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains,  mostly  below  3000  feet  altitude. 

21.  SOPHIA  Adans. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  canescent  or  pubescent 
with  short  forked  hairs,  with  slender  branching  stems, 
2-pinnatifid  or  finely  dissected  leaves  and  small  yellow 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  these  becoming  elongated 
in  fruit.  Calyx  early  deciduous.  Style  very  short. 
Siliques  linear  or  linear-oblong,  slender-pedicelled,  the 
valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  minute,  oblong,  wingless,  in  1  or 
2  rows  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  incumbent. 

1.  S.  pinnata  (Walt.)  Howell.    Densely  canescent  through- 
out,  pale;   stem    erect,   branched,  2-7  dm.   high,  slender,   the 
branches  ascending;   leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  oblong,  2-pinnatifid 
into  very  numerous  small,  toothed  or  entire,  obtuse  segments ; 
pedicels  very  slender,  widely  spreading,  10-15  mm.  long;  pods 
horizontal  or  ascending,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  somewhat  com- 
pressed, 6-8  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  canescent  or  glabrous;  seeds 
in  2  rows  in  each  cell.     (Sisymbrium  canescens  Nutt.) 

Common  in  sandy  soil  in  the  foothills  and  valleys.    April-June. 

2.  S.  incisa  (Engelm.)  Greene.   Glabrous  or  somewhat  glandu- 
lar-hairy, 3-6   dm.    high,  freely  branching;    leaves    pinnately 


178  Cruciferae 

divided,  the  segments  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  incisely 
serrate;  petals  lanceolate-spatulate,  surpassing  the  petals;  pedi- 
cels 4-6  mm.  long,  spreading,  exceeded  by  the  spreading  or 
curved-ascending,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  capsule ;  seeds  in  1 
row  in  each  cell. 

Frequent  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  and  to  be  ex- 
pected within  our  range. 

22.  ABABIS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs  with 
entire,  lobed  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  white  or  purple 
flowers.  Siliques  linear,  elongated,  compressed,  with 
smooth  or  keeled  mostly  1-nerved  valves,  not  elastic, 
dehiscent  at  maturity.  Stigma  nearly  entire  or  2-lobed. 
Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell,  flattened,  winged  or 
wingless.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

*  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

1.  A.  Virginica   (L.)  Trelease.     Annual   or  rarely  biennial, 
glabrate;  stems  ascending  or  decumbent,  1.5-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
oblong,   narrow,   deeply  pinnatifid,  2.5-7  cm.   long,   the  lower 
petioled,  the  upper  nearly  sessile ;  pedicels  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, 4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  flowers  very  small,  white;  pods  linear, 
ascending,  16-24  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  broad;  seeds  in  1  row 
in  each  cell,  nearly  as  broad  as  the  pod,  orbicular,  wing-margined. 
(A.  Ludoviciana  C.  A.  Meyer.) 

Inglewood  in  low  ground.  Our  plants  have  the  leaves  often  merely 
dentate.  March. 

2.  A.  repanda  Wats.     Biennial;  stem  stout,  branching,  3  dm. 
high  or  more,  pubescent  throughout  with  mostly  stellate  hairs, 
usually  longer  and  simple  at  base ;   leaves  narrowly  obovate  to 
oblanceolate,  3-10  cm.  long,  sparingly  toothed  or  nearly  entire, 
those  of  the  stem  narrowed  to  a  winged  petiole,  acute  or  obtuse ; 
flowers  white,  small ;  petals  narrow,  4  mm.  long,  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  calyx ;  pods  recurved-spreading,  faintly  1-nerved  at  the 
base,  seeds  elliptic,  broadly  winged. 

Occasional  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  pine  belt  in  the  San  Gabritl  and 
San  Bernardino  Mountains. 


Mustard  Family  179 

**  Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

3.  A.  glabra  (L.)  Bernh.  Biennial;  erect,  pubescent  below, 
glabrous  and  glaucous  above,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  5-10 
dm.  high;  basal  leaves  petioled,  5-15  cm.  long,  oblanceolate  or 
oblong,  dentate  or  sometimes  lyrate,  pubescent  with  simple  hairs, 
those  of  the  stem  with  sagittate  base,  glabrous,  entire  or  the 
lower  dentate,  5-10  cm.  long,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acutish ; 
flowers  yellowish  white,  4  mm.  broad;  pedicels  4-10  mm.  long, 
erect;  pods  narrowly  linear,  5-7  cm.  long,  1  mm.  wide,  erect  and 
appressed;  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  marginless;  style  none. 
(A.  perfoliata  Lam.) 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  throughout  our  range. 

23.  CHEIBANTHUS  L.     WALLFLOWER. 

Ours  biennial  or  perennial  more  or  less  pubescent 
herbs,  with  simple  entire  or  toothed  leaves.  Flowers 
mostly  yellow.  Siliques  elongated,  linear,  4-angled; 
valves  strongly  keeled.  Stigma  lobed.  Seeds  oblong,  in 
1  row  in  each  cell,  marginless  or  narrowly  margined  at 
apex.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  (Erysimum.) 

1.  C.  angustatus  Greene.     Perennial;  rather  stout,  erect,  5 
dm.  high  or  more;  leaves  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or 
few-toothed,  few  and  scattered  above,  densely  clothing  the  basal 
part  of  the  herbaceous  stem  and  short  sterile  branches  of  the 
short    subligneous  caudex,   the   whole  plant  subcinerous  with 
appressed  2-forked  hairs;   calyx-lobes  10-12  mm.  long;    petals 
yellow,  the  lower  pair  parallel  to  each  other,  the  upper  divergent 
from  each  other;  pods  in  a  long  lax  raceme,  4-sided,  ascending. 

Occasional  in  the  foothills  of  the  Santa  Monica  and  Santa  Ana  Moun- 
tains. 

2.  C.  suffrutescens  Abrams.     Perennial;  often  much  branch- 
ed, the  branches  woody,  1   m.  long  or  less,  usually  straggling 
among  low  shrubs,  rough  from  the  persistent  bases  of  the  old 
leaves,  usually  about  5  mm.  thick;  floral  branches  clustered  at 
the  ends  of  the  main  branches,  slender,  3-4  dm.  long;  leaves 
scattered  along  the  floral  branches,  densely  clothing  their  bases, 
very  narrowly   linear-oblanceolate,   2-3    mm.    broad,   entire  or 
remotely  and  obscurely  denticulate,  these  as  well  as  the  branches 


180  Capparidaceae 

cinerous  with  appressed  2-forked  hairs;  calyx-lobes  6-7  mm. 
long;  petals  yellow,  cruciform;  pods  in  rather  short  but  lax 
racemes,  on  pedicels  about  8  mm.  long,  widely  spreading,  straight 
or  slightly  curved  upwards,  4-sided,  1.5-1.75  mm.  broad,  5-6  cm. 
long;  beak  slender,  scarcely  1  mm.  broad  and  but  little  longer; 
seeds  brownish,  about  1.5  mm.  long. 

Common  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore.  Flowering  nearly  the 
year  round. 

24.  KONIG  Adans.     SWEET  ALYSSUM. 

Perennial  herbs,  pubescent  or  canescent  with  forked 
hairs,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in  ter- 
minal racemes.  Petals  obovate,  entire.  Filaments  slen- 
der, with  2  small  glands  at  the  base.  Capsule  compressed, 
oval  or  orbicular.  Seeds  1  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons 
accumbent. 

1.  K.  maritima  (L.)  R.  Br.  Ascending  or  sometimes  pro- 
cumbent, freely  branching,  1-3  dm.  high,  minutely  pubescent  with 
appressed  hairs ;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole ; 
flowers  white,  fragrant,  about  4  mm.  broad;  fruiting  pedicels 
ascending,  6-8  mm.  long;  capsules  glabrous,  pointed,  oval  or 
nearly  orbicular,  2-3  mm.  long.  (Alyssum  maritimum  L.) 

An  escape  from  gardens,  along  streets  and  in  waste  places.  Flowering 
nearly  throughout  the  year. 

Family  36.  CAPPARIDACEAE.     CAPER  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs  or  trees  with  pungent  or  acrid 
watery  juice,  simple  or  palmately  compound  alternate 
leaves  and  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  racemose, 
mostly  regular  and  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  4.  Petals  4, 
sessile  or  clawed.  Stamens  usually  6,  equal,  inserted  on 
the  receptacle  ;  anthers  oblong,  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  sessile  or  stipitate,  1-celled  ;  ovules  many,  borne 
on  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry.  Seeds 
mostly  reniform  ;  endosperm  none ;  cotyledons  some- 
wrhat  coiled. 

Herbs.  1.  CLBOME. 

Shrubs.  2.  ISOMERIS. 


Caper  Family  181 

1.  CLEOME  L. 

Ours  branching  herbs  with  digitately  3-5-foliate  leaves 
and  yellow  flowers  in  bracteolate  racemes.  Sepals  4, 
often  persistent.  Petals  4,  cruciate,  entire,  equal.  Sta- 
mens 6.  Ovary  stipitate  with  gland  at  the  base.  Cap- 
sule elongated,  long-stipitate,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  lutea  Hook.  Erect,  glabrous,  branching,  4-12  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  5-foliate,  slender-petioled  or  the  upper  3-foliate  and  sub- 
sessile  ;  leaflets  oblong  or  oblong-oblanceolate,  entire,  short-stalked 
or  sessile,  narrowed  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  acute  and  mucronulate 
at  the  apex,  1-5  cm.  long;  bracts  linear-oblong,  mucronulate; 
flowers  densely  racemose;  pedicels  slender,  10-12  mm.  long;  pod 
linear,  acute,  3-6  cm.  long,  borne  on  a  stipe  nearly  as  long. 

Field  near  Downey,  Davidson. 

2.  ISOMEBIS  Nutt. 

Ill-scented  shrubs  with  puberulent  branches,  3-foliate 
petioled  leaves  and  large  yellow  flowers  axillary  or  in 
bracteate  racemes.  Sepals  4,  persistent.  Petals  4,  oblong, 
equal.  Receptacle  dilated  with  a  hemispherical  torus. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  enlarged  and  glan- 
dular on  the  upper  surface.  Ovary  long-stipitate,  many- 
ovuled  on  the  placentae  ;  style  short ;  stigma  minute. 
Capsule  oval  or  nearly  globose,  inflated,  tardily  2-valved. 
Seeds  smooth. 

1.  I.  arborea  Nutt*  Widely  branching  shrub,  1-3  m.  high, 
with  hard  yellow  wood  and  puberulent  branches ;  leaves  3-foliate ; 
leaflets  oblong  to  lanceolate,  equaling  the  petioles,  entire,  mucro- 
nate ;  flowers  in  terminal  bracteate  racemes ;  bracts  simple ; 
petals  yellow,  10-16  cm.  long,  twice  longer  than  the  sepals;  cap- 
sule oblong,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  attenuate  into  the  stipe  and 
abruptly  tapering  at  the  apex. 

Frequent  on  bluffs  and  hills  along  the  coast,  Ballona  Harbor;  San  Pedro; 
San  Joaquin  Hills.  February-July. 

I.  ARBOREA  GLOBOSA  Coville.  This  subspecies,  which  differs 
from  the  type  in  having  globose  capsules,  has  been  reported  from 
Oceanside  and  may  occur  within  our  limits. 


182  Resedaceae 

Family  37.  RESEDACEAE.     MIGNONETTE  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  gland- 
like  stipules  and  racemose  or  spicate  bracted  unsymmetri- 
cal  flowers.  Calyx  4-7-parted,  more  or  less  irregular. 
Petals  2-6,  usually  laciniate  or  dentate.  Stamens  hypog- 
ynous,  3-40,  borne  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  or  on  a  dilat- 
ed nectariferous  and  oblique  disk,  declined  or  unilateral. 
Ovary  1,  composed  of  3-6  carpels,  at  least  the  tips  dis- 
tinct ;  ovules  many.  Fruit  capsular.  Seeds  reniform  ; 
endosperm  none  ;  cotyledons  incumbent. 

Petals  4;  disk  present.  1.  RESEDA. 

Petals  2;  disk  wanting.  2.  OI.IGOMERIS. 

1.  RESEDA  L. 

Erect  or  decumbent  herbs  with  entire,  lobed  or  pinnat- 
ifid  leaves  and  small  spicate  or  narrowly  racemose 
flowers.  Petals  4-7,  toothed  or  cleft.  Disk  cup-shaped, 
glandular.  Stamens  8-30,  inserted  on  the  inner  surface 
of  the  disk  and  on  one  side  of  the  flower.  Capsule  3-6- 
lobed,  horned  at  the  top  before  maturity. 

1.  B.  lutea  L.  Ascending  or  decumbent,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent with  short  stiff  hairs  or  nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  5-10  cm. 
long,  broadly  ovate  or  oblong,  deeply  lobed  or  divided,  some- 
times pinnatifid ;  segments  linear-oblong  with  undulate  margins ; 
flowers  in  narrow  racemes,  4-6  mm.  broad,  greenish  yellow; 
pedicels  ascending,  about  4  mm.  long  in  fruit;  petals  6  or  5,  all 
but  the  lowest  irregularly  cleft;  sepals  of  the  same  number;  cap- 
sule oblong,  about  8  mm.  long,  with  3  or  rarely  4  short  teeth. 

An  occasional  escape  from  gardens. 

2.  OLIGOMEBIS. 

Low  glaucous  chiefly  annuals  with  linear  and  entire 
leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 
Stamens  usually  4.  Petals  2,  posterior,  free  or  united  at 
the  base,  entire  or  2-3-lobed,  persistent.  Disk  none. 


Crassulaceae  183 

Stamens    3-10.      Ovary   4-angled,    4-beaked.      Capsule 
4-sulcate,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  summit. 

1.  O.  glaucescens  Camb.  Annual  or  biennial;  15-30  cm. 
high,  branching  at  base,  the  branches  ascending;  leaves  often 
fascicled  and  somewhat  fleshy,  1-2  cm.  long;  spikes  elongated 
terminal,  the  stem-like  branches  bracteate,  densely  flowered; 
petals  oblong,  obscurely  lobed,  posterior;  stamens  3,  posterior; 
capsule  depressed  globose,  3  mm.  in  diameter,  4-lobed,  4-cuspi- 
date ;  seeds  smooth . 

In  low  saline  places.  Portugese  Bend;  Elsinore;  also  at  San  Diego  and 
Tia  Juana.  April-May. 

Family  38.    CRASSULACEAE.    STONE-CROP  FAMILY. 

Mostly  succulent  or  fleshy  herbs  with  cymose  or  rarely 
solitary,  regular  or  symmetrical  flowers.  Stipules  none. 
Calyx  persistent,  free  from  the  ovary  or  ovaries,  4— 5-cleft 
or  4-5-parted.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  calyx- 
lobes,  distinct  or  somewhat  united  below,  persistent. 
Stamens  of  the  same  number  or  twice  as  many  with  fili- 
form or  subulate  filaments  and  longitudinally  dehiscent 
anthers.  Receptacle  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  each 
carpel.  Carpels  eqUal  to  the  calyx-lobes  in  number, 
distinct  or  united  below,  with  subulate  or  filiform  styles 
and  numerous  ovules.  Follicles  membranous  or  coria- 
ceous, 1-celled,  dehiscent  along  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds 
minute  ;  embryo  terete,  imbedded  in  fleshy  endosperm. 
The  descriptions  of  most  of  the  species  and  genera  are 
adopted  from  Britton  and  Rose's  recent  article,  "  New  or 
Noteworthy  North  American  Crassulaceae,"  Bui.  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Gard.  3:1-45.  1903. 

Plants  not  minute. 

Petals  spreading,  distinct  at  base;  leaves  not  linear.  1.  SEDUM. 
Petals  spreading,  yellow,  slightly  united  at  base;  leaves  linear;  peren- 
nials by  conns.  2.  HASSEANTHUS. 
Petals  spreading,  united  at  base;  leaves  narrow;  perennials  by  root- 
stocks.  3.  STYLOPHYLLUM. 
Petals  erect,  united  at  base;  carpels  erect.  4.  DUDLEYA. 
Plants  minute,  succulent.                                                     5.  TILLAEA. 


184  Crassulaceae 

1.  SEDUM  L. 

Fleshy  mostly  glabrous  erect  or  decumbent  herbs 
with  mostly  alternate  entire  or  dentate  leaves  and  per- 
fect flowers  in  terminal  often  1-sided  cymes.  Calyx 
4-5-lobed.  Petals  4-5,  distinct.  Stamens  8-10,  perigy- 
nous,  the  alternate  ones  usually  attached  to  the  petals, 
their  filaments  filiform  or  subulate.  Scales  of  the  recep- 
tacle entire  or  emarginate.  Carpels  distinct  or  united 
at  the  base  ;  styles  short. 

1.  S.  obtusatum  Gray.      Glaucous  and  often  mealy,  from  a 
branched  rooting  caudex,   10-15  cm.  high,  simple;   leaves  very 
thick,  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  15-20  mm.  long ;  cymes  of  rather 
numerous  scattered   branches;   pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;    petals 
oblong-lanceolate  or  obovate,  acute,  pale  yellow,  6-8  mm.  long, 
little  exceeding  the  stamens  and  style ;  calyx  broadly  campanu- 
late,  sepals  3-4  mm.  long,  broad,  obtuseish. 

Mount  Disappointment,  Davidson, 

2.  S.  spathulifolium  Hook.     Similar  in  habit  to  the  last,  but 
the  cyme  approximate;   pedicels  shorter  or  the  flowers  sessile; 
sepals  3  mm.  long,  ovate,  acute;  petals  yellow,  lanceolate,  acute, 
6-8  mm.  long,  scarcely  exceeding  the  stamens  and  style. 

Lytle  Creek  Canyon  near  the  falls. 

2.  HASSEANTHUS  Rose. 

Stems  several,  arising  from  small  globose  or  oblong 
corms.  Basal  leaves  linear,  terete,  narrowed  below  into 
flattened  petioles  ;  stem-leaves  narrowly  ovate,  turgid 
but  somewhat  flattened.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla-seg- 
ments united  at  base  into  a  short  tube,  yellow  or 
white  changing  to  purple.  Carpels  5,  united  at  base, 
widely  spreading. 

1.  H.  elongatus  Rose.  Stems  slender,  10-15  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
linear,  elongated,  not  at  all  variegated ;  cyme  branches  simple, 
widely  spreading,  2-4  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  oblong;  corolla 
bright  yellow. 

Described  from  specimens  collected  in  the  San  Joaquin  Hills  by  the 
author.  What  seems  to  be  the  same  has  also  been  collected  in  the  Santa 
Ana  Mountains  by  Helen  D.  Geis. 


Stone-crop  Family  185 

2.  H.  multicaulis  Rose.  Perennial  by  an  oblong  corm,  2-3 
cm.  long;  stems  2-5.,  rather  stout,  1-1.5  cm.  high,  variegated, 
glabrous,  not  at  all  glaucous;  basal  leaves  3-4  cm.  long,  terete, 
acute;  stem  leaves  1-2.5  cm.  long,  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, turgid  or  somewhat  flattened ;  inflorescence  of  several 
secund,  many-flowered  racemes;  flowers  subsessile;  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  obtuse;  flower-buds  pinkish,  obtuse;  corolla-lobes  widely 
spreading  above  the  middle,  pale  yellow,  tinged  with  red,  7-8 
mm.  long,  slightly  united  at  base. 

Described  from  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Hasse  on  sterile  clay  bluffs 
near  Santa  Monica. 

3.  STYLOPHYLLUM  Britton  &  Rose. 

Perennials  with  more  or  less  branched  rootstocks  ; 
basal  leaves  linear  elongated  or  flattened  but  always  nar- 
row, sometimes  abruptly  widened  below  into  a  broad  clasp- 
ing base  ;  flowering  stems  with  long  sessile  leaves  not 
clasping  at  base.  Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate,  equal  and 
small.  Corolla  campanulate,  not  angled,  white,  red  or 
yellowish,  its  lobes  broad,  thin  and  spreading,  united  below 
into  a  tube.  Stamens  10,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube.  Car- 
pels 5,  united  below,  generally  spreading. 

1.  S.  insulare  Rose.    Stems  very  thick  and  woody,  6-8  cm. 
in  diameter,  crowned  by  a  rosette  of  spreading  leaves,  the  old 
leaves  somewhat  persistent;    leaves  10-15  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm. 
broad  above  the  base,  2  cm.  broad  at  base,  fleshy,  much  flattened 
except  toward  the  apex,  acute,  more  or  less  glaucous,  especially 
when  young;   flowering  branch  stout,  purplish,  3-4  dm.  long; 
inflorescence  paniculately  branched ;    primary  branches   short, 
nearly  equal,  2-3-dichotomous,  the  ultimate  branches  short  and 
few-flowered;  calyx  3  mm.  long,  its  lobes  twice  as  long  as  the 
tube,  ovate,  acute;  corolla  7  mm.  long,  reddish,  somewhat  cam- 
panulate, its  tube  about  the  length  of  the  carpels ;  carpels  united 
at  base,  widely  spreading. 

Described  from  specimens  collected  on  Catalina  Island  by  Blanche  Trask. 

2.  S.  Hassei  Rose.    Caudex  elongated,  sometimes  about  3  dm. 
long,  2-3  cm.  in  diameter,  somewhat  branching,  covered  with 
the  old  persistent  leaves,  crowned  with  a  dense  erect  rosette; 


186  Crassulaceae 

leaves  very  glaucous,  linear,  not  tapering,  except  toward  the 
apex,  10  cm.  long  or  less,  1  cm.  wide  or  less,  somewhat  flattened 
below,  terete  above,  flowering  stems  weak,  their  primary  branches 
1-2-dichotomous,  the  ultimate  branches  slender  and  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx  widely  spreading  in  age. 

Described  from  specimens  collected  on  Catalina  Island  by  Dr.  Hasse. 

3.  S.  densiflorum  Rose.  Glaucous  throughout  from  more  or 
less  branching  rootstocks ;  leaves  numerous,  erect,  nearly  terete, 
acute,  6-12  cm.  long;  flowering  branches  slender  and  weak; 
inflorescence  a  rather  dense  compact  cyme,  its  ultimate  branches 
rather  short,  4-8-flowered;  pedicels  short,  1-3  mm.  long;  calyx 
2  mm.  long,  its  lobes  twice  as  long  as  its  tube,  broadly  ovate  to 
orbicular,  obtuse;  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  6  mm.  long,  its  seg- 
ments spreading,  distinct  nearly  to  the  base.  (Cotyledon  nudi- 
caule  Abrams.) 

Frequent  on  rocky  cliffs  in  the  San  Gabriel  Canyon. 

4.  DUDLEYA  Britton  &  Rose. 

Caulescent  or  acaulescent  perennials  with  flat  linear 
to  ovate  basal  leaves  and  yellow,  orange,  red  or  rarely 
white  flowers,  mostly  in  panicles.  Leaves  of  the  flower- 
ing branches  usually  much  shorter  and  relatively  broader 
than  the  basal  ones,  sessile  or  clasping.  Calyx  conspicu- 
ous, 5-lobed,  the  lobes  erect,  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate, 
obtuse  to  acuminate.  Corolla  nearly  cylindric,  or  some- 
what angled,  the  segments  united  below  the  middle, 
erect,  or  their  tips  somewhat  spreading,  obtuse  to  acumi- 
nate. Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  dis- 
tinct. Carpels  erect,  many-seeded.  (Cotyledon  in  part.) 

*  Leaves  spatulate  to  ovate,  rather  thin. 

1.  D.  pulverulenta  (Nutt.)  B.  &  R.  Densely  white-mealy 
throughout ;  caudex  short  and  very  stout ;  rosulate  leaves  rather 
thin  and  flaccid,  in  a  flattened  large  rosette,  broadly  spatulate, 
abruptly  acute,  5-10  cm.  long;  scapes  4  dm.  high  or  more,  stout 
with  broadly  cordate  rather  numerous  acute  leaves,  the  lower 
sometimes  ovate,  acuminate;  inflorescence  of  2-6  elongated  simple 
racemes;  pedicels  mostly  horizontal,  slender,  6-15  mm.  long; 


Stone-crop  Family  187 

flowers  erect  or  ascending;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  4-6  mm.  long; 
corolla  somewhat  contracted  above,  reddish,  about  14  mm.  long, 
petals  carinate  with  a  prominent  mealy-glaucous  midvein.  (Coty- 
ledon pulverulenta  Benth.  &  Hook.) 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  on  rocky  slopes  in  all  our  mountains. 
July-August. 

2.  D.  minor  Rose.     Acaulescent,  or  very  old  plants  with  a 
carrot-shaped  rootstock  5  cm.  long,  crowned  by  a  small  rosette 
of  spreading  leaves ;  leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  the  large  ones  5-7 
cm.  long,  narrowed  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate,  glaucous ;  in- 
florescence slender,  with  a  few  elongated  1-sided  racemes;  pedi- 
cels slender,  10-15  mm.  long;  calyx  5-7  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  yellow  or  pale  orange,  12  mm. 
long,  its  tube  2  mm.  long. 

Originally  described  from  plants  collected  by  Dr.  Hasse  in  the  San 
Gabriel  Canyon,  altitude  about  2000  feet.  Wilson's  trail,  altitude  2500  feet, 
on  rocky  banks 

3.  D.  ovatifolia  Britton.     Glabrous,  low,  green,  1.5  dm.  high 
or  less;  flowering  stems  rigid  ;  basal  leaves  ovate,  shining  above, 
acute,  about  2  cm.  long;  leaves  of  the  flowering  stems  ovate,  or 
the  lower  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute,  5-8  mm. 
long;  cymes  few-flowered;  pedicels  very  slender,  1  cm.  long  or 
less;  flowers  about  1  cm.  long;  calyx  segments  triangular-ovate- 
lanceolate,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla- tube ; 
corolla  bright  yellow,  its  segments  lanceolate,  acute. 

Described  from  specimens  collected  in  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains  by 
H.  M.  Hall. 

**  Leaves  rather  thick,  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear  or  strap-shaped. 

4.  D.  Brauntoni  Rose.      Csespitose,  the  rootstocks  crowned 
by  6-8  rosettes  of  leaves;  leaves  elongated,  strap-shaped,  becom- 
ing 20  cm.  long  and  2  cm.  broad,  but  often  at  flowering  time  only 
10  cm.  long  and  1  cm.  broad,  pale  green  and  very  glaucous  on  the 
face,  acute;    flowering  stems  usually  stout,  3-6  dm.  long,  pale 
green,  their  lower  leaves  often  quite  large,  the  upper  ones  ovate, 
acute,  thickish,  slightly  cordate  at  base;   inflorescence  at  first 
somewhat  compact,  of  3-4  branches,  these  finally  much  elongated, 
1-2  dm.  long;  pedicels  very  short,  1-3  mm.  long,  not  elongated 
in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate,  4-5  mm.  long,  acute;   seg- 
ments of  corolla  pale  greenish  yellow,  10-12  mm.  long,  erect. 

Described  from  plants  collected  by  Ernest  Braunton  on  Elysian  Hills, 
Los  Angeles. 


188  Saxifragaceae 

5.  D.  elongata  Rose.      Stems  elongated,  at  length  2-4  dm. 
long,  simple  or  branched ;  leaves  nearly  linear,  broadest  near  the 
base,  very  glaucous,  4-8  cm.  long,  9  mm.  wide  or  less,  acute  to 
acuminate;    flowering  stems  leafless   below,   leafy  above;    the 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  cordate,  1  cm.  long  or  less;    inflorescence 
cymose-paniculate ;  pedicels  very  short,  1-2  mm.  long;    calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  4  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla 
12  mm.  long,  at  first  reddish  yellow,  in  age  deep  red. 

Along  the  coast.  Described  from  specimens  from  near  San  Pedro,  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Hasse. 

6.  D.  lurida  Rose.    Acaulescent;  basal  leaves  ascending  or 
nearly  erect,   very  numerous,   not  at  all  glaucous  at  flowering 
time,  at  last  deeply  bronzed,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  10-15  cm. 
long,  10-22  mm.  broad  at  the  middle,  fleshy  but  not  very  thick; 
flowering  stems  stout,  purplish,  4-5  dm.  tall,  their  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  8-12  mm.  long,  rather  slender;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute, 
5-6  mm.  long,  reddish ;  corolla  reddish,  12-15  mm.  long,  the  seg- 
ments erect,  acute. 

Frequent  in  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains  and  Verdugo  Hills. 

5.  TILLAEA. 

Minute  somewhat  succulent  and  glabrous  herbs  with 
opposite  entire  leaves  and  minute  axillary  mostly  white 
flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  3-5,  distinct  or  united  at  the 
base.  Stamens  as  many.  Carpels  as  many,  distinct ; 
styles  short-subulate ;  ovules  1-many.  Seeds  striate 
longitudinally. 

1.  T.  minima  Miess.  Diffusely  branched,  2-6  cm.  high,  erect 
or  ascending;  leaves  about  2  mm.  long,  ovate,  acute,  connate  at 
base ;  flowers  in  short  leafy  axillary  panicles ;  sepals  4,  scarcely 
1  mm.  long,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  slightly  exceeding  the  linear- 
lanceolate  acuminate  petals ;  carpels  of  about  the  same  length, 
acute ;  seeds  usually  solitary. 

Common  on  sandy  ground  throughout  the  valley  region. 

Family  39.  SAXIFRAGACEAE.     SAXIFRAGE 
FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  opposite  or  basal, 
chiefly  exstipulate  leaves  and  mostly  perfect  solitary, 


Saxifrage  Family  189  , 

racemose,  cymose  or  paniculate  flowers.  Calyx  4-5-lobed 
or  4-5-parted,  free  or  adnate  to  the  ovary,  usually  per- 
sistent. Petals  4-5,  perigynous.  Stamens  equaling  the 
petals  in  number  or  twice  as  many,  perigynous.  Car- 
pels 1-several,  more  or  less  united  into  a  compound  super- 
ior or  inferior  ovary  ;  styles  distinct  or  united.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  follicle  or  berry.  Seeds  usually  numerous  ;  en- 
dosperm generally  copious,  fleshy  ;  embryo  small,  terete. 

Herbs. 

Ovary  with  2,  rarely  more,  cells. 

Stamens  5.  1.  THEROFON. 

Stamens  10.  2.  SAXirRAGA. 

Ovary  1-celled. 

Stamens  5.  3.  HEUCHERA. 

Stamens  10.  4.  LITHOPHRAGMA. 

Shrubs.  5.  RIBES. 

1.  THEBOFON  Raf. 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  leafy 
stems.  Leaves  alternate,  round-reniform,  palmately 
lobed  and  incised  or  toothed  with  callous  glandular  tips  ; 
petiole  mostly  with  a  stipular  dilation  at  base.  Flowers 
white,  paniculate  or  in  corymbose-cymes.  Calyx  5-lobed, 
the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  length  globular  or 
ovate.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  short,  alternating 
with  the  petals ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2-celled. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent  down  the  styliferous  beaks. 
Seeds  ovoid,  minutely  papillose. 

1.  T.  elatum  (Nutt.)  Greene.     Slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  glabrous 
or  somewhat  glandular-pubescent,  the  dilated  bases  of  the  peti- 
oles with  brown  bristly  hairs,  otherwise  smooth  or  nearly  so; 
leaves  thin  membranous,  5-7  cm.  broad,  deeply  5-7-lobed;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate-triangular,  often  slightly  toothed  above;    tube 
oval,  urceolate  in  fruit;  petals  cuneate-elliptic,  obtuse,  3.5  mrn. 
long,  much  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes;  claw  very  short.     (Boy- 
kinia  occidentalis  T.  &  G.) 

Topango  Canyon,  Davidson. 

2.  T.  rotundifolium  (Parry)  Wheelock.     Stem  villous-pubes- 
cent  and  glandular,  4-8  dm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  5-10  cm.  broad, 


190  Saxifragaceae 

crenately  incised  and  toothed,  thin,  nearly  glabrous  above,  peti- 
oles densely  villous,  the  slightly  dilated  base  with  brown  bristly 
hairs;  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal;  flowers  short-pedicelled, 
secund  on  the  few  elongated  branches ;  calyx  campanulate,  be- 
coming broadly  urceolate  in  fruit,  its  lobes  entire,  acute;  petals 
2-2.5  mm.  long,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes,  spatulate ; 
the  claw  twice  as  long  as  the  rounded  blade.  (Boykinia  rotundi- 
folia  Parry.) 

Frequent  in  canyons  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  2500-4500  feet  altitude. 
May-July. 

2.  SAXIFBAGA  L.     SAXIFRAGE. 

Stemless  or  short-stemmed  herbs  with  alternate  or 
mostly  basal  leaves  and  corymbose,  paniculate  or  rarely 
solitary  small  flowers.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  5-parted,  its 
tube  free  or  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
equal,  entire.  Stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals  ;  fila- 
ments filiform  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Carpels  2  or  rarely  3, 
distinct  or  more  or  less  united  into  a  2-celled  ovary ; 
styles  distinct,  persistent,  at  length  divergent.  Fruit  of  2 
follicles  or  a  2-lobed  or  2-beaked  capsule,  dehiscent  down 
the  beaks  or  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  smooth. 

1.  S.  California  Greene.  Scape  15-45  cm.  high;  leaves  few, 
rather  thick,  reddish  veined,  sparsely  glandular-villous,  oval, 
oblong  or  elliptic,  25-50  mm.  long,  coarsely  crenate  to  repand- 
denticulate;  petioles  rather  broad,  12-25  mm.  long;  inflores- 
cence cymose-paniculate ;  calyx  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  its 
segments  reflexed ;  petals  oblong,  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
white  or  rose-tinted  ;  filaments  subulate,  inserted  under  the  edge 
of  an  elevated  perigynous  disk. 

Arroyo  Seco,  McOlatchie;  near  Glendale,  Davidson. 

3.  HEUCHEBA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  with  stout  rootstocks,  mostly  basal 
long-petioled  rounded  usually  cordate  leaves,  and  slen- 
der scapes.  Inflorescence  in  ours  paniculate,  bracteate, 
bearing  small  mostly  purple  flowers.  Calyx  campanu- 


Saxifrage  Family  191 

late  or  in  fruit  somewhat  urceolate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
obtuse  and  sometimes  unequal,  the  tube  coherent  with 
lower  half  of  the  ovary.  Petals  unguiculate,  small,  en- 
tire, inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  ex- 
serted  or  included  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  and  cap- 
sule 1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  more  or  less 
2-beaked,  the  beaks  tapering  into  the  slender  styles, 
dehiscent  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  numerous,  minute, 
papillose. 

1.  H.  elegans  Abrams.  Scape  25-35  cm.  high,  villous-hirsute; 
leaves  thickisb,  round-cordate,  1-2  cm.  broad,  crenately  lobed 
and  toothed,  the  margins  ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous;  petioles 
2-2.5  cm.  long,  villous;  stipules  scarious,  the  free  portion  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  2-3  mm.  long,  ciliate  with  long  slender  hairs ; 
panicles  14-18  cm.  long,  villous-pubescent  throughout  and  some- 
what glandular,  its  branches  cymose,  3  cm.  long,  usually  9-flow- 
ered,  the  uppermost  becoming  reduced ;  bracts  subtending  the 
branches  about  4  mm.  long,  lacerate,  those  subtending  the 
pedicels  similar  but  somewhat  reduced  ;  calyx  pink,  villoua,  8-10 
mm.  long,  narrowly  campanulate,  its  lobes  narrowly  oblong, 
about  3  mm.  long;  petals  white,  lanceolate-spatulate,  5-6  mm. 
long,  narrowed  below  to  a  slender  claw ;  stamens  included. 

Frequent  in  rocky  places  in  the  higher  altitudes  of  the  chapparal  belt. 
Mount  Gleason;  Mount  Lowe;  Mount  Wilson. 

4.  LITHOPHRAGMA  T.  &  G. 

Slender  perennial  herbs  from  mostly  grumous  roots, 
with  chiefly  basal  round-cordate  toothed  or  lobed  leaves, 
their  petioles  stipuliform  at  base,  cauline  few  on  the 
simple  stems.  Flowers  few  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme. 
Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-lobed,  free  from  the 
ovary  or  more  or  less  adnate  to  it.  Petals  5,  exserted, 
3-7-lobed  or  sometimes  entire.  Stamens  10,  included  ; 
anthers  cordate.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placen- 
tas ;  styles  3,  short.  Fruit  a  3-valved,  many-seeded  cap- 
sule. 


192  Saxifragaceae 

1.  L.  affinis  Gray.  Stems  1  or  several,  15-40  cm.  high,  sca- 
brous-hirsute; basal  leaves  few,  round-reniform,  slightly  lobed, 
2-3  cm.  broad;  cauline  3-lobed  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  coarsely 
toothed ;  calyx  5  mm.  long,  turbinate,  the  tube  more  or  less  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary;  pedicels  about  equaling  or  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  calyx ;  lower  petals  8-10  mm.  long,  3-toothed,  the  upper 
slightly  smaller,  entire;  seeds  faintly  striate-pitted  or  almost 
smooth. 

Occasional  on  shady  banks  in  the  foothills,  below  4000  feet  altitude. 
March-May. 

5.  BIBES  L. 

Erect  branching  shrubs  with  alternate  palmately 
lobed,  often  resinous-glandular  or  viscid  leaves.  Stipules 
when  present  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Flowers  racemose, 
rarely  solitary  on  1-2-leaved  axillary  shoots  ;  pedicels 
subtended  by  a  bract  and  usually  bearing  2  bractlets  at 
about  the  middle.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  globose 
ovary  and  more  or  less  produced  above  it.  Petals  5  or 
rarely  4,  erect,  mostly  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes. 
Stamens  equaling  the  petals  in  number  and  alternate 
with  them.  Ovary  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae  ; 
styles  2,  more  or  less  united  ;  stigmas  terminal.  Fruit  a 
berry,  crowned  with  the  withered  remains  of  the  flower. 

*  Thornless.    CURRANT. 

-*-  Flowers  yellow;  leaves  convolute  in  bud. 

1.  R.  tenuiflorum  Lindl.     Shrub,  1-3   in.  high,    nearly   gla- 
brous, glandless ;  leaves  light  green,  3-5-lobed  at  apex,  not  cor- 
date ;  racemes  many-flowered ;  bracts  green,  conspicuous  ;  flowers 
bright  yellow;  calyx  salver-shaped,  tube  1  cm.  longer  more;  lobes 
oval,  %  as  long  as  the  tube ;  berry  glabrous,  amber  color.  • 

Eaton's  Wash,  near  Sierra  Madre.    February-March. 

•*-  •*-  Flowers  not  yellow;  leaves  plaited  in  the  bud. 

2.  K.  xnalvaceum  viridifoliuxn  Abrams.     Shrub  1-2  in.  high, 
the  young  branches    short-pubescent  and  more  or  less  densely 
glandular  with   stalked  glands;    leaves  rather  thick,  3-7  cm. 


Saxifrage  Family  193 

broad,  slightly  or  not  at  all  rugose,  minutely  scabrous  and  some- 
what glandular  with  sessile  glands  above,  pale  and  glandular- 
pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  beset  with  stalked  glands  and  more 
or  less  puberulent;  inflorescence  glandular-pubescent,  racemes 
rather  long-peduncled,  drooping,  many-flowered ;  bracts  ovate,  1 
cm.  long,  ciliate-toothed  above ;  pedicels  3-4  mm.  long ;  calyx  rose- 
colored  below,  becoming  nearly  white  above,  its  tube  cylindric, 
pubescent  within,  12  mm.  long;  its  lobes  broadly  ovate,  rounded 
at  apex,  4-5  mm.  long;  petals  rounded,  2  mm.  broad;  anthers 
nearly  sessile,  2  mm.  long;  style  pubescent;  berries  becoming 
reflexed  at  maturity,  on  short  pedicels,  pubescent  and  rather 
sparsely  beset  with  coarse  gland-tipped  hairs,  purplish.  1  cm. 
long. 

Occasional  in  the  Santa  Monica  and  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  below  4000 
feet  altitude.    March-April. 

3.  B.  Nevadense   Kell.     Rather   slender,   loosely   branching 
shrub,  1-2  in.  high,  older  bark  flaky  deciduous;  leaves  5-10  cm. 
broad,  thin,  not , rugose,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above,  paler 
beneath  and  sparsely  pubescent ;  stipular  base  of  petiole  ciliate- 
margined  with  long  coarse  plumose  hairs ;  racemes  rather  short 
and  dense,  on  rather   long  pendulous  peduncles ;   flowers  rose- 
colored  ;  calyx-tube  urceolate,  3mm.  long,  lobes  spreading,  about 
equaling  the  tube;  berry  small,  globose,  glabrous,  black. 

Strain's  Camp,  Mount  Wilson.    Frequent  along  streams  in  the  San  An- 
tonio and  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  in  the  pine  belt.    May. 

**  Thorny.     GOOSEBERRY. 
•*-  Flowers  5-merous. 

4.  B.  divaricatum  Dougl.     Shrub,  1-2.5  m.  high,  spreading, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  thorns  single  or  sometimes  triple;  leaves 
roundish,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  incisely  toothed ;  peduncles  slender, 
elongated,  drooping,  3-9-flowered;  pedicels  with  broad  bract  at 
base;  calyx  green  without,  purplish  within,  5-7  mm.  long;  tube 
short,  campanulate,  much  exceeded  by  the  oblong  lobes;  petals 
white,   fan-shaped,   margins  convolute;   filiform  filaments  and 
style  much  exserted ;  berry  small,  glabrous,  black. 

Oak  Knoll,  near  Pasadena,  McClatchie.    March. 

5.  B.  amarum  McClatchie.     Shrub,   1-3  m.  high,  the  rigid 
stems  and  branches  beset  with  yellow-brown  commonly  triple 
spines,  often  hispid;   leaves  inflorescence  and  young  branches 


194  Platanaceae 

glandular-hirsute;  leaves  thin,  1-4  cm.  broad,  3-5-lobed  and 
incised ;  peduncles  1-2-flowered ;  bracts  round-ovate,  usually 
3-lobed,  6  mm.  long;  calyx-tube  oblong-campanulate,  6  mm. 
long;  lobes  reflexed,  6  mm.  long,  purplish  red;  petals  pinkish 
white,  rounded,  erose-toothed  at  summit;  stamens  equaling  or 
slightly  exceeding  the  petals;  anthers  sagittate,  mucronate, 
purplish;  berry  12-20  mm.  broad,  densely  covered  with  glandu- 
lar bristles. 

Frequent  on  shaded  slopes  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains  below  4000  feet 
altitude.    February-March. 

6.  R.  hesperium   McClatchie.     Shrub,   1.5-3   m.  high,   with 
spreading  branches ;  stems  smooth,  beset  with  dark-colored  com- 
monly single  spines ;   inflorescence  and  young  branches  puberu- 
lent;  leaves  thin,  12-20  mm.  broad,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  incised; 
peduncles  1-2-flowered;   bracts  broad,  fan-shaped  with  ciliated 
membranous  pink   margins;    calyx-tube  campanulate,   slightly 
inflated,  about  2  mm.  long,  lobes  greenish-red,  6-8  mm.  long, 
petals  cuneate-oblong,  3-4  mm.  long,  2-3-toothed  at  summit  or 
entire;   filaments  4-6  mm.  long;   anthers   mucronate,  greenish ; 
berry  12-20  mm.  in  diameter,  densely  beset  with  rather  long 
spines. 

Common  in  the  Santa  Monica  and  San  Gabriel  Mountains  below  3000  feet 
altitude.    January-February. 

•*--«-  Flowers  4-fnerous. 

7.  R.  speciosum  Pursh.     Evergreen   shrub,   1.5-3  m.   high, 
with  leafy  red  bristly  branches ;  subaxillary  spines  3,  united  at 
base;  leaves  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  smooth  and  shining  above, 
rounded,  3-lobed,  lobes  short,  crenately  toothed;  peduncles  pen- 
dulous, 2-5-flowered;  flowers  bright  red,  drooping;  calyx  12-18 
mm.  long,  its  tube  short,  somewhat  inflated,  lobes  oblong,  not 
spreading ;  petals  about  %  the  length  of  the  calyx-lobes ;  filaments 
filiform,  much  exceeding  the  calyx;  anthers  small,  oval;  berry 
small,  densely  prickly. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills.    March-April. 

Family  40.  PLATANACEAE.     PLANE-TREE  FAMILY. 

Large    trees   with   thin    exfoliating    bark,    alternate 
petioled  palmately  lobed  leaves  and  small  green  monoe- 


Rosaceae  195 

cious  flowers  in  dense  globular  heads.  Receptacle  some- 
what fleshy.  Calyx  of  3-8  externally  minute  sepals. 
€orollas  of  as  many  thin  glabrous  petals.  Staminate 
flowers  with  stamens  as  many  as  sepals  and  opposite 
them  ;  filaments  short  ;  anthers  longitudinally  dehis- 
cent. Pistillate  flowers  with  2-8  distinct  pistils  ;  ovary 
linear,  1-celled  ;  style  elongated  ;  stigma  lateral.  Fruit 
.a  dense  head,  composed  of  numerous  narrowly  obpyra- 
midal  nutlets  which  are  densely  pubescent  below  with 
long  hairs  ;  seed  pendulous  ;  endosperm  thin  ;  cotyle- 
dons linear. 

1.  PLATANUS  L.     PLANE-TREE  or  SYCAMORE. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  P.  racemosa  Nutt.  A  large  widely  branching  tree,  10-25 
m.  high;  leaves  stellate-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brate,  10-15  cm.  broad  and  scarcely  as  long,  mostly  5-lobed,  trun- 
cate or  somewhat  cordate  at  base ;  lobes  acute,  the  lower  smaller, 
bluntly  cuspidate  at  the  ends  of  the  veins ;  petioles  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  stipules  larger  on  young  twigs;  staminate  heads 
.several ;  pistillate  heads  3-5. 

Common  along  all  the  streams,  mostly  below  3000  feet  altitude.    March. 

Family  41.  ROSACEAE.     ROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  mostly  stipulate 
leaves  and  regular  flowers.  Calyx  free  from  or  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  usually  5-lobed,  sometimes  bracteolate.  Pet- 
als distinct,  equal  in  number  to  the  calyx-lobes  or  none. 
Stamens  usually  numerous,  inserted  on  the  calyx  ;  an- 
thers 2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent  or  rarely  by 
pores.  Carpels  1-many,  distinct  or  united.  Ovary 
1-several-celled.  Seeds  1  or  fewr  in  each  cell,  anatropous  ; 
•endosperm  present  or  wanting. 


196  Rosaceae 

Herbs. 

Petals  present. 

Styles  terminal;  ovules  pendulous. 

Petals  yellow.  4.  POTENTILLA. 

Petals  white.  7.  HORKELIA. 

Styles  lateral;  ovules  ascending.  5.  ARGENTINA. 

Styles  nearly  basal.  6.  DBYMOCALLIS 

Petals  none;  pistil  1.  10.  ALCHEMILLA. 

Shrubs. 

Stems  unarmed. 

Fruit  a  pome.  2.  HETEROMELES. 

Fruit  an  achene  or  follicle. 

Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  fascicled.  8.  CERCOCARPUS. 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

Leaves  alternate,  toothed  or  lobed.  1.  HOLODISCUS. 

Leaves  fascicled,  entire,  minute.  9.  ADENOSTOMA. 

Fruit  a  cluster  of  drupelets,  berry-like.  3.  RUBUS. 

Fruit  a  drupe.  12.  PRDNUS. 

Stems  prickly. 

Calyx  not  fleshy ;  fruit  a  cluster  of  drupelets.          3.  RDBUS. 
Calyx  fleshy;  enclosing  the  achenes.  11.  ROSA. 

1.  HOLODISCUS  Maxim. 

Unarmed  shrubs  with  simple  toothed  or  lobed  exstipu- 
late  deciduous  leaves  and  terminal  panicles  of  numerous 
white  flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-clef t,  nearly  rotate.  Petals 
5,  rounded.  Stamens  20,  inserted  on  an  annular  perigynous 
disk.  Pistils  5,  distinct,  becoming  1-seeded  hairy  carpels, 
tardily  dehiscent  by  the  dorsal  suture  or  indehiscent. 

1.  H.  discolor  (Pursh)  Maxim.      Shrub,   1-2   m.   high;    the 
branches  short,  rigid  ;  bark  grayish  brown,  more  or  less  shreddy; 
leaves  ovate,  cuneately  narrowed  to  a  short  winged  petiole,  pin- 
nately  lobed  or  toothed  above  the  middle,  green  and  nearly  gla- 
brous above,  whitish  tomentose  beneath ;  panicles  erect,  branch- 
ing; carpels  hirsute.     (Spirea  discolor  Pursh.) 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

2.  H,   discolor  dumosus   (Nutt.)    Wats.      Lower  and  more 
compact;  panicle  smaller,  unbranched. 

Mount  San  Antonio  near  the  summit. 

2.  HETEBOMELES  Roem.     CHRISTMAS  BERRY. 

A  small  evergreen  tree  or  sometimes   shrubby,   with 
simple  coriaceous  toothed  leaves  and  terminal  corymbose 


Rose  Family  197 

panicles  of  small  white  flowers.  Calyx  turbinate,  5-parted, 
the  lobes  at  length  inflexed  over  the  carpels  and  becom- 
ing fleshy.  Petals  rounded,  concave.  Stamens  10  ;  fila- 
ments dilated  at  base  and  somewhat  connate.  Ovary 
2-3-celled,  4-6-ovuled  ;  styles  2-3.  Fruit  a  red  ovoid 
berry-like  pome ;  carpels  free  from  the  fleshy  calyx-tube 
above  the  middle. 

1.  H.  arbutifolia  (Poir.)  Roem.  Usually  3-6  m.  high,  nascent 
parts  tomentulose;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
5-10  cm.  long,  remotely  serrate  or  dentate,  dark  green  and  shin- 
ing; fruit  about  6  mm.  long. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt.    May-June. 

3.  BUBUS  L. 

Low  shrubs  or  trailing  vines,  usually  prickly,  with 
alternate  leaves,  the  stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles. 
Flowers  terminal  or  axillary,  solitary,  racemose  or  pani- 
cled,  white  or  purplish,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  persist- 
ent, bractless,  deeply  5-parted.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
many,  inserted  on  the  calyx,  distinct.  Carpels  many, 
inserted  on  a  convex  or  elongated  receptacle,  ripening 
into  drupelets  and  forming  an  aggregate  fruit.  Ovules  2, 
1  abortive  ;  style  terminal,  slender.  Seed  pendulous. 

*  Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed;  stems  unarmed. 

1.  B.  parviflorus  Nutt.  (SALMON  BERRY.)  Stems  erect,  1-2.5 
m.  high,  without  prickles;  bark  smooth  or  somewhat  glandular- 
pubescent,  becoming  brown  and  shreddy;  leaves  palmately 
5-lobed,  cordate  at  base,  unequally  serrate,  10-15  cm.  broad,  gla- 
brous, or  somewhat  tomentose  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  and 
peduncles  hirsute-glandular;  flowers  few,  corymbose,  white,  2-4 
cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  tipped  with  a  long  slender  appendage; 
fruit  separating  from  the  receptacle  when  ripe,  hemispheric, 
red.  (R.  Nutkanus  Mocino.) 

In  moist  shady  places  in  the  San  Antonio  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains 
in  the  pine  belt.  April-June. 


198  Rosaceae 

**  Leaves  3-5-foliate;  stems  prickly. 

2.  B.  leucodermis  Dougl.     (RASPBERRY.)     Stems    erect,    4-8 
dm.   high,   glaucous,   armed   with   stout,   straight    or    recurved 
prickles ;    leaves  3-foliate  or  rarely  5-foliate ;    leaflets  ovate  to 
lanceolate-acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  white  tomentose  beneath ; 
the  veins,   petioles  and   peduncles  prickly;   stipules  setaceous; 
flowers  few,  corymbose,  1  cm.  broad ;  sepals  lanceolate,  long  acu- 
minate, exceeding  the  petals ;  ovaries  tomentose ;  fruit  separat- 
ing from  the  receptacle  when  ripe,  yellowish  red  with  a  white 
bloom  and  agreeable  flavor. 

Occasional  in  all  our  mountains  in  the  pine  belt.    May-June. 

3.  B.  vitifolius  C.  &   S.     (BRAMBLE  or  BLACKBERRY.)    Stems 
woody,    weak    and    trailing    or    suberect,    somewhat  glaucous, 
armed  with  straight,  slender  prickles,  1-6  m.  long;  leaves  pin- 
nately  3-5-foliate  or  those  of  the  flowering  branches  only  deeply 
lobed;   leaflets  ovate  to  oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  glabrous  or 
more  or  less  pubescent ;  flowers  imperfect,  staminate  large  with 
elongated  petals ;   pistillate  small  with  broad  petals ;   fruit  per- 
sistent on  the  receptacle,  oblong,  black  and  sweet. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  valleys,  mostly  along  streams.  January- 
April. 

4.  POTENTIAL  A  L. 

Ours  perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs  with  digitately 
or  pinnately  compound  leaves  and  cymose  yellow  perfect 
flowers.  Calyx  persistent,  its  tube  concave  or  hemi- 
spheric, 5-bracteolate,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  mostly  obovate 
and  emarginate.  Stamens  commonly  20,  inserted  on 
an  annular  disk  very  near  the  base  of  the  receptacle  ; 
filaments  filiform  or  spatulate  but  not  flattened.  Pis- 
tils many,  becoming  dry  achenes  in  fruit,  inserted  on 
a  hemispheric  or  conic  receptacle  ;  style  terminal  or 
nearly  so,  deciduous  ;  ovules  pendulous,  anatropous. 

1.  P.  multijuga  Lehm.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  3-7  dm. 
high,  slightly  silky-strigose, more  or  less  leafy;  stipules  large,  1-2 
cm.  long,  ovate,  entire;  basal  leaves  numerous,  often  2-3  dm. 
long,  slightly  hairy  or  glabrate,  pinnate  with  6-13  pairs  of  leaflets  ; 
leaflets  obovate,  cuneate,  1-4  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed  above 


Rose  Family  199 

the  middle ;  cauline  leaves  smaller  and  with  fewer  leaflets  ;  flowers 
about  15  mm.  broad,  in  rather  narrow  cymes;  pedicels  slender; 
bractlets  oblong,  about  %  as  long  as  the  ovate  calyx-lobes ;  petals 
broadly  obcordate,  about  1/3  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  style 
filiform. 

Ballona,  Basse,    Apparently  a  rare  plant  not  otherwise  known. 

5.  ARGENTINA  Lam. 

Perennial  herbs  growing  in  damp  ground  and  spread- 
ing by  slender  runners,  with  thick  and  fascicled  roots 
and  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  borne  on  simple  pedicels 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  formed  on  the  runners, 
5-merous  and  with  5  bractlets.  Calyx  nearly  wheel- 
shaped.  Petals  yellow,  broadly  elliptic  to  nearly  orbicu- 
lar, obtuse.  Stamens  20-25,  inserted  closely  around  the 
base  of  the  receptacle  ;  filaments  filiform,  rather  short. 
Receptacle  hemispheric,  bearing  numerous  pistils,  these 
becoming  dry  achenes  in  fruit.  Style  filiform,  lateral, 
attached  at  the  middle  of  the  ovary,  somewhat  persist- 
ent. Seeds  ascending  and  amphitropous. 

1.  A.  Anserina  (L.)  Rydb.  Main  stem  inconspicuous,  pro- 
ducing many  long  runners ;  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  abruptly  pinnate 
with  9-31  larger  leaflets  and  with  smaller  ones  interposed,  usually 
prostrate,  slightly  silky  and  green  above,  white-silky  and  tomen- 
tose  beneath;  larger  leaflets  oblanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long,  deeply 
and  sharply  serrate;  flowers  1-2  cm.  broad,  on  pedicels  3-20  cm. 
long;  petals  much  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Rather  common  in  damp  ground  in  the  valleys.  Flowering  through  the 
summer.  (Potentilla  Anserina  L.) 

6.  DBYMOCALLIS  Tourr. 

Erect  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid  herbs  from 
perennial  rootstocks,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  cymose 
yellow  5-merous  bracteolate  flowers.  Calyx  saucer- 
shaped  or  hemispheric.  Petals  obovate,  elliptic  or  nearly 
orbicular,  obtuse.  Stamens  20-30  on  a  persistent  disk 


200  Rosaceae 

at  base  of  receptacle.  Receptacle  hemispheric  with 
numerous  pistils  which  become  dry  achenes.  Style 
basal,  slightly  thickened  and  glandular  below,  tapering 
at  both  ends  or  nearly  filiform,  rather  persistent.  Seed 
attached  near  the  base,  ascending,  orthotropous. 

1.  D.  glandulosa  (Lindl.)  Rydb.     Stem  erect,  3-6  dm.  high, 
rather  slender,  slightly  striate,  viscid  and  glandular  hairy  at 
least  above,  nearly  simple  below,  branched  above ;  lower  stipules 
lanceolate,  the  upper  ovate  and  usually  deeply  toothed;  basal 
leaves  petioled,  pinnate ;  leaflets  3-4  pairs,  sparingly  hairy,  nearly 
glabrous  above,  obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  simply  or  doubly  serrate 
with  broad  teeth,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  upper  generally  somewhat 
larger;  cauline  leaves  short  petioled,  with  1-3  pairs  of  leaflets; 
flowers  in  an  open  many-flowered  cyme,  10-15  mm.  broad  ;  bract- 
lets  linear-lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  or  obovate- 
lanceolate  acute  sepals ;  petals  obovate,  about  equaling  the  sepals, 
stamens  25.     (Potentilla  glandulosa  Lindl.) 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  all  our  mountains.  Ours  not  typical, 
having  usually  smaller  flowers  and  less  acute  sepals.  March-July. 

2.  D.   glandulosa  monticola  Eydb.      A  more  slender  and 
smaller  mountain  form   with   smaller  leaflets,  more  open  but 
smaller  cymes,  shorter  sepals,  pale  yellow  petals,  and  often  only 
20  stamens.     (Potentilla  glandulosa  Nevadensis  Wats.) 

Frequent  in  the  pine  belt  of  all  our  mountains.    May-August. 

7.  HORKELIA  Cham.  &  Sch. 

Perennial  herbs  with  a  thick  woody  caudex  or  root- 
stock  covered  with  brown  scales,  pinnate  leaves  and 
cymose  flowers.  Calyx  deeply  campanulate  to  saucer- 
shaped,  deeply  5-lobed,  with  5  bractlets  alternating  with 
the  lobes.  Petals  variable,  unguiculate,  white  or  rarely 
pale  yellow.  Stamens  5—20,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 
calyx-tube  and  remote  from  the  base  of  receptacle  ;  fila- 
ments dilated,  petaloid.  Receptacle  hemispheric  or 
conic  with  numerous  pistils.  Styles  long  and  slender, 
generally  thickened  and  somewhat  glandular  at  base, 
deciduous.  Ovules  and  seeds  pendulous,  anatropous. 


Rose  Family  201 

1.  H.  sericea  (Gray)  Rydb.     Stem  rather  stout,  3-6  dm.  high, 
silky-pubescent,  scarcely  glandular;  stipules  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
1-2  cm.  long,  often  toothed  ;  basal  leaves  numerous,  rather  short- 
petioled ;    leaflets  4-7   pairs,   rather  thick,   densely  and  finely 
silky-canescent,  obovate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  rather  coarsely  some- 
what crenately  toothed,  the  upper  confluent;  cauline  leaves  simi- 
lar but  smaller  with  2-5  pairs  of  leaflets;   cyme  rather  dense; 
calyx  cupulate  ;  bractlets  entire,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  lobes 
similar,  slightly  exceeding  the  bractlets ;  petals  white,  spatulate, 
5-6  mm.  long.     (H.  Californica  sericea  Gray.) 

Near  Port  Ballona,  not  otherwise  known  south  of  Santa  Barbara.  March- 
May. 

2.  H.  platycalyx  Rydb.     Stem  rather  stout,  3-10  dm.  high, 
glandular-pubescent,  often  tinged  with  red ;  stipules  ovate,  1-2 
cm.  long,  often  toothed  ;  basal  leaves  several,  more  or  lessglandu- 
lar-puberulent;  leaflets  5-7  pairs,  obovate,  crenate,  1-2  cm.  long; 
cauline  leaves  similar  but  with  fewer  leaflets ;   cyme  open  and 
branched  ;  pedicels  often  2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  15-20  mm.  broad; 
calyx-tube  saucer-shaped ;  bractlets  ovate,  slightly  exceeded  by 
the    ovate-triangular    calyx-lobes ;    petals  oblong  or  spatulate, 
exceeding  the  calyx-lobes  by  about  %. 

Occasional  in  the  dry  interior  valleys;  Claremont. 

3.  H.  puberula  (Greene)  Rydb.      Stems  mostly  several,  3-6 
dm.  high,  branched,  finely  glandular-puberulent,  leafy;  stipules 
obovate,  often  toothed;  basal   leaves  numerous,  puberulerit  or 
glabrate;  leaflets  5-8  pairs,  obovate  or  cuneate-oblong,  1-2.5  cm. 
long;  flowers  about  1  cm.  broad;  calyx-tube  cupulate;  bractlets 
broadly  lanceolate,  exceeded  by  the  ovate-lanceolate  calyx-lobes ; 
petals  oblong-spatulate,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills,  mostly  below  3000  feet  altitude.    March-May. 

8.  CEBCOCABPUS  H.  B.  K.     MOUNTAIN  MAHOGANY. 

Unarmed  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees  with  simple  stipu- 
late leaves  and  small  axillary  or  terminal  solitary  or 
somewhat  fascicled  apetalous  flowers.  Calyx  salver- 
shaped,  the  5-lobed  limb  deciduous.  Stamens  many,  in  2 
or  3  rows  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx.  Pistil  1  ;  style  ter- 
minal ;  ovule  solitary,  ascending.  Fruit  a  coriaceous 
terete  villous  achene,  included  in  the  elongated  calyx- 


202  Rosaceae 

tube,  caudate  with  the  elongated  plumose  twisted  style. 
Seed  linear  ;  endosperm  none. 

1.  C.  betulaefolius  Nutt.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  2-5  m.  high, 
with  rather  thin  flaky  gray  bark  and  spreading  or  somewhat 
recurved  branches;  leaves  thick,  obovate,  cuneate,  entire  below 
the  middle,  serrate  toothed  above,  sometimes  faintly  so,  distinctly 
veined  on  both  surfaces,  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  calyx 
open  campanulate,  6  mm.  broad,  the  tube  becoming  12-14  mm. 
long  in  fruit,  somewhat  contracted  above;  achene  coriaceous,  the 
plumose  style  about  7  cm.  long. 

Rather  common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains.  Flowering  in 
March  and  fruiting  in  July. 

9.  ADENOSTOMA  H.  &  A.     CHAMISO. 

Unarmed  evergreen  shrubs  with  small  coriaceous  en- 
tire fascicled  stipulate  leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in 
terminal  panicled  racemes.  Calyx  obconic,  5-toothed, 
10-striate.  Petals  5,  orbicular.  Stamens  10-15,  inserted 
in  bundles  alternate  with  the  petals.  Pistil  1,  simple  ; 
style  lateral  ;  ovary  1 -celled,  1— 2-ovuled.  Achene  en- 
closed by  the  hardened  persistent  calyx-tube. 

1.  A.  fasciculatum  H.  &  A.  Shrub  1-4  m.  high  with  reddish 
virgate  branches  and  grayish  bark,  becoming  shreddy;  stipules 
small,  acute,  leaves  fascicled,  linear-subulate,  4-8  mm.  long,  pun- 
gently  acute,  glabrous,  often  resinous ;  flowers  crowded,  sessile ; 
calyx  bracted  at  base,  green,  2  mm.  long,  its  lobes  shorter  than 
the  small  petals;  ovary  obliquely  truncate. 

Very  common  in  the  chaparral  belt.    April-June. 

10.  ALCHEMILLA  L.     LADY'S  MANTLE. 

Ours  small  annual  herbs  with  leafy  stems  and  minute 
green  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  palmately  lobed  leaves. 
Calyx-tube  urceolate,  its  limb  4-parted  with  alternat- 
ing minute  bractlets.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1  or  2, 
minute.  Pistils  1  or  2,  slender  ;  style  rising  from  near 


Rose  Family  203 

the  base  of   the  ovary  ;    ovule    1,    ascending.      Achene 
ovate,  compressed,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx. 

1.  A.  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Slender  simple  or  much  branched 
from  the  base,  4-10  cm.  high;  floriferous  and  hirsute  through- 
out; leaves  3-parted,  the  segments  2-3-cleft;  calyx-tube  much 
contracted  under  the  4-parted  limb. 

Occasional  in  shady  places  or  along  streams  in  the  foothills. 

11.  ROSA  L.     ROSE. 

Prickly  shrubs  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  adnate  stipules 
and  large  solitary  or  corymbose  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
globose  or  urceolate ;  its  limb  5-parted  ;  bractlets  none. 
Petals  5,  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  many  on  the 
silky  disk,  which  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Pistils  many, 
included  in  the  calyx-tube,  but  free  and  distinct  ;  styles 
subterminal ;  ovules  solitary  pendulous.  Achene  bony, 
enclosed  in  the  fleshy  enlarged  red  berry-like  calyx-tube. 

1.  B.  Californica  C.  &  S.  Erect,  branching,  1-3  m.  high; 
prickles  few,  stout,  usually  recurved;  foliage  of  firm  texture, 
more  or  less  glandular  and  tomentose;  stipules  entire;  leaflets 
5-7,  ovate  or  oblong ;  serratures  mostly  simple,  spreading ;  corymb 
mostly  few-flowered;  pedicels  pubescent  and  glandular;  calyx- 
lobes  foliaceous-tipped ;  fruit  globose,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter; 
persistent  lobes  erect. 

Frequent  throughout  our  range  both  in  the  valleys  and  mountains. 
Flowering  often  nearly  the  year  round 

12.  PBUNUS  L.     CHERRY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  deciduous  or  evergreen 
usually  serrate  leaves  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers 
in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes  or  corymbs.  Calyx 
campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-cleft,  deciduous.  Petals  5, 
spreading.  Stamens  15-25,  inserted  with  the  petals. 
Ovary  solitary,  free  ;  style  terminal  ;  ovules  2,  pendu- 
lous. Fruit  a  more  or  less  fleshy  drupe  with  a  bony 
stone  ;  seeds  1  or  rarely  2. 


204  Leguminosae 

1.  P.    demissa  (Nutt.)   Walp.     Shrub,  1-4  m.   high;    leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  cordate  at 
base,  sharply  serrate,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  5-10  cm. 
long,  with  1  or  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade;   racemes  5, 
terminal,  7-10  cm.  long,  many-flowered;   drupe  globose,  red  or 
purple,  astringent;  stone  globose. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Antonio  Mountains  in  the 
upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  in  the  pine  belt. 

2.  P.  ilicifolia  (Nutt.)  Walp.    Shrubby  or  arborescent,  3-6  m. 
high,  bark  grayish  brown;  leaves  coriaceous,  glossy  above,  gla- 
brous throughout,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  spinose- 
toothed,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  on  short  petioles;  racemes  axillary,  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  leafless ;  flowers  small ;  drupe  1  cm.  long  or  more,  thick, 
slightly  obcompressed,  sweetish,  scarcely  astringent. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt.    May-June. 

Family  42.  LEGUMINOSAE.     PULSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  stipulate  com- 
pound or  rarely  entire  leaves  and  irregular  or  regular 
flowers.  Leaflets  mostly  entire,  the  upper  somtimes 
converted  into  tendrils.  Calyx  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-cleft, 
its  tube  exceeding  the  perigynous  disk,  which  bears  the 
petals  and  stamens.  Petals  4-5,  regular,  with  numerous 
stamens  or  more  commonly  5  and  irregular  ;  the  stand- 
ard superior  larger  and  external,  covering  in  the  bud 
the  2  lateral  ones  (wings),  these  covering  the  2  infer- 
ior pair  which  are  more  or  less  united  above,  forming 
the  keel.  Stamens  and  pistils  enclosed  in  the  keel.  Fila- 
ments 10,  9  commonly  united  below  into  a  sheath  about 
the  pistil  and  1  distinct  (diadelphous) ,  or  all  united 
(monadelphous) ,  or  distinct ;  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscent 
longitudinally.  Pistil  simple,  free,  becoming  a  legume 
in  fruit ;  ovules  few  or  many  on  the  single  parietal 
placenta  ;  style  usually  incurved.  Legume  1-celled, 
2-valved,  sometimes  falsely  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of 
the  placenta.  Endosperm  usually  wanting. 


Pulse  Family 


205 


Flowers  regular,  stamens  distinct.  1.  PROSOPIS. 

Flowers  irregular. 

Stamens  distinct;  shrub;  flowers  solitary,  purple.     2.  XYLOTHERMIA. 
Stamens  diadelphous  or  monodelphous. 

Leaves  palmately  5-1 1-foliate.  3.  LUPINUS. 

Leaves  3-foliate. 

Herbage  not  glandular-dotted. 
Herbs. 

Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes. 

Pods  spirally  coiled.  5.  MEDICAGO. 

Pods  small,  wrinkled.  6.  MELJLOTUS. 

Flowers  capitate.  7.  TRIFOLIUM. 

Shrub.  4.  CYTISUS. 

Herbage  glandular  dotted.  9.  PSORALEA. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  tendrils  wanting. 
Herbage  glandular-dotted. 

Shrub;  pods  not  prickly.  10.  AMORPHA. 

Perennial  herb;  pods  prickly.  12.  GLYCYRRBIZA. 

Herbage  not  glandular-dotted. 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes.  11.  ASTRAGALUS. 

Flowers  solitary  or  umbellate.  8.  LOTUS. 

Leaves  pinnate;  tendrils  present. 

Style  villous  all  around  at  apex.  13.  VICIA. 

Style  villous  on  l  side.  14.  LATHYRUS. 


1.  PROSOPIS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  often  armed  with  axillary  spines  or 
spinescent  stipules.  Leaves  bipinnate  with  1  or  2  pairs 
of  pinnae  and  usually  numerous  small  entire  leaflets. 
Flowers  greenish,  regular,  in  cylindric  or  globose  axillary 
pedunculate  spikes.  Calyx  campanulate,  the  teeth  very 
short  and  valvate.  Petals  5,  valvate.  united  below  the 
middle  or  at  length  free,  woolly  on  the  inner  side. 
Stamens  10,  free  and  exserted  ;  anthers  tipped  with  a 
deciduous  gland.  Ovary  villous  ;  style  filiform.  Pod 
linear  compressed  or  nearly  terete,  straight,  falcate  or 
twisted,  coriaceous  and  indehiscent,  usually  pulpy  with- 
in. Seeds  numerous,  ovate,  compressed. 

1.  P.  juliflora  (Swartz)  DC.  (ALGAROBAOF  MESQUIT.)  A  shrub 
or  small  tree,  much  branched,  the  branches  widely  spreading ; 
spines  axillary ;  petioles  glabrous  or  sparsely  puberulent ;  leaflets 
8-12  pairs,  the  pairs  about  1  cm.  distant,  linear,  12-15  mm.  long, 


206  Leguminosae 

2.5-4.5  mm.  wide,  sparsely  puberulent  at  least  on  the  margins ; 
spikes  nearly  sessile,  5-8  cm.  long,  usually  dense;  flowers  very 
short-pedicelled,  2  mm.  long;  pods  straight  or  slightly  falcate, 
only  1-3  developing,  10-15  cm.  long,  10-12  mm.  wide,  longitudi- 
nally veiny,  on  stipes  about  5mm.  long,  straw-colored  and  sweet- 
ish when  mature. 

River  bottoms  about  San  Bernardino.    Common  on  the  Colorado  Desert. 

2.  P.  pubescens  Benth.  (TORNILLA  or  SCREW-BEAN.)  A  shrub 
or  small  tree  resembling  the  last  in  habit,  more  or  less  puberulent ; 
stipules  spinescent;  leaflets  5-8  pairs,  the  pairs  3-5  mm.  distant, 
oblong,  5-8  mm.  long,  obtuse  at  apex;  spikes  on  peduncles  about 

1  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  long,  often  lax;  flowers  sessile,  3  mm.  long,, 
pods  usually   several-many  developing,  twisted  into  a  straight 
cylinder,  25-35  mm.  long,  about  5  mm.  broad,  on  stipes  less  than 

2  mm.  long. 

River  bottoms  about  San  Bernardino,  with  the  last. 

2.  XYLOTHEBMIA  Greene. 

A  rigid  much  branched  spinescent  shrub  with  small 
nearly  sessile  1-3-foliate  exstipulate  leaves  and  large 
solitary  subsessile  purple  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate, 
repandly  4-toothed.  Petals  equal  ;  standard  orbicular, 
the  sides  reflexed  ;  keel  petals  distinct,  oblong,  obtuse. 
Stamens  distinct.  Pod  linear,  compressed,  straight,  sev- 
eral-seeded. 

1.  X.  montaua  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Shrub  1-2  m.  high,  the 
branches  widely  spreading;  leaves  crowded;  leaflets  6-18  mm. 
long,  oblanceolate,  acute,  entire,  somewhat  silky-pubescent  when 
young;  flowers  near  the  ends  of  the  stiff  spinescent  branchlets, 
on  short  2-bracteolate  peduncles,  rose-colored  or  purple,  15-20 
mm.  long.  (Pickeringia  montana  Nutt.) 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range. 

3.  LUPINUS  L.     LUPINE. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  woody  plants,  with  pal- 
mately  5-15-foliate  leaves  and  adnate  mostly  inconspicu- 
ous stipules.  Leaflets  entire.  Flowers  in  terminal 


Pulse  Family  207 

racemes,  verticillate  or  scattered.  Calyx  deeply  bilabiate  ; 
upper  lip  notched  ;  lower  entire  or  sometimes  3-toothed 
or  3-cleft.  Standard  broad,  the  sides  reflexed  ;  wings 
united  above,  enclosing  the  incurved  beaked  keel.  Sta- 
mens monadelphous,  dimorphous ;  5  anthers  oblong, 
basifixed,  the  other  5  rounded,  versatile.  Stigma  bearded. 
Pod  2-valved,  compressed,  straight. 

*  Ovules  several  in  each  pod.  , 

•+•  Annuals. 

•+«•  Flowers  not  verticillate. 

1.  L.  truncatus  Xutt.  Usually  rather  stout,  sparingly 
branched,  3-6  dm.  high,  finely  and  sparsely  pubescent,  becoming 
nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  5-7,  linear-cuneiform,  apex  truncate, 
entire  or  3-toothed,  2-4  cm.  long,  scarcely  equaling  the  petiole; 
upper  calyx-lip  2-cleft;  petals  deep  purple,  8-10  mm.  long;  the 
standard  shorter;  keel  2-3  mm.  long. 

Common  in  the  open  foothills  and  valleys.    March-May. 

2.  L.  sparsiflorus  Benth.  Slender,  sparingly  branched,  3-6 
dm.  high,  villous  with  spreading  hairs;  leaflets  5-9,  linear,  obtuse 
at  apex,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  petioles  2-4  times  longer;  upper  calyx- 
lip  2-parted;  petals  violet,  10  mm.  long;  standard  shorter;  keel 
ciliate  on  the  claws  and  on  the  lower  %  of  the  blade ;  pod  1-2.5 
cm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills.    March-May. 

3.  L.  hirsutissimus  Benth.    Rather  stout,  2-3  dm.  high,  very 
hispid  with  viscid  stinging  hairs;  leaflets  5-7,  broadly  cuneate- 
obovate,  retuse,  obtuse,  or  rarely  acute,  mucronulate,  1.5-3  cm. 
long;    petioles  twice  as  long;    racemes  loose;    upper  calyx-lip 
deeply  cleft;   petals  reddish  purple,  nearly  equal,  12  mm.  long; 
keel  ciliate  on  the  claw  only ;  pod  hirsute,  2.5  cm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  interior  valleys,  mostly  in  sandy  soil. 
March-May. 

4.  L.    concinnus  Agardh.     Low  10-15  cm.  high,  spreading, 
densely  villous  or  hirsute;  leaflets  5-8,  oblanceolate,  10-20  mm. 
long,  obtuse ;  petioles  slender,  2-4  times  longer ;  racemes  short, 
dense,    subsessile;    bracts    linear-setaceous    persistent;     upper 
calyx-lip  2-parted,  lower  deeply  trifid ;  petals  8  mm.  long,  violet ; 


208  Leguminosae 

standard  shorter  with  a  yellow  spot  in  the  center ;  keel  scarcely 
falcate,  naked,  slightly  exceeding  the  wings  ;  pod  4-seeded. 
Occasional  in  dry  washes  in  the  interior  valleys. 

5.  L.  gracilis  Agardh.  Low,  slender,  6-15  cm.  high,  spread- 
ing, rather  densely  pilose;  leaflets  5-7,  cuneate-obovate,  6-12 
mm.  long;  racemes  short  lax;  bracts  short;  upper  calyx -lip 
bifid,  lower  3-toothed;  petals  6  mm.  long,  blue  and  white;  stand- 
ard shorter;  keel  slightly  exceeding  the  wings,  nearly  straight, 
naked;  pod  1  cm.  long. 

San  Fernando  Mountains,  near  Chatsworth  Park.    April. 

.«.  ++  pioyiers  verticillate. 

6.  "Li.  micranthus  Dougl.  Rather  slender  and  weak,  branched 
from  the  base,  12-20  cm.  high,  pilose-pubescent,  not  at  all  suc- 
culent; leaflets  5-7,  narrowly  linear  to  linear-spatulate,  1-3  cm. 
long;  petioles  twice  as  long;  racemes  pedunculate;  verticils  3-5, 
often  indistinct ;  pedicels  3  mm.  long  or  in  fruit  6  mm.  long ;  upper 
calyx-lip  2-clef t,  the  lobes  divergent,  lower  longer  entire ;  petals 
4  mm.  long,  blue  except  the  white  and  dotted  middle  of  the  erect 
mucronulate  standard;  keel  woolly-ciliate  above  the  middle; 
pods  5- seeded. 

Common  in  all  our  valleys.    March-May. 

7.  L.  affinis  Agardh.     Stout  and  succulent,  branching  above, 
3-6  dm.   high,  nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  short  pubescent; 
leaflets  7,  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  2.5-4  cm.  long; 
petioles  2  or  3  times  as  long;  racemes  with  3-7  whorls;  bracts 
equaling    the    calyx;     upper    calyx-lip    bifid,  lower    entire  or 
3-toothed;  petals  10-12  mm.  long,  bluish-purple;    keel   broad, 
naked. 

Frequent  in  the  valleys  and  foothills,  mostly  in  heavy  soils. 

•*-•*-  Perennials. 
+*  Herbaceous. 

8.  Ij.  latifolius  Agardh.     Rather  stout,  erect,  branching,  6-12 
dm.  high,  minutely  appressed-pubescent ;  stem  not  striate,  shin- 
ing, leafy ;  basal  leaves  long-stalked ;  stipules  linear-lanceolate ; 
leaflets  5-7,  broadly  oblanceolate,  2.5-6  cm.  long ;  racemes  slender- 
ped  uncled,  loose;  verticils  of  ten  distinct ;  pedicels  slender;  calyx- 
teeth  elongated,  the  upper  slightly  notched  at  the  narrow  apex; 


Pulse  Family  209 

petals  blue,  12-14  mm.  long;  keel  ciliate  below  the  middle.     (L. 
rivularis  latifolius  Wats.) 

Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Hasse. 

9.  I«.  cytisoides  Agardh.    Taller  than  the  last,  1-2  m.  high; 
stems  striate ;  pubescence  minute,  appressed ;  stipules  lanceolate- 
subulate  ;  leaflets  7-9,  oblanceolate,  5  cm.  long  or  more ;  raceme 
much  elongated,  dense;  flowers  not  verticillate ;  calyx  as  in  the 
last;  petals  usually  rose-purple,  12-14  mm.  long;  keel  strongly 
falcate,  densely  ciliate  below  the  middle. 

Frequent  in  the  canyons  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Moun- 
tains. April-August. 

•«-  •*-  Suffrutescent  or  shrubby. 

10.  L.  longifolius  (Wats.).  Shrubby,  8-15  dm.  high,  often  from 
a  trunk-like  base  and  much  branched  above;  petioles  5-10  cm. 
long;  leaflets  7-9,  oblanceolate,   5  cm.  long  or  less,  somewhat 
canescent  with  appressed  pubescence  on  both  sides ;  racemes  rather 
loosely  flowered,  15-25  dm.  long;  flowers  verticillate,  12-15  mm. 
long,  deep  blue  or  nearly  white;  upper  calyx-lip  deeply  cleft,  the 
lower  entire ;    standard  with  a  whitish   spot  near  the   middle, 
changing  to  rose-purple;  keel  ciliate  above  the  middle  to  near 
the  tip,  the  claw  naked;  seeds  oval,  4  mm.  long,  brownish.     (L. 
Chamissonis  longifolius  Wats.) 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  on  bluffs  along  the  seashore,  but  not  on  the 
dunes.  It  is  impossible  from  the  meagre  description  of  this  in  Bot.  Cal. 
to  be  sure  what  plant  Dr.  Watson  had  in  mind.  But  the  plant  above  de- 
scribed seems  to  be  the  only  one  in  southern  California  that  could  belong 
here,  so  we  feel  justified  in  using  his  name. 

11.  Li.  Grayi  Wats.     Stems  decumbent  or  ascending  from  a 
woody  branching  caudex,  3-6  dm.  high,  densely  silky  pubescent 
throughout;  leaflets  5-9,  cuneate-oblong,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long;  flow- 
ers verticillate,  12-15  mm.  long,  deep  blue;  standard  with  a  per- 
manent yellow  spot  in  center;  keel  ciliate  from  near  the  apex 
to  the  base  and  on  the  claw. 

Frequent  in  open  pine  forests  in  the  San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino  and 
Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

12.  L.  Chamissonis  Esch.     Shrubby,  4-8  dm.  high,  forming 
rather  dense  tufts,  leafy  throughout ;  leaflets  usually  9,  cuneate- 
obovate,  obtuse  and  mucronulate  or  acute,  1-3  cm.  long,  very 
silky  on  both  sides ;  racemes  rather  dense,  mostly  on  short  ped- 
uncles;   flowers   subverticillate,  10-12  mm.   long;   upper  calyx- 


210  Leguminosae 

lip  cleft,  lower  entire;  petals  blue  or  lavender;    standard  with 
permanent  yellow  spot;  keel  naked. 

Common  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore.  Flowering  nearly  the 
year  round. 

4.  CYTISUS  L.     BROOM. 

Shrubs  with  green,  leafy  or  sometimes  nearly  leafless, 
more  or  less  angular  branches.  Leaves  palmately  or 
pinnately  3-foliate  ;  leaflets  entire.  Flowers  solitary  or 
racemose,  usually  yellow.  Calyx  bilabiate.  Petals 
broad ;  keel  obtuse.  Stamens  monadelphous.  Pod 
compressed,  several-seeded. 

1.  C.  Canariensis  (L.)  Link.  Much  branched,  1-2  m.'high, 
soft  pubescent,  leafy;  leaflets  6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow, 
15-20  mm.  long,  fragrant,  in  terminal  racemes ;  upper  calyx-lip 
deeply  3-toothed,  the  lower  slightly  so. 

An  occasional  escape  from  cultivation.    A  native  of  the  Old  World. 

5.  MEDIC  AGO  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  pinnately  3-foliate 
leaves  and  2-3  or  many  flowers  in  axillary  peduncles. 
Stipules  adnate,  often  laciniate.  Petals  free  from  the 
diadelphous  stamens,  deciduous.  Pod  1-several-seeded, 
coiled  into  a  spiral. 

1.  M.  sativa  L.  (ALFALFA.)  Stems  erect  from  a  deep  perennial 
tap-root,  glabrous,  5-10  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  cuneate-obldng  to  ob- 
lanceolate,  toothed  above ;  flowers  many  in  a  short  raceme,  violet ; 
pod  spirally  coiled,  unarmed. 

An  occasional  escape.    Native  of  Europe. 

2.  M.    denticulata     Willd.     (BUR-CLOVER.)     Slender,    much 
branched,  decumbent,  glabrous  annual;  leaflets  obovate  to  obcor- 
date,  toothed  above ;  flowers  small,  yellow,  2-3  or  rarely  more  on 
axillary  peduncles  ;  pods  coiled,  their  margins  armed  with  hooked 
prickles. 

Everywhere  common.    Native  of  Europe. 

3.  M.    apiculata  Willd.      Stems    branched    from    the  base, 
spreading,  3-6  dm.  long;  leaflets  deltoid,  10-12  mm.  long,  den- 


Pulse  Family  211 

ticulate  except  near  the  base;  pod  spirally  coiled;  3-5  mm. 
broad,  unarmed,  strongly  reticulated,  the  reticulations  extending 
to  the  edge  and  appearing  as  a  row  of  tubercles  on  either  side  of 
the  margin. 

Occasional  in  lawns,  Los  Angeles ;  Pasadena.    Native  of  Europe. 

4.  M.  orbicularis  All.     Much  branched  and  spreading;  leaves 
obcordate,  denticulate  above;  stipules  laciniate;  peduncles  1-2- 
flowered ;  pods  coiled,  unarmed,  veiny,  about  1  cm.  broad. 

This  species,  a  native  of  southern  Europe,  was  collected  in  a  field  near 
Santa  Ana  by  Helen  D.  Geis  in  1902.  We  are  not  aware  that  it  has  here- 
tofore been  reported  from  North  America. 

5.  M.    lupulina  L.     More  or  less  pilose-pubescent;    stems 
procumbent  or  ascending,  2-4  dm.  long;  leaflets  broadly  obovate, 
denticulate  above ;  flowers  in  short  spikes  on  slender  peduncles, 
yellow,  scarcely  2  mm.  long;  legume  1-seeded,  smooth,  reniform, 
the  acuminate  tip  coiled. 

Glenn  Ranch,  Lytle  Creek.    Native  of  Europe. 

6.  MEL.ILOTUS  L.     SWEET  CLOVER. 

Erect  annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  pinnately  3-foli- 
ate  leaves,  the  leaflets  serrulate.  Stipules  adnate. 
Flowers  small  in  slender  pedunculate  racemes.  Petals 
free  from  the  diadelphous  stamens,  deciduous.  Pod 
ovoid,  small,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1-2-seeded. 

1.  M.  Indica   (L.)   All.      Annual;   glabrous,  erect,  3-20  dm. 
high,  branching;  leaflets  mostly  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  dentic- 
ulate, 2.5  cm.  long  or  less;  racemes  many,  bearing  small,  nearly 
sessile,  yellow  flowers. 

Common  in  damp  ground.    Native  of  Europe. 

2.  M.   alba   Lam.      Annual;  glabrous,  erect,  6-20  dm.  high, 
branching;  leaflets  truncate;  racemes  many,  elongated ;  flowers 
white,  the  standard  exceeding  the  other  petals. 

Habitat  of  the  last  and  as  generally  distributed  but  much  less  common. 
Native  of  Europe. 

7.  TBIFOLIUM  L.     CLOVER. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  palmately  3-foliate 
leaves.  Leaflets  usually  denticulate.  Stipules  adnate. 


212  Leguminosae 

Flowers  in  capitate  racemes,  spikes  or  umbels,  rarely 
few  or  solitary,  on  more  or  less  elongated  axillary  or 
terminal  peduncles.  Calyx  5-cleft  with  nearly  equal 
teeth,  persistent.  Petals  persistent,  all  more  or  less 
adnate  to  the  staminal  tube  by  their  claws,  or  the  stand- 
.ard  sometimes  free  :  wings  narrow  ;  keel  mostly  obtuse. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Pods  membranous,  shorter  or 
slightly  exceeding  the  calyx,  1-6-seeded,  dehiscent  or 
indehiscent. 

*  Heads  not  involucrate. 

•*-  Calyx-teeth  not  plumose;  flowers  pedicellate,  reflexed  in  age. 

1.  T.  gracilentum  T.  &  G.     Erect,  slender,  2-5  dm.  high,  gla- 
brous or  peduncles  and  calyx  sparsely  villous;  stipules  lanceo- 
late;   leaflets  cuneate-obcordate,  serrulate,  1  cm.  long;     heads 
15-25-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  setaceously  acu- 
minate, 3  times  the  length  of  the  tube;  petals  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  calyx-teeth,  purple  or  rose  color;  pods  exserted,  2-seeded. 

Common  throughout  our  range  on  the  plains  and  grassy  hills.    March- 
April. 

2.  T.  bifidum  Gray.     Erect,  very  slender,  pale  green  or  glau- 
cous ;  peduncles  and  calyx  more  or  less  villous ;  stipules  ovate- 
lanceolate,   entire;    leaflets  linear-cuneate,   the  sides  remotely 
toothed,  apex  bifid  and  mucronulate;  heads  6-15-flowered ;  calyx- 
teeth  subulate-setaceous,  about  equaling  the  minute  pale  rose- 
colored  corolla ;  pod  included,  1-seeded. 

Morgans  Station,  Davidson. 

3.  T.  ciliolatum  Benth.     Erect,  2-6  dm.  high,  glabrous ;  stip- 
ules narrow,  acuminate ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  obovate,  1-2 
cm.  long,   obtuse  or  retuse,   serrulate;    calyx-teeth  lanceolate, 
very  acute,  rigidly  ciliolate ;  corolla  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx, 
purple.     (T.  ciliatum  Nutt.) 

Common  on  grassy  hillsides  and  in  the  valleys. 

4.  T.    repens    L.     Perennial,   diffuse,   creeping,    with    erect 
long-stalked  leaves  and  heads;  leaflets  obcordate,  denticulate; 
calyx-teeth  unequal,  lanceolate-subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube; 
corolla  white ;  pods  usually  4-seeded. 

The  white  clover  of  our  lawns,  occasionally  appearing  as  an  escape. 


Pulse  Family  213 

•*-  Calyx-teeth  plumose;  flowers  subsessile,  not  reflexed  in  age. 

5.  T.  pratense  L.     Rather  stout,   erect  perennial,  2-3  dm. 
high,  pubescent;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  often  retuse,  2-3  cm. 
long ;  corolla  elongated-tubular,  rose-purple. 

Sparingly  cultivated  and  occasionally  appearing  as  an  escape. 

6.  T.   Macraei   albopurpureum   (T.   &   G.)   Greene.      Much 
branched,  ascendmg  or  erect,  1-4  dm.  high;  stipules  ovate  to 
lanceolate ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate  above  the 
middle,  12-20  mm.  long;    heads  long-peduncled,  ovate;    calyx- 
teeth  longer  than  the  tube,  slender,  plumose,  equaling  the  small 
white-tipped  purple  corolla.     (T.  albopurpureum  T.  &  G.) 

Frequent  on  the  plains  and  grassy  hills.    March-April. 

** Heads  involucrate. 
•*-  Flowers  not  inflated. 
**  Involucre  flat. 

7.  T.   Wormskjoldii    Lehm.      Perennial,   spreading  under- 
ground by  slender  rootstocks ;    stems  decumbent,  often  3  dm. 
long  or  more;  herbage  flaccid,  glabrous;  stipules  lanceolate-acum- 
inate, laciniately  toothed ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  pecti- 
nate-denticulate, 2  cm.  long  or  more;  involucre  1-2  cm.  broad, 
laciniate-aristate ;   calyx-tube  scarious,  10-striate;  teeth  linear- 
subulate,  much  longer  than  the  tube,  all  entire  or  1  or  more  se- 
taceously  2-3-parted;  standard  deeply  emarginate,  pale  purple, 
the  other  petals  darker.     (T.  involucratum  of  Bot.  Cal.  in  part.) 

Frequent  in  low  ground  in  the  valleys.    March-July. 

8.  T.  spinulosum  Dougl.     Perennial  with  rather  slender  de- 
cumbent or  ascending  stems,  2  dm.  long  or  more ;  leaflets  nar- 
rowly oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  spinulose  denticulate,  ending 
in  a  stiff  spinulose  cusp;    stipules  ovate-acuminate,  spinulose- 
serrate;  involucre  deeply  cleft  or  divided,  smaller  than  in  the 
last;    calyx-teeth  narrowly  subulate,  stiff  and  pungent,  about 
equaling  the  corolla. 

Frequent  in  the  meadows  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Moun- 
tains.   Closely  related  to  the  last,  and  intermediate  forms  may  be  found. 

9.  T.  variegatuxn  Nutt.   Annual ;  glabrous,  decumbent  or  pros- 
trate with  many  slender  branches;   stipules  lanciniately  cleft; 
peduncles  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves ;   leaflets  of  the  lower 
leaves  obcordate,  those  of  the  upper  obovate-oblong,  minutely 


214  Leguminosae 

spinulose-serrate ;  involucre  laciniate,  shorter  than  the  3-15-flow- 
ered  heads;  calyx-tube  15-nerved;  teeth  broadly  subulate,  taper- 
ing to  a  setaceous  point,  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  exceed- 
ing the  calyx,  purple  and  whitish-tipped. 

Frequent  in  grassy  openings  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains,  confined  mostly  to  the  pine  belt. 

10.  T.  tridentatum  Lindl.    Annual;  erectr2-4  dm.  high,  gla- 
brous ;  stipules  setaceously  laciniate ;  leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  2-6  cm.  long;   head  2-3  cm.  broad;   involucre 
laciniate,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  flowers  about  1  cm.  long, 
bright  purple  with  darker  center;    tip  of  standard  sometimes 
whitish;  calyx-tube  10-nerved;    the  teeth  rigid,  broad  at  base, 
abruptly  narrowed  to  a  subulates  pinulose-tipped  apex  which 
is  usually  subtended  by  a  short  stout  tooth  on  each  side. 

Frequent  on  the  plains  and  grassy  hillsides.    Very  variable  as  to  foliage. 
March-April. 

11.  T.  obtusiflorum  Hook.     Annual;  stems  stout,  erect,  flex- 
uose.  purple,  with  ascending  branches;  leaves  dull  green,  soft 
pubescent    throughout    and    very  clammy,  acidulous;    stipules 
spreading  or  reflexed;   leaflets  2-3  cm.  long,  linear-lanceolate, 
pectinately  setulose;   heads  2-3  cm.  broad  on  long  peduncles; 
calyx-tube  with  10  prominent  and  as  many  lesser  nerves ;  corolla 
whitish  with  a  dark  purple  center.     (T.  roscidum  Greene.) 

Occasional  on  moist  shady  slopes  and  along  streams  in  all  our  mountains, 
confined  mostly  to  the  chaparral  belt. 

****  Involucre  cup-shaped. 

12.  T.  microcephalum  Pursh.   Annual;  slender, much  branch- 
ed, decumbent,  soft  pubescent ;  stipules  ovate-acuminate,  nearly 
entire ;  leaflets  obovate-cuneiform  or  obcordate,  denticulate ;  heads 
small,  subglobose,  many-flowered,  on  slender  peduncles;  involu- 
cre many-cleft,  the  segments  entire;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  broad, 
scarious  and  sometimes  toothed  at  base ;  corolla  minute,  pinkish ; 
pod  globose,  1-seeded. 

Common  in  the  foothills  and  mountains  in  open  places.    April-August. 

•*-  •*-  Flowers  becoming  inflated. 

13.  T.  furcatum  Lindl.    Usually  stout  and  fistulose,  branch- 
ing from  near  the  base,  decumbent,  3-6  dm.  long ;  herbage  light 
green,  glabrous  and  somewhat  succulent;  stipules  large,  mem- 


Pulse  Family  215 

branous,  nearly  or  quite  entire;  leaflets  1-3  cm.  long,  broadly 
obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  dentate  or  spinulose-denticulate ;  ped- 
uncles stout,  much  exceeding  the  leaves ;  involucral  bracts  con- 
nate at  base,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarious-margined , 
heads  hemispheric,  2-4  cm.  broad;  calyx-teeth  short,  entire  and 
unequal ;  corolla  1-2  cm.  long,  ochroleucous  or  somewhat  reddish 
tinged;  pod  stipitate,  3-8-seeded;  seed  rounded,  minutely  granu- 
late. 

Occasional  on  grassy  hillsides  in  rather  heavy  soil.  Elysian  Park,  David- 
son; Chats  worth  Park. 

14.  T.  stenophyllum  Nutt.    Diffuse  annual  with  slender  stems 
and  branches,  often  purplish,  decumbent  or  ascending,  1-3  dm. 
long ;  leaflets  linear,  remotely  serrate-toothed  ;  peduncles  filiform, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  segments  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
cuneate  at  the  base;  head  small,  hemispheric;  corolla  purple  or 
white,  inflated  from  a  narrow  base  to  a  broad,  almost  truncate 
apex;    pod    2-seeded;    seeds  obliquely  heart-shaped,   strongly 
rugose. 

Frequent  on  grassy  slopes.    March. 

15.  T.  depauperatum  Desv.      Low,  diffuse,  glabrous,  annual, 
branching  from  the  base,  decumbent,  flaccid,  6-15  cm.  long,  few- 
leafed  ;  leaflets  1  cm.  long,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate, 
denticulate;  head  long-peduncled,  few-flowered;  involucre  much 
reduced,  with  truncate  short  lobes ;  corolla  less  inflated,  not  at 
all  truncate  at  apex ;  pod  1-2-seeded ;  seeds  somewhat  angular, 
tuberculate-rugose. 

Same  range  as  the  last  and  much  resembling  depauperate  forms  of  it,  but 
easily  distinguished  by  floral  characters. 

8.  LOTUS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  rarely  suffrutescent 
plants,  with  pinnately  3-many  foliate  leaves,  and  minute 
gland-like  or  rarely  foliaceous  or  scarious  stipules. 
Flowers  solitary  or  umbellate,  naked  or  subtended  by 
1-5-foliate  bracts,  sessile  or  on  axillary  peduncles. 
Calyx  about  equally  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Petals  free 
from  the  stamens,  nearly  equal  ;  standard  ovate  or 
rounded,  the  claw  often  remote  from  the  others  ;  \vings 


216  Leguminosae 

obovate  or  oblong  ;  keel  slightly  incurved,  obtuse  or 
acutely  beaked  ;  stamens  diadelphous.  Style  incurved. 
Pod  -linear,  compressed  or  nearly  terete,  straight  or 
arcuate,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent,  1-many-seeded.  (Ho- 
sackia.) 

*  Stipules  not  gland-like;  perennials. 

1.  L.  oblongifolius  (Benth.)  Greene.    Erect,  slender,  3-4  dm. 
high,    somewhat   appressed-pubescent ;    leaflets  7-11,  narrowly 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  acute;    stipules  small, 
acute ;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  5-7-flowered ;  bract  sub- 
sessile,  1-3-foliate;  flowers  15  mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
nearly  equaling  the  tube;   corolla  yellow,  turning  purplish  or 
brownish ;  pod  slender,  5  cm.  long. 

Occasional  along  mountain  streams. 

2.  L.  latnyroides  (D.  &  H.)  Greene.     Slender,  branching  and 
somewhat  flexuose,  2.5-4  dm.  high,  minutely  pubescent ;  leaflets 
5-7,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends;   stipules  triangular, 
2  mm.   long,   scarious,   ovate-acuminate;   umbels   1-3-flowered, 
with  or  without  a  linear-lanceolate  bract;   flowers  10  mm.  long; 
calyx-teeth  linear,  acute ;  pod  as  in  the  last. 

Along  streams  near  Los  Angeles  and  in  San  Gabriel  Canyon. 

**  Stipules  gland-like. 

•*-  Pod  straight  or  nearly  so,  dehiscent.     • 

+«•  Leaflets  1-3,  on  a  linear  rachis. 

3.  "Li.  Americanus  (Nutt.)  Bisch.     Annual;  erect  or  decum- 
bent, 2-6  dm.  high,  more  or  less  villous ;  leaflets  1-3  or  rarely  5, 
ovate  to  oblong,  acutish,  12-15  mm.  long;    peduncles  slender, 
exceeding  the  leaves;   bracts  6-12  mm.  long;   flowers  solitary, 
salmon-colored  or  often  whitish;    calyx-tube  short;   the  teeth 
linear,  equaling  the  corolla;   pod  2-3  cm.  long;    seeds   oblong, 
smooth,  dark-colored.     (H.  Purshiana  Benth.) 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  mountains.    June-September. 

**  +*  Leaflets  more  than  3,  on  a  dilated  rachis. 

=  Flowers  solitary ;  bracts  wanting ;  standard  approximate. 

4.  L.  Wrangelianus  F.  &  M.     Annual;  much  branched,  de- 
cumbent  or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  long;   sparsely  or   canescently 


Pulse  Family  217 

villous,  leafy ;  leaflets  usually  4,  cuneate-obovate  to  oblong,  6-12 
mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  broadly  subulate,  equaling  the  tube; 
corolla  6  mm.  long,  yellow;  standard  broadly  ovate,  erect;  pod 
pubescent,  straight,  14-20  mm.  long,  5-7-seeded.  (H.  subpinnata 
T.  &  G.) 

Frequent  on  dry  hillsides  and  plains.    March-May. 

5.  L.  humistratus  Greene.      Much   resembling  depauperate 
forms  of  the  last  but  more  diffuse ;  herbage  soft  villous ;  flowers 
nearly  sessile,  yellow ;   calyx-teeth  linear,  much  longer  than  the 
tube ;  pod  oblong,  1  cm.  long,  pilose,  2-3-seeded.     (H.  brachycarpa 
Benth.) 

Habitat  of  the  last  and  as  generally  distributed,  but  less  common. 

=  =  Peduncles  few-many- flowered;  bracts  usually  present;  standard 

rather  remote  from  the  other  petals,  more  or  less  reflexed. 
(a)  Annuals. 

6.  It.  micrantlius  Benth.    Erect,  slender,  5-20  cm.  high,  gla- 
brous; leaflets  3-5,  obovate  and  small  to  narrowly  oblong  and 
12-16  mm.  long;   peduncles  filiform;  bracts  1-3-foliate;  flowers 
4  mm.  long  or  less,  yellow,  turning  reddish ;  keel  sharply  incurved 
at  apex,  about  equaling  the  wings;  blade  of  standard  cordate; 
pod  2.5  cm.  long,  compressed,  constricted  between  the  seeds; 
seeds  oval  or  roundish,  slightly  compressed,  smooth.     (H.  parvi- 
flora  Benth.) 

Santa  Monica  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains  in  open  grassy  places.    Not 
common.    April-June. 

7.  L.  salsuginosus  Greene.    Ascending  or  decumbent,  minute- 
ly strigose  or  nearly  glabrous,  somewhat  succulent,  the  branches 
2-4  dm.  long;  leaflets  4-6,  obovate,  obtuse,  8-12  mm.  long;  ped- 
uncles about  equaling  the  leaves,  1-4-flowered ;  bracts  1-3-foliate 
or  sometimes  wanting;   flowers  yellow,  6-8  mm.  long;   calyx- 
teeth  linear-subulate,  about  equaling  the  tube;  standard  and 
wings  equaling  the  straight  keel ;  pod  scarcely  compressed,  2-3 
cm.  long,  1 0-20- seeded ;  seeds  obliquely  oval,  smooth.     (H.  mari- 
tima  Nutt.) 

In  moist  places  on  the  plains  and  in  the  canyons  of  the  foothills.    March- 
May. 

8.  It.  rubellus  (Nutt.)  Greene.      Slender,  prostrate,  strigose- 
pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous,  not  at  all  succulent ;  leaflets  6-10, 
linear-oblong,  mostly  acutish ;  early  peduncles  shorter  than  the 


218  Leguminosae 

leaves,  bractless,  1-flowered,  the  later  bracted,  2-flowered;  corolla 
usually  reddish,  4-5  mm.  long;  pod  straight  or  slightly  curved  at 
tip,  less  than  2  mm.  broad,  2.5  cm.  long,  1-10-seeded;  seeds 
quadrate,  minutely  granulate,  1  mm.  long  or  usually  less,  light 
tawny. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  along  the  coast.    March-April. 

9.  L,  strigosus  (Nutt.)  Greene.     Strigose-pubescent,  decum- 
bent or  prostrate;    peduncles  usually  somewhat  exceeding  the 
leaves,  2-flowered  and  3-foliate-bracted ;  flowers  9-12  mm.  long, 
yellow;  pod  pubescent,  slightly  curved  upward,  2-3  cm.  long,  2.5 
mm.  broad;  seeds  quadrate,  more  or  less  notched  at  both  ends 
as  well  as  at  the  hilium,  rugose  and  faintly  tuberculate,  mostly 
olive-green. 

Very  common  in  open  grassy  places  both  on  the  plains  and  foothills  below 
2000  feet.    March-May. 

10.  L.  nudiflorus  (Nutt.)  Greene.    Strigose-pubescent,  decum- 
bent or  ascending;  leaves  shorter  and  broader  than  in  the  last; 
peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  usually  2-flowered  and  3-foliate- 
bracted;   flowers  yellow,  8-10  mm.  long,  3  mm.  broad;   seeds 
quadrate,  seldom  notched  except  at  hilium,  2  mm.  broad,  strongly 
mottled  with  black. 

Occasional  in  open  stony  places  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains. 

(b)  Perennials. 

11.  L.  grandiflorus  (Benth.)  Greene.     Perennial ;  erect,  3-10 
dm.  high  or  more,  slender,  with  few  leaves  and  long  internodes, 
nearly  glabrous,  or  somewhat  silky-pubescent ;  leaflets  5-7  on  an 
elongated  rachis,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  12-18  mm.  long,  acutish ; 
peduncles  slender,  elongated,  small-bracted,  5-8-flowered ;  flowers 
2  cm.  long,  deep  yellow,  turning  orange;  calyx  half  as  long;  the 
subulate  teeth  nearly  equaling  the  tube ;  pod  slender,  elongated, 
glabrous. 

Rustic  Canyon,  near  Santa  Monica,  Basse. 

.+-  •*-  Pod  more  or  less  arcuate,  long-pointed,  indehiscent. 
*+  Perennials. 

12.  L.  glaber  (Torr.)  Greene.    Suffrutescent,  tufted  and  reedy, 
5-10  dm.  high,  erect    or  decumbent,  nearly  glabrous;    leaflets 
mostly  3,   oblong  to  linear-oblong,  6-12  mm.  long,  obtuse  or 


Pulse  Family  219 

acute;  umbels  numerous,  sessile;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long,  yellow, 
turning  reddish;  calyx  3-5  mm.  long;  the  teeth  subulate,  erect, 
slightly  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  (H.  glabra  Torr.) 

Common  throughout  our  range  in  dry  places  below  3000  feet.  Flowering 
nearly  the  year  round. 

13.  L.  junceus  (Benth.)  Greene.     Much  resembling  the  last, 
erect,  shrubby  ;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblong,  4-8  mm.  long ;  umbels 
short-pedunculate  to  sessile;  flowers  6  mm.  long;  calyx  4  mm. 
long  or  less;  teeth  short  and  blunt. 

Said  to  occur  along  the  seacoast  of  Los  Angeles  County,  but  we  have  been 
unable  to  detect  it. 

14.  L..  leucophyllus  Greene.     Slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  much 
branched  and  ascending,  having  the  habit  of  L.  glaber,  but  sil- 
very canescent  with  a  close  short  silky  pubescence ;  leaflets  3, 
cuneate-oblong  to  linear,  12-15  mm.  long;  umbels  few-flowered, 
sessile   or  short-peduncled ;  flowers  6  mm.  long;  calyx  half  as 
long,  with  short  slender  teeth.  •  (H.  sericea  Benth.) 

San  Gabriel  Mountains,  Davidson. 

15.  L.  argophyllus    (Gray)    Greene.      Densely   silvery-silky 
throughout;  stems  herbaceous,  decumbent  or  ascending,  3-6  dm. 
long ;  leaflets  3-7,  obovate  and  rounded,  or  oblong  and  acute,  5-12 
mm.  long;  umbels  dense,  capitate,  on  short  simple  bracted  ped- 
uncles; flowers  8-10  mm.  long;   calyx  half  as   long;   the  teeth 
filiform,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  silky. 

In  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

16.  L.  Davidson!  Greene.     Suffrutescent  at  the  very  base,  the 
slender  branches  3-6  dm.  long,  prostrate  or  decumbent,  only 
sparsely  leafy,  floriferous  chiefly  near  the  ends;   herbage  canes- 
cent  with  an  appressed  silky  pubescence ;  leaflets  3-5,'cuneate- 
obovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  4-8  mm.   long;    umbel  unifoliate- 
bracted,  many-flowered,  on  a  slender  peduncle,  2.5  cm.  long  or 
less,  usually  exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx-tube  2  mm.  long;  the 
teeth  slender,  1  mm.  long;  corolla  about  6  mm.  long,  sulphur- 
yellow,  becoming  deep  red  in  age;  pod  strongly  arcuate. 

Wilson's  Peak,  where  it  was  first  collected  by  Davidson.  This  specie's 
is  very  close  to  L.  argophyllus  and  will  no  doubt  prove  to  be  only  a  form  of  it. 
May-July. 

17.  L.  Nevadensis  (Wats.)  Greene.  Branches  mostly  prostrate, 
wiry  at  base  and  more  or  less  woody,  3-6  dm.  long;  sparingly 


220  Leguminosae 

villous  or  somewhat  tomentose;  leaflets  3-5,  cuneate-obovate, 
acute,  6-10  mm.  long;  umbel  many-flowered,  short-peduncled ; 
bract  1-foliate;  calyx-tube  2  mm.  long;  the  teeth  slender,  half 
as  long;  pod  strongly  arcuate. 

Frequent  in  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Antonio  Mountains  in  open  pine 
woods. 

•**•**  Annuals. 

18.  L.  Heerxnaxmi  (D.  &  H.)  Greene.  Branches  numerous, 
flexuose,  weak  and  prostrate,  3-10  dm.  long ;  pubescence  spread- 
ing and  slightly  tomentose;  leaflets  5-7,  obovate  or  cuneate- 
oblong,  4-8  mm.  long;  umbels  on  short  peduncles  or  sessile; 
flowers  4-5  mm.  long;  calyx  half  as  long,  somewhat  villous;  the 
teeth  filiform,  about  equaling  the  tube. 

Canyons  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains,  below  4000  feet. 

9.  PSORALEA  L. 

Punctate  with  dots  and  heavy-scented  perennial  herbs 
or  rarely  shrubby.  Stipules  free  from  the  petiole. 
Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate  or  rarely  palmately  3— 5-foli- 
ate.  Calyx-lobes  nearly  equal,  the  upper  often  connate. 
Keel  united  with  the  wings,  broad  and  obtuse  above. 
Stamens  diadelphous  or  monadelphous  ;  anthers  all 
alike.  Pod  ovate,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 

*  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate. 
•*-  Stems  erect. 

1.  P.  macrostachya  DC.     Simple  or  more  or  less  branched, 
1-4  m.  high,  nearly  glabrous,  pubenilent  or  often  somewhat 
tomentose;   stipules  small,  lanceolate;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate, 
3-5  cm.  long;    peduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves;    spikes 
cylindric,  silky-villous ;   bracts  broad,  acuminate,  equaling  the 
flowers;  lower  calyx-tooth  longest,  about  equaling  the  corolla; 
tenth  stamen  nearly  free;  pod  villous,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  com- 
pressed, 6-8  mm.  long. 

Along  streams  in  the  foothills  and  in  the  valleys.    June-August. 

2.  P.  physodes  Dougl.    Slender,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  nearly 
glabrous;    stipules  linear-lanceolate;    leaflets  ovate,  acute,  2-3 
cm.  long;  peduncles  about  equaling  the  leaves;  racemes  short, 


Pulse  Family  221 

dense;  bracts  small;  calyx  with  sessile  glands  and  somewhat 
villous  with  black  hairs,  becoming  enlarged  and  inflated  in  fruit; 
teeth  short,  nearly  equal ;  corolla  1  cm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  ochroleucous,  often  with  a  deep  purple  tinge;  stamens 
monadelphous;  pod  rounded,  compressed,  6  mm.  long. 
Frequent  in  the  upper  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range. 

•*-  •*-  Stems  prostrate. 

3.  P.  orbicularis  Lindl.     Stem  prostrate,  creeping,  the  leaves 
and  racemes  erect,  long  stalked ;  leaflets  2.5-4  cm.  long,  the  termi- 
nal one  nearly  orbicular,  the  lateral  pair  obovate ;  raceme  often 
2  dm.  long ;  bracts  large,  deciduous ;  calyx  villous  and  pedicellate- 
glandular,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lower  tooth  equaling  the 
purplish  corolla;  stamens  diadelphous;  pod  ovate,  acute,  6  mm. 
long. 

Occasional  in  the  valleys  throughout  our  range;  rare  in  the  coast  region. 

**  Leaves  palmately  5- foliate. 

4.  P.  Californica  Wats.     Low,  tufted ;  pubescence  short,  silky, 
appressed;     stipules    scarious,    lanceolate,    deciduous;    leaflets 
broadly  lanceolate,  acutish,  2-4  cm.  long;  peduncles  short;  ra- 
cemes rather  loose,  shorter  than  the  leaves;    pedicels  slender; 
calyx   silky-villous,   1   cm.   long;   the  lobes  linear,  acuminate, 
slightly  surpassing  the  corolla ;  pod  thin,  villous,  oblong,  with  a 
lanceolate  beak. 

San  Bernardino  Mountains  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

10.  AMORPHA  L. 

Glandular-punctate  and  heavy-scented  shrubs  with 
unequally  pinnate  leaves,  caducous  stipules,  and  small 
purple  flowers  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  obconic-cam- 
panulate,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Standard  erect,  concave, 
unguiculate  ;  wings  and  keel  wanting.  Stamens  mona- 
delphous at  the  base.  Pod  short,  exceeding  the  calyx, 
sessile,  indehiscent,  1— 2-seeded. 

1.  A.  Californica  Nutt.  1-3  m.  high,  puberulent,  the  nascent 
parts  villous-pubescent ;  leaflets  11-15,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  2 


222  Leguminosae 

cm.   long;     spikes   slender,   5-15  cm.   long;    calyx-teeth  acute, 
broadly  triangular. 

Occasional  in  the  upper  chaparral  belt  in  all  our  mountains. 

11.  ASTRAGALUS  L.     RATTLE- WEED  or  Loco- WEED. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  sometimes  woody  at 
base,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  persistent  stipules, 
and  rather  small  flowers  arranged  in  axillary  spikes  or 
racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  with  narrow  blade 
and  slender  claw  ;  keel  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Stigma  terminal,  minute.  Pod  various,  coriaceous  and 
turgid,  or  thin  and  bladdery-inflated,  1-celled  or  becom- 
ing 2-celled  by  intrusion  of  one  or  both  sutures.  Seeds 
few  to  many,  small,  on  slender  funiculi. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  A.  didymocarpus  H.  &  A.     Slender,  3dm.  high,  pubescent 
with  fine,  somewhat  scattered  hairs  ;  leaflets  9-15,  cuneate-oblong 
to  linear,  emarginate,  6-10  mm.  long;    spikes  long-peduncled, 
dense,  ovate  or  oblong,  2-3  cm.  long;   flowers  3-5  mm.  long,  dull 
purplish;  pods  erect,  4  mm.  long,  and  about  as  broad,  scarcely 
exserted  from  the  calyx,  strongly  wrinkled,  2-celled,  2-seeded. 

Frequent  on  the  plains  and  on  grassy  slopes  of  the  foothills,  mostly  in 
the  interior  region. 

2.  A.  nigrescens  Nutt.     Stems  very  slender,  1-2  dm.  high, 
slightly  pubescent;   leaflets  as  in  the  last;   spikes  less  dense, 
cylindric,  2  cm.  long ;  pods  deflexed,  well  exserted  from  the  calyx, 
•slightly  wrinkled,  strongly  obcompressed ;  closely  related  to  the 
last,  but  easily  distinguished  by  fruit. 

Not  known  within  our  limits,  but  it  has  been  reported  from  Newhall  and 
€atalina  Island.  March-May. 

3.  A.  strigosus  (Kell.)   Sheldon.     Slender,  sparsely  and  mi- 
nutely pubescent,  15-20  cm.  high ;  leaflets  9-15,  linear  or  cuneate, 
acute  or  retuse ;  flowers  many,  capitate,  on  a  slender  peduncle, 
purple  and  white;  pod  15  mm.,  long,  slender,  incurved,  2-celled, 
5-10  seeded. 

In  low  ground  near  the  coast.    March-May. 


Pulse  Family  223 

**  Perennials. 

+-Pods  bladdery-inflated. 

-"•Pods  stipitate. 

4.  A.  leucopsis  Torr.     (RATTLE- WEED.)     Stems  erect,  3-5  dm. 
high,  tomentulose-canescent ;  leaflets  10-15  pairs,  oval  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  1  cm .  long  or  more ;  spike-like  racemes ,  3-6  cm.  long  or  some- 
times more;  flowers  12  mm.  long;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  the 
teeth  subulate,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  pod  thin, 
bladdery,  oval,  unequally  sided,  2-3  cm.  long,  tapering  to  a  stipe 
12  mm.  long  or  less. 

Frequent  on  the  plains.    March-May. 

+++*  Pods  sessile. 

5.  A.    Parishii    Gray.      Nascent    parts  sparsely  pubescent, 
becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  stems  somewhat  fistulose,  much 
branched  from  the  base  and  decumbent ;  leaves  about  1  dm.  long,, 
bearing  about  32  leaflets ;  leaflets  10-25  mm.  long ;  racemes  2-4 
cm.  long;  flowers  greenish-white-,  1  cm.  long;  pods  sessile,  2-& 
cm.  long  and  nearly  as  thick. 

Chats-worth  Park. 

**  Pods  not  bladdery-inflated. . 

6.  A.  Antiselli  Gray.     Stems  slender,  erect,  3-5  dm.   high, 
cinereous-pubescent,  leaflets  21-29,  linear-oblong,  crowded,  4-& 
mm.  long,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath;  raceme  loosely 
few-flowered ;  flowers  small,  greenish- white ;  calyx-teeth  half  the 
length  of  the  campanulate  tube;  pod  thin,  linear-oblong,  com- 
pressed, glabrous,  1-celled,  15  mm.  long,  4  mm.  wide,  tapering  to 
a  stipe  of  about  half  its  length. 

On  grassy  hillsides  in  our  interior  valleys.    April. 

7.  A.  pycnostachys  Gray.     Stout,  erect,  6  dm.  high,  more 
or  less  villous-hoary ;   leaflets  about  21,  oblong,  12  mm.  long; 
flowers  yellowish,  in  dense  cylindric  short-peduncled   spikes; 
pods  crowded,  retrorsely  imbricated,  ovate,  acute,  laterally  flat- 
tened, thin-coriaceous,  glabrous,  coarsely  reticulate,  1-celled. 

In  moist  subsaline  soil  near  the  sea.    July-September. 

8.  A.  Brauntonii  Parish.     Stems  lignescent  at  base,  1-1.5  m. 
long,  erect  or  reclining;   herbage  canescent  throughout  with  a 
short  soft  pubescence ;  leaflets  15-20  pairs,  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long ; 


224  Leguminosae 

flowers  and  fruit  reflexed  in  compact  many-flowered  spikes ; 
calyx-teeth  slender,  equaling  the  tube ;  corolla  light  purple ;  pod 
sessile,  coriaceous,  oblong,  1  cm.  long,  2-celled  by  the  nearly  com- 
plete infolding  of  the  dorsal  suture  to  near  the  apex;  seeds  2-3. 
Occasional  in  dry  places  in  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Hasse,  Braun- 
ton. 

12.  GLYCYRRHIZA  L.     LICORICE. 

Glandular-viscid  erect  perennial  herbs  with  unequal- 
ly pinnate  leaves  more  or  less  persistent,  and  flowers  in 
dense  axillary  peduncled  spikes.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals 
narrow.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  ;  the 
alternate  anthers  smaller  ;  anther-cells  confluent  at  the 
apex.  Pod  short,  compressed,  often  curved,  prickly,  in- 
dehiscent,  few-seeded. 

1.  G.  glutinosa  Nutt.  Erect  or  decumbent,  6-9  dm.  high, 
nearly  glabrous  and  viscid  with  minute  sessile  resinous  dots,  or 
glutinous  by  a  villous  or  hirsute  glandular  pubescence ;  leaflets 
13-19,  oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-5  cm.  long ;  stipules  ovate-acuminate 
to  lanceolate,  persistent;  spikes  oblong,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  on  ped- 
uncles a  little  shorter;  pod  bur-like. 

Occasional  in  canyons  below  4000  feet,  in  our  interior  region. 

13.  VICIA  L.    VETCH. 

Herbs  with  angular  stems,  more  or  less  climbing  by 
the  tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  pinnate  leaves.  Calyx 
5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  the  upper  teeth  often  shorter.  Wings 
of  the  corolla  adhering  to  the  middle  of  the  keel.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous  or  nearly  so  ;  anthers  uniform.  Style 
filiform,  inflexed,  the  apex  surrounded  by  hairs.  Pod 
flat,  2-valved.  Seeds  globular,  usually  many. 

*  Perennials. 

1.  V.  Americana  Muhl.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  weak,  6-15 
dm.  high,  climbing  by  branched  tendrils;  leaflets  8-12,  thin- 
membranous,  vivid  green  above,  pale  beneath,  mostly  broadly 
oblong  and  obtuse,  mucronulate,  1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  shorter 


Pulse  Family  225 

than  the  leaves,  4-8-flowered ;  flowers  purplish  or  bluish,  about 
18  mm.  long;  calyx-tube  4  mm.  long;  the  lower  teeth  about  2 
mm.  long,  the  upper  shorter,  approximate,  incurved. 
Our  forms  all  seem  to  belong  to  the  two  varieties. 

V.  AMERICANA  TRUNCATA  (Nutt.)  Brew.  Leaflets  oblong-elliptic 
or  the  lower  broadly  linear,  15-30  cm.  long,  truncate  or  broadly 
retuse  at  summit,  otherwise  like  the  type. 

Occasional  on  shaded  slopes  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

V.  AMERICANA  LINEARIS  (Nutt.)  Wats.  Leaflets  narrowly  linear, 
acute,  strongly  veined  beneath,  12-25  cm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt,  usually  in  more  open  places  than  the  last. 

2.  V.  Californica  Greene.    Erect  or  decumbent,  rather  strict 
and  seldom  climbing,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  villous-pubescent ;  tendrils 
short,  stiffish,  seldom  branched ;  leaflets  8-12,  subcoriaceous,  deli- 
cately feather-veined,  cuneate-obovate,  truncate  or  retuse,  10-15 
mm.  long,  more  or  less  dentate  toward  the  mucronulate  apex; 
racemes  exceeding  the  leaves,  3-5-flowered;  calyx-teeth  all  broad 
and  short;  corolla  12-18  mm.  long,  deep  purple. 

Summit  of  Mount  Santiago,  Orange  County,  and  in  the  pine  belt  of  the 
Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

**  Annuals. 

3.  V.  sativa  L.     Stoutish,  erect  or  nearly  so,  6-9  dm.  high, 
somewhat  pubescent ;  leaflets  8-12,  obovate-oblong,  truncate  or 
retuse,  mucronate;  flowers  1  or  2,  subsessile,  15  mm.  long,  red- 
purple. 

Rarely  seen  as  an  escape.    Native  of  Europe. 

4.  V.  exigua  Nutt.     Slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  slightly  pubescent ; 
leaflets  4-6,  oblong-linear,  obtuse;    peduncles  filiform,  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  1-2-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate  from  a  broad 
base;   corolla  white  or  purplish,  4-6  mm.  long;   pod  glabrous, 
4-5-seeded. 

Occasional  on  grassy  hills,  mostly  in  sandy  soil. 

5.  V.  Hassei  Wats.    Taller  and  less  delicate  than  the  last; 
leaves  longer  and  more  numerous,  deeply  notched  at  apex ;  flowers 
6  mm.  long;  pod  shortly  stipitate,  5-8-seeded. 

Same  range  as  the  last  and  probably  only  a  robust  form  of  it. 


226  Leguminosae 

14.  LATHYBUS  L.     WILD  PEA.    , 

Much  resembling  Vicia,  but  usually  larger  with 
broader  leaves  and  flowers.  Style-branches  dilated  and 
flattish  above,  hairy  along  the  inner  side. 

1.  L.  violaceus  Greene.     Sparsely  and  minutely  pubescent 
throughout;  stems  slender,  shrubby  below,  1-2.5  m.  high,  acutely 
angled ;  stipules  entire,  narrow,  less  than  half  as  long  as  adjacent 
leaflet ;  leaflets  about  12,  elliptic,  obtuse,  with  a  deflexed  mucro ; 
peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves,  many-flowered  and  rather  dense ; 
flowers  16  mm.  long;  lateral  calyx-teeth  much  longer  than  the 
tube ;  the  lowest  equaling  these  and  half  as  broad ;  the  upper  pair 
short,  slightly  connivent ;  petals  purple ;  standard  strongly  obcor- 
date;  wings  slightly  shorter  than  keel. 

Common  in  the  foothills,  especially  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

2.  Li.  laetiflorus  Greene.     Sparsely  and  minutely  appressed 
pubescent;     stems  slender,   herbaceous  or  somewhat    shrubby 
below,  1-2.5  m.  high;    leaves  of  rather  firm  texture,  elliptic- 
lanceolate;     peduncles    surpassing    the    leaves,    loosely    many- 
flowered  ;  flowers  about  22  mm.  long ;  lateral  pair  of  calyx-teeth 
broadly  subulate,  about  equaling  the  tube,  the  lowest  subulate, 
longer  than  the  tube,  the  upper  pair  very  short,  connivent  at  tip ; 
petals  nearly  white,  faintly  flesh  color;  standard  obcordate,  the 
sides  abruptly  reflexed,  purple-veined ;  wings  meeting  and  con- 
cealing the  keel  from  above. 

Less  common  than  the  last,  but  having  about  the  same  range. 

3.  Li.  Alfeldi  White.   Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  through- 
out ;  stem  rather  stout,  flexuose,  wingless ;  stipules  semicordate, 
acuminate,  thick,  strongly  reticulated,  %-}4.  as  long  as  the  leaf- 
lets and  often  nearly  as  broad,  the  lower  coarsely  lobed,  acu- 
minately  toothed ;  leaflets  6-10,  oblong  to  obovate,  thick  and  stiff, 
prominently  reticulated,  glabrous ;  peduncles  6-10-flowered,  much 
exceeding  the  leaf ;  flowers  2-3  cm.  long,  purple ;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  calyx-tube ;  calyx  pubescent,  upper  teeth  short,  broadly 
triangular,  acute,   lateral  pair  oblong-lanceolate,  equaling  the 
tube,  the  lowest  of  equal  length,  subulate. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  of  our  interior  region. 

L.  SPLENDENS  Torr.    Flowers  very  showy,  deep  rose-purple. 

A  very  handsome  species  of  Riverside  and  San  Diego  County,  said  to  have 
been  first  collected  at  Cucamonga. 


Geraniaceae  227 

Family  43.  GERANIACEAE.     GERANIUM  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite,  palmately  lobed  or 
pinnate  leaves,  and  axillary  solitary  or  clustered  perfect 
regular  flowers.  Stipules  commonly  present.  Sepals  5, 
rarely  fewer,  usually  persistent.  Petals  of  the  same 
number,  hypogynous.  Stamens  as  many  or  2-3  times  as 
many  ;  anthers  2-celled,  versatile.  Carpels  5,  united 
about  a  central  axis,  each  1-2-ovuled,  indehiscent,  at 
length  elastically  splitting  away  from  below,  and  beaked 
by  the  long  style. 

Anthers  10;  carpel  tails  not  hairy  on  the  inside.  1.  GERANIUM. 

Anthers  5;  carpel  tails  hairy  on  the  inside.  2.  ERODIUM. 

1.  GERANIUM  L.     GERANIUM. 

Herbs  with  stipulate,  palmately  lobed,  cleft  or  divided 
leaves  and  axillary  1-2-flowered  peduncles.  Flowers 
regular,  .5-merous.  Sepals  imbricated.  Petals  hypog- 
ynous, imbricated.  Stamens  10,  generally  5  longer  and 
5  shorter.  Style  persistent,  naked  on  the  inner  surface, 
becoming  recurved.  Carpel  opening  'along  the  inner 
face. 

1.  G.  Carolinianuxn  L.  More  or  less  spreading,  15-30  cm.  high, 
loosely  gray  pubescent  and  glandular;  leaves  incisely  3-5-parted, 
3-5  cm.  broad;  segments  cuneate,  more  or  less  deeply  toothed  or 
dissected;  peduncles  2-flowered,  about  2  cm.  long;  petals  rose 
color,  4-5  mm.  broad;  beak  of  fruit  villous  or  glandular;  carpels 
villous-hispid,  usually  black;  seed  reticulate. 

Frequent  on  grassy  hillsides  of  the  valleys  and  foothills,    March-April. 

G.  RICHARDSONI  F.  &  M.  Stems  3-6  dm.  high;  leaves  thin, 
5-12  cm.  broad,  incisely  3-5-parted;  flower  18-20  mm.  broad, 
white  or  lavender  with  rose-colored  veins. 

Frequent  in  open  pine  woods  and  meadows*  in- the'  San  Bernardino  and  San 
Jacinto  Mountains.  June-August. 

2.  EBODIUM  L'Her.    ALFILERILLA. 

Herbs  with  mostly  jointed  nodes,  opposite  or  alternate 
stipulate  leaves,  and  axillary  umbellate  nearly  regular 


228  Oxalidaceae 

flowers.  Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals  5,  hypogynous, 
imbricated,  the  2  upper  slightly  smaller.  Glands  5. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  5,  with  slightly  dilated  filaments 
alternating  with  as  many  sterile  filaments.  Styles  be- 
coming spirally  coiled  after  splitting  away,  pubescent  on 
the  inner  face.  Carpels  closed. 

*  Leaves  rounded,  crenately  toothed  or  lobed. 

1.  E.  macrophylluxn  H.  &  A.     Mostly  nearly  or  quite  acau- 
lescent,  tomentose  with  copious  interspersed  long  glandular  hairs 
at  least  on  the  pedicels;    leaves  triangular-ovate  or  reniform, 
crenate-serrate,  sometimes  crenately-lobed ;  peduncles  exceeding 
the  leaves,  accrescent,  at  length  1  cm.  long;  petals  equaling  the 
sepals,  dull  white;    carpel  clavate,  densely  velvety-pubescent; 
seeds  smooth. 

Occasional  in  dry  grassy  places  in  the  valleys  or  low  foothills. 

**  Leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate. 

2.  E.  xnoschatum  Willd.     Acaulescent  and  prostrate  or  with 
ascending  branches,  mostly  rather  stout  and  glandular;  leaves 
rather  ample;    stipules  large,   obtuse;    leaflets  unequally  and 
doubly  serrate ;  peduncle  several-flowered ;  flowers  rose  color  or 
purple,  on  rather  short,  stout  pedicels ;  sepals  not  terminated  by 
long  bristles ;  antheriferous  filaments  2-toothed. 

The  more  prevailing  species  in  the  coast  valleys.  Native  of  southern 
Europe. 

3.  E.  cicutariuxu  (L.)  L'Her.    Much  resembling  the  last,  but 
more  slender  and  less  glandular,  often  coarsely  canescent ;  leaf- 
lets laciniately  pinnatifid  with  narrow,  acute  lobes;  pedicels  slen- 
der ;  petals  rose  color  or  purple ;  sepals  with  1-2  terminal  bristle- 
like  hairs;  filaments  not  toothed. 

The  prevailing  species  of  the  interior  valleys  and  foothills. 

Family  44.  OXALIDACEAE.    WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial,  leafy  stemmed  or  acaulescent 
herbs,  often  with  rootstocks  or  scaly  bulbs,  with  sour 
sap  (oxalic-acid),  and  mostly  palmately  3-foliate  leaves. 


Linaceae  229 

Stipules  commonly  present  as  scarious  margins  to  the 
bases  of  the  petioles  ;  leaflets  mostly  obcordate.  Flowers 
perfect,  in  umbel-like  or  forking  cymes  or  rarely  solitary, 
on  mostly  rather  long  peduncles.  Sepals  5,  often  un- 
equal. Petals  5,  white,  purple  or  yellow.  Stamens 
10-15.  Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled  ;  styles  united  or  dis- 
tinct ;  ovules  2-many  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  loculicidal, 
globose  or  columnar  capsule.  Embryo  straight ;  endo- 
sperm fleshy. 

1.  OXALIS  L.     WOOD- SORREL. 

Sepals  imbricated,  regular.  Petals  hypogynous.  Sta- 
mens 10,  monadelphous  at  base,  5  longer  and  5  shorter, 
all  anther-bearing.  Ovules  several  in  each  cell ;  styles 
5,  distinct,  persistent ;  stigmas  terminal.  Seeds  with  a 
loose  aril-like  dehiscent  outer  coat. 

1.  O.  Wrightii  Gray.      Caespitose  perennial,   the  prostrate 
and  rooting  or  ascending  stems  suffrutescent  and  more  or  less 
branched  below,  15-20  cm.  long  or  more,  from  a  short,  erect, 
woody  caudex;  leaves  3-foliate;   leaflets  4-10  mm.  long,  often 
broader ;  petiole  somewhat  stipular-dilated  at  base ;  flowers  6-10 
mm.  broad,  yellow,  1-3  on  elongated,  axillary  peduncles  which 
are  short-bracteate  at  summit ;  petals  obovate,  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  usually  emarginate;  capsules  oblong,  1-1.5  cm.  long. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range. 

2.  O.  corniculata  L.    Annual,  csespitose,  prostrate  and  root- 
ing at  the  nodes,  somewhat  rough-villous ;  leaflets  6-10  mm.  long, 
mostly  broader ;  stipules  evident,  rounded  or  truncate  at  summit, 
adnate;  flowers  6  mm.  long,  solitary  or  umbelled,  otherwise  as 
in  the  last. 

Occasional  about  lawns  and  greenhouses. 

Family  45.  LINAGE AE.     FLAX  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and 
perfect  regular  flowers.  Stipules  mostly  small  or  none. 
Sepals  5,  rarely  4,  imbricated,  persistent.  Petals  of  the 


230  Polygalaceae 

same  number  and  alternate  with  them  ;  filaments  mona- 
delphous  at  the  base  ;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled.  Ovary 
1,  2-5-celled  or  falsely  4-10-celled.  Styles  2-5.  Fruit 
capsular.  Seeds  1-2  in  each  cell,  oily  ;  endosperm  little 
or  none  ;  embryo  straight. 

1.  LINUM  L.     FLAX  or  LINSEED. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the 
base,  with  alternate  or  opposite,  rarely  whorled,  sessile 
leaves,  and  perfect  flowers.  Inflorescence  axillary  or 
paniculate.  Stipules  a  pair  of  glands  or  wanting. 
Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  fugaceous.  Stamens  5,  sometimes 
with  interspersed  staminodia.  Ovary  4-5-celled  or 
falsely  8-10-celled ;  ovules  2  to  each  cell.  Capsule 
5-10-valved. 

1.  I*,  usitatissmum  L.  Annual ;  often  tufted,  erect,  branching 
above,  3-5  drn.  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves 
alternate,  3-nerved,  lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide; 
stipules  none;  inflorescence  a  terminal  cymose  leafy  panicle; 
flowers  blue,  12-16  mm.  broad,  on  slender  pedicels ;  sepals  ovate, 
acuminate,  the  inner  ones  ciliate  and  3-ribbed  ;  petals  obcuheate, 
crenulate,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals;  capsule  ovoid-conic, 
6-8  mm.  long,  ihdehiscent;  seeds  compressed. 

Occasional  along  streets  about  Los  Angeles. 

Family  46.  POLYGALACEAE.    MILKWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  opposite  or  Whorled, 
exstipulate  leaves  and  racemose,  spicate  or  solitary  and 
axillary  flowers.  Pedicels  generally  2-bracted  at  base. 
Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Sepals  5.  Petals  3  or  5? 
hypogynous,  more  or  less. united  into  a  tube,  the  lower 
ones  often  crested.  Stamens  generally  8,  united  in  1  or 
2  sets.  Ovary  2-c'elled  ;  styles  simple ;  stigma  curved, 
dilated  or  lobed  ;  ovules  1  in  each  cell,  anatropous. 


Euphorbiaceae  231 

Fruit  mainly  capsular.     Seeds  generally  caruncled,  often 
hairy  ;  embryo  straight. 

1.  POL  YG  ALA  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  opposite  or  whorled 
leaves  and  racemose,  spicate  or  rarely  solitary  flowers. 
Petals  3,  united  into  a  tube,  which  is  split  on  the  back 
and  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  stamens.  Stamens  8  or  6, 
monadelphous  below  or  diadelphous.  Capsule  membran- 
ous, compressed,  dehiscent  along  the  margin ;  seeds 
usually  hairy. 

1.  P.  Californica  Nutt.  Stems  many,  slender,  5-20  cm.  high, 
from  a  woody  base,  mostly  simple ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or 
ovate-elliptic,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  flowers  rose-purple,  on  bracteate 
pedicels,  2-6  mm.  long;  wings  5  mm.  long,  rounded,  saccate  at 
base,  inner  sepals  broadly  spatulate,  1  cm.  long  or  less;  lateral 
petals  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  ciliate,  equaling  the  broad 
obtuse  somewhat  curved  beak  of  the  rounded  hood ;  fruit  mostly 
from  cleistogamous  flowers ;  capsule  glabrous,  broadly  ovate,  3  mm. 
long,  retuse,  narrowly  margined ;  seed  pubescent ;  caruncle  calyp- 
triform,  wrinkled  and  bladdery. 

A  more  northern  plant  growing  in  shady  places;  rare  within  our  limits, 
being  known  only  from  the  Mount  Wilson  trail  at  about  3000  feet  altitude, 
McClatchie. 

Family  47.  EUPHORBIACEAE.     SPURGE  FAMILY. 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with 
acrid,  often  milky  juice.  Leaves  opposite,  alternate  or 
whorled,  entire  or  toothed,  sessile  or  petioled,  sometimes 
with  glands  at  the  base  ;  stipules  present  or  wanting. 
Inflorescence  various.  Flowers  sometimes  apetalous, 
often  reduced  and  subtended  by  an  involucre,  which 
resembles  a  calyx.  Stamens  few  or  numerous,  in  1  or 
many  series  ;  filaments  distinct  or  united.  Ovary  usu- 
ally 3-celled  ;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cell,  pendulous  ;  styles 
equaling  the  cells  in  number,  simple,  divided  or  many- 


232  Euphorbiaceae 

cleft.  Fruit  mostly  a  3-lobed  capsule  separating  often 
elastically  into  3  2-valved  carpels  from  a  persistent  axis. 
Seeds  anatropous  ;  embryo  straight  or  slightly  curved  ; 
endosperm  fleshy  or  oily  ;  cotyledons  broad. 

Flowers  with  true  calyx,  not  involucrate. 
Stellate-pubescent. 

Perennial;  capsule 3-celled;  dioecious.  1.  CROTON. 

Annual;  capsule  1-celled;  monoecious.  2.  EBEMOCARPDS. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  small,  entire.  3.  STILLINGIA. 

Leaves  large,  palmately  lobed.  4.  RICINUS. 
Flowers  subtended  by  an  involucre;  calyx  represented  by  a  minute  scale  at 

the  base  of  the  filament-like  pedicel.  5.  EUPHORBIA. 

1.  CROTON  L.     CROTON. 

Stellate-pubescent,  more  or  less  glandular  and  strong- 
scented  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  alternate,  entire, 
toothed  or  lobed  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious 
flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters.  Staminate 
flowers  uppermost ;  calyx  usually  5-parted  ;  petals  usu- 
ally present,  small  or  rudimentary,  alternating  with  the 
glands ;  stamens  5  or  more,  inflexed.  Pistillate  flowers 
clustered  below  the  staminate ;  calyx  5— 10-parted ; 
petals  usually  wanting  ;  ovary  3-celled  ;  ovules  1  in  each 
cell ;  styles  once,  twice  or  many  times  2-cleft.  Capsule 
splitting  into  usually  2-valved  carpels  ;  seeds  smooth  or 
minutely  pitted. 

1.  C.  Californicus  Muell.  Arg.  Suffrutescent,  procumbent  or 
ascending,  4-12  dm.  high,  dichotomously  branched ;  the  branches 
slender,  cinereous  throughout  with  a  dense  appressed  scurf ;  peti- 
oles slender,  2-3.5  cm.  long;  stipules  obsolete;  leaves  generally 
oblong,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  8-18  mm.  wide,  entire,  3-5-nerved;  dioe- 
cious; staminate  plants  more  slender  and  short-branched;  ra- 
cemes simple;  flowers  about  3  mm.  broad,  on  pedicels  4-6  mm. 
long ;  sepals  5,  ovate ;  stamens  12-15 ;  filaments  ciliate ;  pistillate 
raceme  mostly  2-3-flowered ;  styles  3,  palmately  3-5-clef  t  or  twice 
2-cleft.  Capsule  usually  5-6  mm.  high;  seeds  oval  or  globose, 
4.5-5  mm.  long,  black. 

Common  in  dry  ground  throughout  our  range. 


Spurge  Family  233 

2.  C.  Californicus  tenuis  (Wats.)  Ferguson.  Stems  erect, 
3-7  dm.  high,  with  very  slender  branches,  densely  scaly-stellate; 
leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  2-4.5  cm.  long,  0.5-1  cm. 
wide,  entire;  petioles  5-10  mm.  long,  less  than  half  the  length  of 
the  leaves ;  staminate  flowers  about  2mm.  broad ;  stamens  10-12 ; 
seeds  3-4  mm.  long. 

Same  range  as  the  type,  and  perhaps  best  considered  only  a  form  of  it. 

2.  EREMOCARPUS  Benth. 

Stellate-pubescent  glandular  and  heavy-scented  an- 
nual herbs,  with  alternate  entire  3-nerved  petiolate 
exstipulate  leaves,  and  monoecious  apetalous  flowers  in 
axillary  cymes.  Calyx  5-6-parted,  slightly  imbricate  in 
the  staminate  flowers,  wanting  in  the  pistillate.  Sta- 
mens 6-7,  central  on  the  hairy  receptacle  ;  filaments 
exserted.  Ovary  with  4-5  small  glands  at  the  base, 
1-celled,  1-ovuled  ;  style  simple,  filiform,  stigmatic  at  the 
apex.  Capsule  obovate-oblong,  2-valved.  Seed  smooth 
and  shining  ;  endosperm  fleshy. 

1.  E.  setigerus  Benth.  Low  spreading  heavy-scented  annual, 
hoary  pubescent  with  a  dense  stellate  and  spreading  hispid 
pubescence;  leaves  ovoid  or  rhomboid,  2-5  cm.  long,  on  slender 
petioles,  the  upper  crowded  and  appearing  opposite  or  verticil- 
late;  staminate  flowers  few,  long-pedicelled ;  calyx  with  oblong, 
obtuse  segments,  2  mm.  long;  pistillate  1-3  in  the  axils;  ovary 
and  style  densely  pubescent;  capsule  and  seed  4  mm.  long. 
A  common  autumnal  weed  in  all  our  valleys.  Known  as  turkey  weed. 

3.  RICINUS  L.     CASTOR-BEAN. 

A  tall  monoecious  herb,  often  persisting  for  several 
years  and  becoming  a  small  tree.  Leaves  alternate, 
large,  peltate,  palmately  lobed  and  toothed.  Flowers 
numerous,  small,  apetalous,  greenish,  in  terminal  racemes, 
the  pistillate  above  the  staminate.  Staminate  flowers 
with  a  3-5-parted  calyx  and  numerous  crowded  stamens  ; 
filaments  branched.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  caducous 


234  Euphorbiaceae 

calyx.  Ovary  3-celled,  3-ovuled  ;  styles  3,  united  at  the 
base,  2-cleft.  Capsule  subglobose  or  oval,  smooth  or 
spiny,  separating  into  3  2-valved  carpels.  Seeds  ovoid 
or  oblong,  mottled. 

1.  R.  communis  L.  An  introduced  plant  which  is  becoming 
well  established.  In  protected  places  it  often  becomes  woody 
and  tree-like. 

4.  STILLINGIA  L. 

Glabrous  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  or  rarely 
opposite,  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  often  with  2  glands  at 
the  base,  and  monoecious  bracteolate  apetalous  flowers 
in  terminal  spikes ;  bractlets  2-glandular.  Staminate 
flowers  several  together  in  the  axils  of  the  bractlets  ; 
calyx  slightly  2-3-lobed  ;  stamens  2-3,  exserted.  Pistil- 
late flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  bractlets  ; 
calyx  3-lobed  ;  ovary  2-3-celled  ;  ovules  1  in  each  cell  ; 
styles  short,  somewhat  united  at  the  base.  Capsule 
2-3-lobed,  separating  into  2-3  2-valved  carpels.  Seeds 
ovoid  or  subglobose. 

1.  S.  linearifolia  Wats.  Herbaceous,  branching  from  the 
somewhat  woody  base;  the  stems  and  branches  slender,  terete, 
ascending,  3  dm.  high  or  more ;  leaves  linear,  entire  or  rarely  ob- 
scurely glandular-toothed,  acute,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  spikes  slender, 
open,  2.5-4  mm.  long,  with  2-7  scattered  pistillate  flowers  below; 
bracts  very  small,  ovate,  acute,  minutely  glandular  on  both  sides, 
1-flowered ;  staminate  flowers  minute ;  calyx  turbinate ;  stamens 
2;  pistillate  calyx  none ;  capsule  3  mm.  broad;  seed  round-ovate, 
acute,  2  mm.  long,  smooth,  somewhat  viscid. 

Occasional  about  San  Bernardino  and  eastward  in  dry  barren  places,  and 
in  similar  places  about  San  Diego. 

5.  EUPHORBIA  L. 

Monoecious  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  opposite  or 
verticillate  leaves,  and  cymose  flowers  borne  in  sessile  or 
peduncled,  turbinate  or  campanulate  involucres,  sub- 


Spurge  Family  235 

tended  by  bracts  which  are  often  brightly  colored.  Sinuses 
of  the  involucre  usually  bearing  glands,  naked  or  append- 
aged.  Staminate  flowers  scattered  over  the  inner  surface 
of  the  involucre,  consisting  of  a  stamen,  jointed  on  a  fila- 
ment-like pedicel  which  is  subtended  by  a  minute  bractlet, 
supposed  to  represent  a  calyx.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary, 
consisting  of  a  3-celled  ovary  usually  exserted  on  a  stalk  ; 
styles  3,  2-cleft.  Capsules  often  nodding,  3-lobed,  separat- 
ing into  3  2-valved  carpels.  Seeds  sometimes  caruncled, 
variously  pitted,  ridged  or  wrinkled. 

*  Glands  of  the  involucre  mostly  with  white  or  colored  membranous 

margins. 
•*-  Leaves  entire  ;  margins  of  glands  conspicuous. 

1.  E.   albomarginata  T.  &  G.     Glabrous;  stems   numerous 
from  a  woody  perennial  base,  prostrate  or  decumbent,  5-30  cm. 
long;  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  4-8  mm.  broad,  often  retuse  above 
and  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  with  a  thin  whitish  edge;  stipules 
united  into  a  conspicuous  membranous  white  triangular  scale, 
entire  or  somewhat  lacerate;    involucres   mostly  solitary,  cam- 
panulate  or  turbinate,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  glands  maroon  color 
with  a  conspicuous  entire  white  or  rose-colored  dilated  append- 
age ;  capsule  about  2  mm.  long,  the  lobes  angled  on  the  back ; 
seeds  oblong,  4-angled. 

Common  and  general.    Flowering  all  summer. 

2.  E.  polycarpa  Benth.     Glabrous  or  somewhat  finely  pubes- 
cent; stems  numerous  from  a  perennial  woody  base,  prostrate  or 
decumbent,  5-30  cm.  long;  leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse,  usually 
slightly  cordate,  2-6  mm.  long;  stipules  minute,  short-triangular 
to  lanceolate,  ciliate,  distinct;  involucres  mostly  solitary,  about  1 
mm.  long;  glands  mostly  dark  purple,  the  white  or  rose-colored 
somewhat  crenate  margins   often  very  narrow;    capsule  small 
with  angled  lobes;  seeds  oblong,  4-angled,  about  1  mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  the  foothills,  especially  in  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 

3.  E.  melandenia  Torr.     Cinereous  with  a  dense  soft  pubes- 
cence, much  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  ascending 
forming  tufts;  root  simple,  somewhat  lignescent,  but  apparently 
annual;   leaves  mostly  ovate,  short-petioled,  usually  oblique  at 


236  Euphorbiaceae 

base,  one  side  being  somewhat  cordate;  stipules  minute,  ciliate, 
distinct ;  involucres  solitary ;  gland  purple,  its  appendages  with 
a  white  or  rose-colored  margin;  capsule  densely  hirsute.  (E. 
polycarpa  vestitus  Wats.) 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Moun- 
tains. 

-«-•*-  Leaves  serrulate  ;  margins  of  glands  smaller,  greenish-white. 

4.  E.  serpyllifolia  Pers.     Glabrous,  annual;  stems  prostrate 
or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  long;  leaves  mostly  oblong,  of  ten  narrowed 
toward  the  oblique  base,  serrulate  at  the  rounded  or  retuse  sum- 
mit, 4-12  mm.  long;  stipules  distinct,  setaceous  or  lacerate;  in- 
volucres solitary  or  in  loose  leafy  clusters,  campanulate,  about 
1  mm.  long;  glands  small,  greenish,  the  margin  narrow,  crenate 
or  entire;   capsule  angled,  2  mm.  long;  seeds  sharply  4-angled, 
the  sides  somewhat  rugose. 

Rather  frequent  throughout  our  range  in  moist   places,  especially  on 
borders  of  ponds. 

**  Gland  destitute  of  colored  margin;  stipules  none. 

5.  E.  dictyosperma  F.  &  M.     Glabrous,  annual;  stem  simple 
or  sometimes  branching  below,  dichotomously  branched  above, 
15-45  cm.  high ;  stem  leaves  scattered,  oblong-spatulate  to  obo- 
vate-spatulate,   obtuse,  obtusely  serrate,  often  retuse,  1-3  cm. 
long;   on  the  branches  opposite,  broadly  ovate  to  oblong,   the 
floral  ones    roundish-ovate,   subcordate,   mucronate,  4-12  mm. 
long;  rays  usually  3  times  forked;  involucres  and  glands  small; 
styles  bifid  or  parted ;  capsule  with  rounded  and  warty  lobes, 
2-3  mm.  long ;  seeds  subglobose,  delicately  netted-veined,  dark 
colored . 

Occasional  in  rather  moist  places  in  all  our  foothills  and  mountains,  con- 
fined mostly  to  the  chaparral  belt. 

6.  E.  nutans  Lag.     Annual,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent; 
stems    branched,  ascending  or  erect,  2-6  dm.   long,  branches 
often  recurved  at  the  ends;  leaves  opposite ;  leaves  oblong-ovate 
to  linear-oblong,   oblique,    3-nerved,   unequally  serrate,    short  - 
petioled;    stipules  triangular,  slightly  lacerate;   involucres  nar- 
rowly obovoid,  1  mm.  long;  glands  subtended  by  small  rounded 
reddish  appendages;   capsule  glabrous;   seeds  oblong-ovoid,  1.5 
mm.  long,  4-angled,  transversely  rugose. 

This  species,  heretofore  not  known  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  has  been 
recently  collected  near  Santa  Ana  by  Helen  D.  Geis. 


Callitrichaceae  237 


Family  48.  CALLITRICHACEAE.     WATER  STAR- 
WORT  FAMILY. 

Herbaceous  aquatic  or  rarely  terrestrial  plants,  with 
slender  or  capillary  stems,  opposite  exstipulate  entire 
leaves,  and  minute  perfect  monoecious  axillary  flowers. 
Perianth  none.  Bracts  2,  sac-like  or  none.  Stamens  1 ; 
filaments  elongated,  filiform  ;  anthers  cordate,  2-celled, 
opening  by  lateral  slits.  Pistil  1  ;  ovary  4-celled ; 
ovules  1  in  each  cell  ;  styles  2,  filiform.  Fruit  com- 
pressed, lobed,  the  lobes  more  or  less  winged  or  keeled 
on  the  margins,  separating  at  maturity  into  4  flattish 
1-seeded  carpels.  Seed  anatropous,  pendulous  ;  endo- 
sperm fleshy  ;  embryo  straight  or  slightly  curved. 

1.  CALLITBICHE  L. 

Characters  of  the  family,  this  being  the  only  genus. 

1.  C.  xnarginata  Torr.  Usually  rooting  in  the  mud,  small, 
with  linear-oblanceolate  leaves,  4-6  mm.  long  or  less,  sometimes 
floating  with  slender  stems  and  the  upper  leaves  spatulate ;  styles 
elongated,  reflexed,  deciduous;  fruit  on  slender  spreading  pedi- 
cels, 2-8  mm.  long,  deeply  emarginate  above  and  below,  the 
margins  of  the  thick  carpels  widely  divergent,  narrowly  winged. 

Soldiers  Home,  Hasse.    Near  San  Diego  in  shallow  pools  on  the  mesa. 

Family  49.  LIMNANTHACEAE.     FALSE  MERMAID 
FAMILY. 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  petioled  exstipulate  pin- 
nately  divided  leaves  and  perfect  regular  axillary  long- 
peduncled  flowers.  Sepals  2-5,  valvate,  persistent.  Petals 
the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  alternating  with  as  many 
small  glands  ;  the  nearly  perigynous  stamens  twice  as 
many,  distinct.  Carpels  as  many  as  sepals  and  opposite 
them,  1-ovuled,  nearly  distinct  ;  the  single  style  slender, 


238  Anacardaceae 

arising  from  the  center  as  in  the  Geraniaceae,  cleft  above 
into  as  many  stigmas  as  there  are  carpels.  Fruit  very 
deeply  2-5-lobed,  the  carpels  indehiscent,  rough  or  tuber- 
cled. 

1.  LIMNANTHTJS  R.  Br. 

Low  diffuse  annuals,  growing  near  water,  with  showy 
white  or  rose-colored  flowers  solitary  on  axillary  ped- 
uncles. Carpels  subglobose,  at  first  fleshy,  becoming 
hard  and  rugose. 

1.  Li.  Douglasii  R.  Br.  Glabrous  throughout,  diffusely  branch- 
ed from  the  base,  the  weak  and  succulent  stems  15-45  cm.  long; 
leaflets  incisely  lobed  or  parted  with  linear  acute  lobes ;  ped- 
uncles 5-10  cm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  6-8  mm.  long;  petals 
oblong  or  obovate,  emarginate  or  truncate,  12-16  mm.  long,  yel- 
low; style  very  slender,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Growing  in  wet  places.    Reported  from  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino. 

Family  50.  ANACARDACEAE.     SUMAC  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  a  resinous  and  usually  acrid  juice, 
alternate  simple  or  compound  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  regular,  mostly  5-merous,  often  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious, variously  clustered.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice 
as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovary  free,  1-celled  and  1-ovuled  ; 
styles  sometimes  3.  Fruit  drupaceous. 

1.  BHUS  L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple  or  pinnate  decidu- 
ous or  evergreen  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary 
and  terminal  panicles  or  sometimes  in  racemes  or  spikes. 
Sepals  and  petals  usually  5.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice 
as  many,  with  subulate  filaments  inserted  under  the 
edge  of  a  disk  lining  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a 
small  dry  drupe.  Seed  pendulous  upon  a  slender  funic- 
ulus  rising  from  the  base  of  the  cell. 


Sumac  Family  239 

*  Inflorescence  paniculate;  fruit  glabrous. 

1.  B.  diversiloba  T.  &  G.     (Poisox  OAK.)     Erect,  1-3  m.  high, 
or  ascending  trees  by  aerial  roots  to  a  considerable  height ;  leaves 
3-foliate,  deciduous  ;  leaflets  ovate,  obovate  or  elliptic,  very  obtuse 
or  roundish  at  apex,  variously  lobed  or  toothed,  or  rarely  entire; 
flowers  greenish,  in  small  axillary  open   spreading  or  drooping 
panicles;  drupes  4-6  mm.   in  diameter,  with   a  thin  glabrous 
deciduous  epicarp  and  granular  waxy  persistent  mesocarp ;  stone 
rugose  or  undulate. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range.    April-May. 

2.  B.  laurina  Nutt.     Erect  evergreen   shrub,   2-4  m.   high, 
exhaling  the  odor  of  bitter  almonds ;    leaves  thin,  coriaceous, 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  mucronate,  7-10  cm. 
long,  rounded  at  base  on  rather  long  petioles ;  flowers  polygamous, 
very  small,  white,  numerous  in  ample  terminal  panicles;  drupes 
whitish,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter,  smooth;  mesocarp  waxy;  stone 
minute,  smooth. 

Very  common  in  the  foothills  and  extending  well  up  into  the  chaparral ; 
less  common  in  the  interior.    June-July. 

**  Inflorescence  glomerate  or  spike-like;  fruit  viscid,  reddish. 

3.  B.  integrifolia  (Nutt.)  B.  &  H.     Low  evergreen  shrub,  1-2 
m.  high,  often  more  or  less  depressed,  with  short  stiff  branches; 
leaves  oval,  rigid-coriaceous,  very  obtuse  at  both  ends,  or  acutish 
at  base,  entire  or  sometimes  serrate,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  dark  green 
and  shining  above,  veiny  and  paler  beneath ;   petioles  5-8  mm. 
long;   inflorescence   and  young  parts  cinereous  or  canescently 
puberulent;  flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  glomerate,  sessile,  sub- 
tended by  rather  thick  orbicular  bracts  within  which  are  2  simi- 
lar but  thinner  bractlets ;  sepals  oval-orbicular,  scarious-margined, 
ciliolate;  drupes  very  viscid  and  acid,  about  10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Bluffs  along  the  seashore;  rarely  extending  inland  on  our  range,  Cahuenga 
Pass;  rather  frequent  in  the  foothills  back  of  San  Diego.    February-March. 

4.  B.  ovata  Wats.     Erect  or  spreading  evergreen  shrub,  1.5-3 
m.  high ;  leaves  rigid-coriaceous,  very  smooth  and  shining,  ovate 
or  subcordate,  acute  at  apex,  entire  or  sharply  Serrate ;  inflores- 
cence glabrous  or  glabrate ;  bracts  as  in  the  last ;  calyx  scarcely 
or  not  at  all  ciliolate;  fruit  8  mm.  in  diameter,  otherwise  as  in 
the  last. 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range.    March-April. 


240  Aceraceae 

5.  R.  trilobata  Nutt.  Low  branching  deciduous  aromatic 
shrub,  more  or  less  pubescent  when  young ;  leaves  3-foliate ;  the 
terminal  leaflet  2.5-5  cm.  long,  3-lobed  and  coarsely  toothed 
above  the  middle;  the  lateral  pair  1-1.5  cm.  long,  round-ovate, 
scarcely  lobed,  crenate;  flowers  yellowish,  appearing  before  the 
leaves  in  short  spike-like  clusters ;  drupes  viscid-hirsute. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  mountains  throughout  our  range.    March. 

Family  51.  ACERACEAE.     MAPLE  FAMILY.  . 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  watery  often  saccharine  sap, 
opposite  simple  and  palmately  lobed  or  pinnate  leaves, 
and  axillary  or  terminal  cymose  or  racemose  regular  polyg- 
amous or  dioecious  flowers.  Calyx  generally  5-parted, 
the  segments  imbricated.  Petals  of  the  same  number  or 
none.  Disk  thick,  annular,  lobed,  sometimes  obsolete. 
Stamens  4-12,  often  8  ;  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  2-lobed, 
2-celled;  styles  2,  inserted  between  the  lobes.  Fruit  of  2 
long-winged  samaras,  joined  at  the  base  and  1-seeded  or 
rarely  2-seeded.  Seeds  compressed,  ascending  ;  cotyle- 
dons thin,  folded. 

1.  ACER  L.    MAPLE. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  A.  macrophyUum  Pursh.  Becoming  a  tall  tree  with  thick 
rough  and  furrowed  bark ;  leaves  large,  deeply  3-5-parted,  the  lobes 
irregular,  coarsely  toothed,  soft  pubescent  when  young,  becoming 
glabrate  above  and  minutely  puberulent  below;  flowers  polyg- 
amous, in  many-flowered  drooping  racemes ;  sepals  and  petals 
rather  broad,  nearly  equal;  filaments  pubescent  at  the  base,  in- 
serted above  the  disk ;  anthers  sagittate ;  carpels  covered  with  stiff 
tawny  hairs ;  wings  2.5-4  cm.  long,  diverging  at  an  acute  angle. 

Occasional  in  all  our  mountains  in  canyons  between  3000  and  6000  feet. 

Family  52.  RHAMNACEAE.     BUCKTHORN  FAMILY. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  thorny. 
Leaves  simple,  stipulate,  generally  alternate.  Stipules 


Buckthorn  Family  241 

small,  deciduous.  Inflorescence  commonly  of  axillary  or 
terminal  cynics  or  panicles.  Flowers  small,  regular,  per- 
fect or  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  obconic  or  cylindric, 
the  limb  4-5-toothed.  Petals  4-5,  inserted  on  the  calyx, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  with  the 
petals  and  opposite  them  ;  anthers  short,  versatile:  Disk 
fleshy.  Ovary. sessile,  free  from  or  immersed  in  the  disk, 
2-5-celled  ;  ovules  1  in  each  cell,  anatropous,  ascending. 
Fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule,  often  3-celled.  Endosperm 
fleshy,  rarely  none  ;  embryo  large ;  cotyledons  flat. 

Petals  clawless  or  wanting.  1.  RHAMNUS. 

Petals  long-clawed.  2.  CEANOTHUS. 

1.  BHAMNUS  L.     BUCKTHORN. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  pinnately  veined 
(in  ours)  evergreen  leaves,  and  small  axillary  cymose 
perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  Calyx-tube  urceolate, 
its  limb  4-o-toothed.  Petals  4-5,  nearly  sessile,  some- 
what emarginate  and  hooded,  or  none.  Disk  free  from 
the  3-4-celled  ovary  ;  style  3-4-cleft.  Drupe  berry-like, 
oblong  or  globose,  containing  2-4  nut-like  stones. 

1.  B.  crocea  Nutt.     Low,  much  branched,  the  branches  with 
short  spine-like  branchlets,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  rigidly  coriace- 
ous, about  1  cm.  long,  bright  green  above,  of  ten  yellowish  beneath, 
roundish-ovate,  glandular-denticulate;   flowers  about  3  mm.  in 
diameter,  reddish. 

Occasional  on  the  dry  plains  and  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  our  interior 
region. 

2.  B.   crocea  ilicifolia   (Kell.)    Greene.     Shrub,   sometimes 
arborescent,  branches  scarcely  spinescent ;  leaves  green  on  both 
sides,  often  2.5  cm.  long;    flowers   often  5-merous;   fruit  some- 
what larger  than  in  the  type. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range.  In  foliage  closely 
resembling  Prunu*  ilicifolia. 

3.  B.  California  Esch.      Shrub,  sometimes  arborescent,  1-4 
m.  high,  young  parts  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous;  leaves  thin- 


242  Rhamnaceae 

coriaceous,  elliptic-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  entire  or  denticulate, 
3-5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  small  umbel-like  clusters,  5-merous; 
petals  small,  ovate,  emarginate;  stamens  exserted;  fruit  globose, 
8-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains.  Commonly  called 
wild  coffee. 

4.  B.  Californica  tomentella  (Benth.)  Brew.  &  Wats.  Leaves 
tomentose  beneath,  the  margins  revolute,  entire,  otherwise  as  in 
the  type. 

The  more  common  form  in  the  mountains,  especially  in  the  interior  region. 

2.  CEANOTHUS  L.    CALIFORNIA  LILAC. 

Unarmed  or  spinescent,  often  arborescent  shrubs,  with 
alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  small  but  showy  white, 
blue  or  purple  usually  fragrant  flowers,  in  often  long- 
peduncled  dense  axillary  or  terminal  clusters.  Calyx 
5-lobed.  Petals  5,  hooded,  long-clawed.  Ovary  im- 
mersed in  the  disk  and  adnate  to  it  at  the  base,  3-lobed. 
Disk  adnate  to  the  calyx.  Style  short,  3-cleft.  Fruit 
somewhat  3-lobed,  separating  at  maturity  into  3  nutlets. 

*  Fruit   hornless,   sometimes   keeled  or  crested;    stipular  base  not 

enlarged;  leaves  alternate. 
•*-  Leaves  not  glandular-toothed. 

1.  C.  integerrinms  H.   &  A.      Tall,   loosely  branching  and 
sometimes  arborescent  with  green  or  at  length  somewhat  brownish 
branches,  slightly  angled  when  young,  not  at  all  spinescent; 
leaves  ovate,  2-6  cm.  long,  prominently  or  sometimes  indistinctly 
3-veined,   entire,   somewhat  loosely  hairy  above  when  young, 
paler  beneath  and  glabrescent  or  with  a  few  soft  hairs ;  petioles 
slender,  somewhat  villous,  6-8  mm.  long;  inflorescence  6-16  cm. 
long  and  3-10  cm.  broad;  flowers  blue,  varying  to  white;  fruit 
5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  somewhat  lobed  at  apex,  nearly  smooth 
and  with  low  but  broad,  deeply  dorsal  evanescent  crests. 

Frequent  in  the  pine  belt  of  all  our  mountains  and  in  the  uppermost  por- 
tions of  the  chaparral  belt. 

2.  C.  spinosus  Nutt.    Tall   shrub  or  somewhat  arborescent, 
with  at  length  cinnamon-brown,  more  or  less  divaricate,  sparingly 


Buckthorn  Family  243 

slender-spiny  glabrous  twigs;  leaves  elliptic,  very  obtuse  or 
emarginate,  rounded  or  acutish  at  base,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  2-3 
cm.  long,  entire,  petioles  glabrous  or  appressed-pubescent,  4-8 
mm.  long;  thyrsus  10-15  cm.  long  and  half  as  broad;  flowers 
pale  blue;  carpels  depressed,  6  mm.  in  diameter,  scarcely  lobed, 
smooth,  crestless. 

Santa  Monica  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains,  in  canyons ;  extending  northward 
to  Santa  Barbara,  where  it  was  first  found  by  Nuttall. 

3.  C.  divaricatus  Nutt.     Shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  with  pale  green 
glabrous  or  puberulent  mostly  very  glaucous  twigs,  divergent, 
some  ending  in  spines ;  leaves  ovate,  sometimes  slightly  cordate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  coriaceous,  3-nerved, 
10-15  mm.  long;   inflorescence  5-7  cm.  long,  mostly  narrowly 
oblong,  dense,  glabrate;  flowers  pale  blue;  capsule  smooth,  not 
lobed,  and  scarcely  crested,  clammy,  becoming  dry. 

Very  common  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

-*-  •«-  Leaves  glandular-toothed. 

4.  C.  tomentosus  Parry.      Shrub  2-4  m.  high,  with   slender 
gray  or  reddish,  at  first  tomentose  and  usually  densely  verrucose 
branches ;  leaves  round-ovate  or  elliptic,  conspicuously  glandular- 
toothed,  minutely  velvety  above,  densely  white  or  brownish 
tomentose  beneath,   1-3  cm.  long,  short-petioled ;  inflorescence 
loosely  tomentose,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  flowers  deep  blue  or  rarely 
white;  capsule  4  mm.  in  diameter,  somewhat  depressed,  smooth, 
slightly  crested,  distinctly  lobed. 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino  and 
Cuyamaca  Mountains,  3000-5000  feet  altitude. 

5.  C.  sorediatus  H.  &  A.     Shrubby  or  somewhat  arborescent, 
2-4  mm.  high,  with  olive  or  at  length  purplish  twigs;   leaves 
oblong-ovate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  glandular-dentate, 
1-2  cm.  long,  glabrous  and  glossy  or  sparingly  pubescent  when 
young  above,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent  beneath,   silky- 
pubescent  on  the  principal  veins  and  petioles;  inflorescence  at 
first  villous,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  flowers  deep  blue;  capsule  globose, 
4  mm.  in  diameter,  smooth  or  slightly  wrinkled,  slightly  lobed, 
crestless. 

A  species  of  the  coast  mountains  of  central  California,  said  to  occur  in 
the  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  but  not  seen  by  the  author. 


244  Vitaceae 

6.  C.  hirsutus  Nutt.     Shrubby  or  arborescent,  3-5  m.  high, 
with  grayish  or  reddish,  densely  villous,  rather  flexible  twigs; 
leaves  ovate  to  broadly  elliptic,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base, 
obtuse  or  acute,  2-4  cm.  long,  hirsute  with  rather  long  appressed 
hairs  above,  loosely  hirsute  beneath  especially  along  the  veins ; 
inflorescence  loosely  puberulent,  villous,  2.5-5  cm.  long ;  flowers 
deep  blue  to  purplish ;  capsule  depressed,  smooth,  slightly  lobed, 
strongly  crested.     (C.  oliganthus  Nutt.) 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.    2500-4500 
feet. 

**  Fruit  crested  and  with  horns;  stipular  base  large  and  corky. 
•*-  Leaves  alternate. 

7.  C.  macrocarpus  Nutt.     Shrubby,  2-3  m.  high,  with  gray 
or  reddish,  at  first  appressed-pubescent  twigs ;  leaves  rather  thick, 
spatulate  or  obovate,  cuneate,  obtuse  to  emarginate,  glabrous  and 
dull  above,  minutely  canescent  beneath,  1-2  cm.  long,  margin 
slightly  revolute,  entire  or  rarely  denticulate;  capsule  8-12  mm. 
in  diameter,  laterally  horned,  apical  crests  low,  scarcely  lobed. 

Frequent  in  the  Santa  Monica  and  Santa  Ana  Ranges. 

•*-•*-  Leaves  opposite. 

8.  C.  cuneatus  Nutt.     Much   resembling  the  last,  but  the 
branches  more  rigid ;  leaves  similar  but  opposite,  capsule  slightly 
oblong,  5  mm.  in  diameter,  with  3  conspicuous  horns  near  the 
top. 

Occasional  along  the  southern  rim  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
Ranges. 

9.  C.  crassifolius  Torr.     Shrub,  2-3 in.  high,  with  grayish  white 
or  rusty  tomentose  twigs ;  leaves  thick,  elliptic-obovate,  cuneate 
or  rounded  at  base,  obtuse,  somewhat  revolute,  pungently  den- 
tate or  rarely  entire,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  minutely  roughened,  at 
length  glabrous  and  pale  green  above,  densely  tomentose  beneath ; 
stipules  very  large ;  capsules  8  mm.  in  diameter,  with  3  stout, 
erect  horns  near  the  tip. 

Common  In  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains. 

Family  53.  VITACEAE.     GRAPE  FAMILY. 

Climbing  or  erect  shrubs,  with  nodose  joints,  alternate 
petioled  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  panicles,  racemes  or 


Malvaceae  245 

cymes.  Calyx  entire  or  4-5-toothed.  Petals  4-5,  separ- 
ate or  coherent,  valvate.  Stamens  4-5,  opposite  the 
petals  ;  filaments  subulate,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
disk  or  between  its  lobes.  Disk  sometimes  obsolete  or 
wanting;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1,  generally  immersed 
in  the  disk,  2-6-celled  ;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cell,  ascend- 
ing, anatropous.  Fruit  a  1-6-celled.  commonly  2-celled, 
berry.  Testa  bony  ;  endosperm  cartilaginous  ;  embryo 
short. 

1.  VITIS  L.     WILD  GRAPE. 

Climbing  or  trailing  woody  vines,  mostly  with  tendrils. 
Leaves  simple,  usually  palmately  lobed  or  detate.  Stip- 
ules generally  small,  caducous.  Flowers  mostly  dioe- 
cious, or  polygamo-dioecious,  rarely  perfect.  Petals 
hypogynous  or  perigynous,  coherent  in  a  cap  and  decidu- 
ous without  expanding.  Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  3-4-celled  ; 
style  very  short,  conic  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Berry 
globose  or  ovoid,  pulpy. 

1.  V.  G-irdiana  Munson.  Strong  climbing  vine  with  thick 
diaphragms ;  leaves  15  cm.  broad  or  less,  broadly  cordate-ovate, 
with  a  rather  deep  and  narrow  sinus,  obscurely  3-lobed,  and  with 
many  small  and  acute  teeth,  closely  ashy  tomentose  beneath; 
flower  clusters  large,  very  compound;  berries  small,  black, 
slightly  glaucous  ;  seeds  pyriform. 

Occasional  along  streams  in  the  foothills.    June. 

Family  54.  MALVACEAE.     MALLOW  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  mostly  palmately 
veined  leaves.  Stipules  small,  deciduous.  Flowers  regu- 
lar, perfect,  or  rarely  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx 
often  bracted  at  the  base.  Sepals  5,  rarely  3  or  4,  more 
or  less  united,  usually  valvate.  Petals  5,  hypogynous, 
convolute.  Stamens  many,  hypogynous,  monadelphous, 
forming  a  central  column  around  the  pistil,  united  with 


246  Malvaceae 

the  bases  of  the  petals  ;  anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  several- 
celled,  entire  or  lobed ;  styles  united  below,  distinct 
above,  mostly  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary  ;  ovules 
1  or  several  in  each  cell.  Fruit  capsular,  rarely  a  berry, 
several-celled  ;  the  carpels  falling  away  entire  or  else 
loculicidally  dehiscent.  Embryo  curved ;  cotyledons 
large,  plicate  or  conduplicate ;  endosperm  scanty  or 
copious. 

Carpels  2-several-seeded.  1.  MODIOLA. 

Carpels  1-seeded. 

Stigmas  linear,  on  the  inner  side  of  the  style  branches. 

Stamens  monadelphous.  2.  MALVA. 

Stamens  united  in  phalanges  in  2  series.  3.  SIDALCEA. 

Stigmas  capitate  or  truncate. 

Flowers  rose- purple  or  rarely  white.  4.  MALVASTRUM. 

Flowers  cream-colored.  6.  SIDA. 

1.  MODIOLA  Moench. 

Prostrate  or  ascending  herbs  often  rooting  from  the 
nodes,  with  palmately  cleft  or  divided  leaves,  and  small 
axillary  peduncled  flowers.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  3., 
distinct.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cells  of  the  ovary  many,  with 
2-3  ovules  in  each.  Style  branches  stigmatic  at  the 
summit.  Carpels  15-20,  septate  between  the  seeds, 
dehiscent  into  2  valves,  with  awn-pointed  tips,  and  aris- 
tate  on  the  back. 

1.  M.  Caroliniana  (L.)  Don.  Decumbent,  annual  or  biennial, 
more  or  less  pubescent,  freely  branching ;  stems  15-45  cm.  long ; 
leaves  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  1-6  cm.  wide,  petioled,  pedately 
3-5-clef t,  rarely  simply  dentate  or  incised ;  flowers  axillary,  6-10 
mm.  broad,  red;  peduncles  at  length  elongated,,  slender;  fruit 
depressed-orbicular,  the  carpels  hispid-aristate  along  the  back. 

In  rather  low  moist  places.    El  Monte;  Santa  Anita. 

2.  MALVA  L.    MALLOW. 

Pubescent  or  glabrate  herbs  with  dentate  lobed  or  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  solitary  or  clus- 


Mallow  Family  247 

tered  flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Bractlets  of  the  involucre 
3,  rarely  none.  Petals  5.  Ovary  many-celled ;  cells 
1-ovuled  ;  style  branches  of  the  same  number,  linear, 
stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Carpels  arranged  in  a 
circle,  beakless,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded. 

1.  M.   parviflora  L.     Glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy  annual, 
with  erect  or  ascending  stems,  2-10  dm.  high ;  leaves  rounded, 
slightly  5-7-lobed,  crenate,  3-10  cm.  broad ;  pedicels  short ;  bract- 
lets  linear;   calyx  accrescent,  the  broadly  lobed  limb  rotately 
spreading  away  from  the  mature  fruit ;  petals  white  or  pale  blue, 
about  equaling  the  calyx-lobes ;  achenes  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
transversely  and  sharply  rugose  on  the  back,  the  acute  winged 
margins  distinctly  toothed. 

A  common  vernal  weed. 

2.  M.  pusilla  Smith.     Much  resembling  the  last  in  foliage 
and  habit ;  pedicels  somewhat  longer ;  calyx-lobes  mostly  closed 
over  the  fruit ;  petals  bluish,  10-15  mm.  long,  surpassing  the  calyx- 
lobes  ;  achenes  reticulate-rugose,  the  margins  acute,  entire. 

Known  within  our  region  only  from  low  ground  along  Ballona  Creek, 
near  Mesmer. 

3.  SID  ALOE  A  Gray. 

Erect  annual  or  (ours)  perennial  herbs  with  mostly 
palmately  or  pedately  parted  or  deeply  cleft  leaves, 
small  stipules,  and  purple  or  pink  or  sometimes  white 
rather  showy  flowers,  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes,  not 
rarely  polygamous  by  the  abortion  of  the  anthers.  In- 
volucre rarely  present.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  com- 
monly emarginate  or  truncate.  Staminal  column  usu- 
ally distinctly  double,  the  exterior  series  of  5  distinct 
4-10-antheriferous  phalanges,  the  inner  or  terminal  one 
of  about  10  mostly  2-antheriferous  phalanges.  Carpels 
5-9,  reniform,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 

1.  S.  malvaeflora  (Moc.  &  Sesse)  Gray.  Hirsute  or  stems 
and  petioles  hispid  with  few-forked  and  some  simple  hairs ;  stems 
ascending  or  erect  from  decumbent  base,  2-6  dm.  high,  from  a 
thick  stock  or  root,  simple ;  basal  leaves  rounded  crenate-incised, 


248  Malvaceae 

the  upper  more  dissected ;  flowers  in  simple  few-many-flowered 
spiciform  racemes;  petals  rose-purple,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  mature 
carpels  rugose-reticulate.  (S.  humilis  Gray;  S.  delphinifolia 
Nutt.) 

Frequent  on  the  grassy  hills  and  mesas.    March-May. 

2.  S.  parviflora  Greene.  Stems  glabrous  at  least  below,  sub- 
simple,  terminating  in  long  slender  loose  racemes;  lowest  leaves 
orbicular,  crenate- toothed,  the  others  deeply  divided,  the  divisions 
lobed;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long,  subtended  by  simple  linear  bracts 
of  scarcely  the  same  length ;  petals  8-12  mm.  long,  rounded  at 
apex ;  carpels  reticulated. 

In  low  subsaline  places  throughout  our  range.  Much  resembling  the  last, 
but  easily  recognized  by  the  glabrous  stems  and  leaves,  and  by  the  usually 
smaller  flowers. 

4.  MALVASTBUM  Gray. 

Low  annual  herbs  or  shrubs,  often  densely  stellate- 
pubescent.  Bractlets  1-3  or  rarely  wanting.  Calyx- 
lobes  5.  Petals  5,  often  showy.  Staminal  tube  simple, 
antheriferous  at  the  summit.  Styles  filiform  ;  stigmas 
capitate.  Carpels  5  or  more,  1-ovuled,  rarely  2-valved. 
Seed  ascending. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  M.  exile  Gray.      Stems  decumbent,   branching  from   the 
base,  2-4  dm.  long,  pubescent;  leaves  12-18  mm.  broad,  broadly 
ovate,   cordate  or  truncate  at  base,   deeply  5-lobed,   sparingly 
toothed,  on  slender  petioles  of  about  the  same  length ;  flowers 
mostly  solitary  and  axillary  on  slender  pedicels,  2-3  cm,  long; 
bractlets  3,  linear,  persistent;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
petals  obovate,  purple,  4-6  mm.  long;  carpels  12-15,  orbicular, 
glabrous,  transversely  rugose-reticulated. 

Chatsworth  Park. 

**  Perennials. 

•*-  Upper  surface  of  the  leaves  densely  stellate-tomentose  and  hoary. 

2.  M.  Fremontii  Torr.     Shrubby  below,  1-2.5  m.  high,  densely 
soft-tomentose    with    long-rayed    stellular    pubescence;     leaves 
roundish,  shallowly  or  scarcely  at  all  cordate,  crenate-toothed, 


Mallow  Family  249 

2.5-5  cm.  broad;  flowers  in  axillary  sessile  or  short  pedunculate 
clusters,  interrupted  spicate ;  bractlets  about  equaling  the  calyx- 
lobes  ;  calyx  densely  lanate  tomentose,  its  lobes  triangular,  acute, 
4-5  mm.  long,  mucronate  with  a  more  naked  tip;  petals  rose 
color,  about  1  cm.  long. 

In  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

3.  M.  Davidsonii  Robinson.    Tall  shrub  or  arborescent,  2-4 
m.  high,  densely  stellate-tomentose  throughout;  bractlets  stout; 
leaves  deeply  cordate,  with  narrow  sinus,  5-angled  or  shallowly 
5-lobed,  varying  to  3-lobed,  irregularly  crenate-dentate,  5-7.5  cm. 
broad ;  inflorescence  a  dense  racemose  panicle ;  bractlets  much 
shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes;  calyx  canescent-tomentose  without 
more  naked  mucronate  tips,  faintly  1-nerved  or  enervose;  petals 
rose-purple,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  carpels  stellate-tomentose  above/ 

San  Fernando  Valley  and  La  Canada  in  washes. 

•«--«-  Upper  surface  of  the  leaves  green,  sparsely  stellate-pubescent. 

4.  M.  fasciculatum  (Nutt.)  Gray.     Tall  shrub  or  somewhat 
arborescent,  2-4  m.  high,  with  wand-like  branches,  covered  with 
a  dense  short  stellate-tomentum ;  leaves  angular,  5-lobed  and 
rather    coarsely    toothed,   densely    stellate-pubescent    beneath, 
sparsely  so  above,  3-5  cm.   broad ;   inflorescence  racemose,  or 
amply  racemose-paniculate;    bractlets  much   shorter  than   the 
calyx-lobes,  these  triangular,  as  broad  as  long,  acute;  petals  rose- 
purple,  2-2.5  cm.  long.     (M.  Thurberi  Gray;  M.  splendidum  Kell.) 

Common  in  the  lower  altitudes  of  the  chaparral  belt. 

5.  SIDA  L. 

Herbs  with  serrate,  crenate  or  lobed  leaves  and  soli- 
tary or  clustered  axillary  or  terminal  perfect  flowers. 
Bractlets  of  the  involucre  none.  Calyx  5-toothed  or 
5-cleft.  Staminal  tube  anther-bearing  at  the  summit. 
Carpels  5-many,  1-ovuled  ;  style-branches  of  the  same 
number,  stigmatic  at  the  summit  only.  Carpels  indehis- 
cent  or  at  length  2-valved  at  the  apex.  Seed  pendulous. 

1.  S.  hederacea  (Dougl.)  T.  &  G.  Perennial,  stoutish,  erect- 
spreading  or  prostrate,  leafy,  2-4  dm.  long,  hoary- tomentose  or 


250  Sterculiaceae 

yellowish-tomentose  throughout;  leaves  short-petioled,  about 
2.5  cm.  long,  reniform,  oblique  at  the  base,  serrate  or  crenate; 
flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  on  slender  at  length  reflexed 
pedicels;  bractlets  1  or  2,  linear;  calyx-lobes  acuminate;  petals 
2cm.  long,  cream  color;  fruit  short-conical,  smooth  ;  carpels  6-10. 
Common  in  subsaline  places.  May-September. 


Family  55.  STERCULIACEAE.    STERCULIA  FAMILY. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  (mostly  tropical  or  subtropical) 
much  resembling  the  Malvaceae.  Calyx  5-parted,  imbri- 
cated, in  ours  petal-like.  Petals  wanting  in  ours.  Sta- 
mens in  ours  5.  monadelphous  ;  anthers  adnate,  extrorse, 
2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  5-celled  or 
rarely  4-celled,  with  numerous  horizontal  anatropous 
ovules  in  the  axils.  Style  simple,  terminated  by  a 
minute  undivided  stigma.  Capsule  5-valved.  Seeds 
oval  or  ovoid  ;  embryo  straight. 

1.  FBEMONTODENDBON  Coville.    CALIFORNIA  SLIPPERY- 
ELM. 

Shrub  with  hard  wood  and  dark  colored  bark.  Leaves 
tawny-canescent  or  ferruginous  beneath.  Bractlets  3, 
sometimes  5,  minute,  caducous.  Sepals  roundish,  rotately 
spreading  in  anthesis,  nectariferous-pitted  at  base.  Sta- 
mens regular  ;  filaments  adnate  to  the  calyx  at  the  base, 
monadelphous  to  or  above  the  middle  ;  anthers  elongated- 
oblong,  emarginate  at  both  ends,  adnate  to  an  incon- 
spicuous connective.  Capsule  ovoid,  firm-coriaceous. 
Seeds  smooth. 

1.  F.  Calif ornicum(Torr.)  Coville.  Branching  shrub  or  arbor- 
escent, 2-7  m.  high ;  leaves  subcoriaceous,  round-cordate  to  round- 
ovate,  3-5-lobed  or  3-5-cleft,  2-5  cm.  broad;  flowers  short-ped- 
uncled  on  short  lateral  branches ;  calyx  nearly  glabrous,  accrescent, 
thin,  5-7  cm.  in  diameter,  light  yellow  in  anthesis,  becoming 
marcescent  in  age,  within  hairy  at  base  and  with  a  small  nectarifer- 


Elatinaceae  251 

ous  pit ;  capsule  2.5  cm.  long,  hispid  with  short  pungent  hairs, 
the  cells  villous  within.     (Fremontia  Calif ornica  Torr.) 

Frequent  in  the  upper  altitudes  of  the  chaparral  belt  of  our  interior 
region.  June-July. 

Family  56.    ELATINACEAE.    WATERWORT  FAMILY. 

Low  herbs  with  opposite  or  verticillate  stipulate  entire 
or  serrate  leaves,  and  small  axillary  or  fascicled  regular 
perfect  flowers.  Sepals  2-5,  imbricated.  Petals  of  the 
same  number,  hypogynous.  Stamens  of  the  same  num- 
ber or  twice  as  many.  Ovary  2-5-celled  ;  styles  2-5 ; 
ovules  many,  anatropous.  Capsule  with  septicidal  dehis- 
cence  ;  placentae  central.  Seed-coat  crustaceous,  rugose 
or  ribbed. 

1.  ELATINE  L. 

Small  glabrous  or  glabrate  aquatic  or  creeping  herbs 
with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  and  minute  axillary 
mainly  solitary  flowers.  Sepals  2-4,  persistent,  mem- 
branous. Capsule  membranous,  globose,  2-4-valved. 
Seeds  straight  or  slightly  curved,  striate  longitudinally 
and  transversely. 

1.  E.  brachysperma  Gray.  Terrestial  or  sometimes  aquatic, 
spreading,  tufted,  2-5  cm.  long ;  leaves  oblong,  oval  or  lanceolate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  4-6  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide ;  sepals, 
petals  and  stamens  mainly  2;  capsule  globose,  about  1  mm.  in 
diameter;  seeds  short-oblong,  nearly  straight,  about  0.5  mm. 
long,  marked  by  6-7  longitudinal  striae  and  10-12  transverse 
ones. 

Occasional  along  borders  of  ponds  toward  the  coast. 

Family  57.  FRANKENIACEAE.     FRANKENIA 
FAMILY. 

Low  perennial  herbs  or  undershrubs  with  opposite 
entire  exstipulate  leaves,  sessile  and  often  united  at  the 


252  Cistaceae 

membranous  and  somewhat  sheathing  base.  Flowers 
small,  perfect,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the 
branches  and  branchlets.  Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic, 
furrowed,  its  lobes  4-5,  valvate.  Petals  as  many  as 
calyx-lobes,  hypogynous,  narrowed  to  a  claw  which  bears 
an  appendage  on  its  inner  face.  Stamens  4—7  or  rarely 
more,  hypogynous  ;  anther  2-celled,  longitudinally  de- 
hiscent. Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2-4  parietal  placentae ; 
styles  2-4-cleft  into  filiform  divisions.  Capsule  invested 
by  the  persistent  calyx.  Seeds  few,  on  slender  funiculi 
which  are  attached  to  the  margin  of  the  valves. 

1.  FBANKENIA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  F.  grandiflora  Ch.  &  Sch.  Stem  much  branched  from  a 
somewhat  woody  base,  more  or  less  erect,  slender,  1-3  dm.  high, 
glabrous  or  soft-pubescent,  very  leafy ;  leaves  obovate  to  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  revolute,  6-12  mm.  long,  dull  green;  calyx  linear, 
6  mm.  long,  strongly  furrowed,  the  lobes  short,  acute;  petals 
small,  red,  the  blade  2  mm.  long  or  more,  erose  at  the  summit, 
the  appendages  of  the  claw  bifid ;  stamens  4-7 ;  style  3-cleft ;  cap- 
sule shorter  than  the  calyx,  linear,  angular;  seeds  numerous. 

Common  in  saline  marshes.    Flowering  all  summer. 

Family  58.  CISTACEAE.     ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  low  woody  plants  with  alternate  or  opposite 
simple  leaves,  and  solitary,  racemose,  clustered  or  panic- 
ulate, regular,  generally  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  3-5, 
persistent,  when  5  the  2  exterior  smaller  and  bract-like, 
the  inner  3  convolute.  Petals  5  or  3  or  sometimes  want- 
ing, fugacious.  Stamens  many,  hypogynous.  Ovary  1, 
sessile,  1 -several-celled  ;  ovules  orthotropous,  stalked  ; 
style  simple  ;  stigma  entire  or  3-lobed.  Capsule  dehis- 
cent by  valves..  Seeds  several  or  numerous;  embryo 
slender  ;  endosperm  present. 


Violaceae  253 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM  L.     ROCK-ROSE. 

Woody  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  more  or  less  branching, 
mostly  with  showy  yellow  flowers.  Petals  5,  yellow, 
fugacious.  Stamens  numerous.  Placentae  or  false  septa 
3,  ovules  few-many  ;  style  short  or  filiform  or  spatulate, 
jointed  with  the  ovary ;  stigma  capitate  or  3-lobed. 
Embryo  curved. 

1.  H.  scoparium  Nutt.  Stems  tufted,  slender,  somewhat 
woody  below,  sparsely  stellate-pubescent,  2.5-3.5  dm.  high ; 
leaves  few,  narrowly  linear,  8-20  cm.  long;  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels,  solitary  or  cymose  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  sepals 
6  mm.  long,  acuminate,  the  2  outer  linear  and  much  shorter; 
petals  6-8  mm.  long;  stamens  about  20;  capsule  equaling  the 
calyx. 

Frequent  on  dry  ridges  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains  and 
foothills.  Our  plants  are  slightly  more  pubescent  than  the  form  about 
Monterey  (which  is  typical),  being  often  cinereous,  and  may  prove  to  be  a 
good  subspecies. 

H.  ALDERSONII  Greene.  A  larger,  nearly  glabrous  plant,  with 
petals  10-15  mm.  long. 

Common  in  the  foothills  of  San  Diego  County. 

Family  59.  VIOLACEAE.     VIOLET  FAMILY. 

Ours  herbs  with  alternate  or  basal  simple  entire  or 
lobed  leaves,  and  axillary  or  scapose  usually  solitary 
perfect  irregular  flowers.  Sepals  5,  unequal.  Petals 
5,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  lower  one 
spurred.  Perfect  stamens  5,  hypogynous  ;  anthers  erect, 
connivent  in  a  ring,  sessile  or  on  short  filaments.  Ovary 
1,  1-celledj  with  3  parietal  placentae  ;  style  simple.  Cap- 
sule dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds  anatropous  with  a  crus- 
taceous  testa  ;  embryo  straight ;  endosperm  copious. 

1.  VIOLA  L.     VIOLET. 

Characters  of  the  family.  The  later  flowers  often 
produced  on  runners  or  on  short  peduncles,  and  are 


254  Violaceae 

apetalous,  or  cleistogamous  and  abundantly  fertile,  while 
the  early  showy  ones  are  often  sterile. 

*  Flowers  blue  or  white. 

1.  V.  palmata  cucullata  (Ait.)  Gray.     Acaulescent,  the  leaves 
and  scapes  directly  from  rather  short  and  thick  rootstocks,  glabrous 
or  somewhat  villous-pubescent ;  leaves  rounded-cordate,  renif or m 
or  hastate-reniform,  tbe  basal  sides  often  cucullate-involute ; 
corolla  only  saccate-spurred,  blue  or  violet-purple,  rarely  white ; 
lateral  petals  bearded  toward  the  base;    style  gibbous-clavate, 
beardless  at  summit. 

In  swamp-lands  about  Los  Angeles,  Davidson. 

2.  V.  blanda  Willd.     Acaulescent,  leaves  and  scapes  from 
slender  filiform  rootstocks,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  thin, 
ovate-cordate  to  round-reniform,   crenulate;    petals    oblong  to 
ovate-lanceolate ;  petals  white  with  purple  veins  on  the  lower  and 
sometimes  the  lateral  ones,  usually  beardless;   spur  short  and 
saccate. 

Occasional  about  cold  springs  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  pine  belt  of  the 
San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains. 

**  Flowers  yellow,  at  least  within. 

3.  V.  pedunculata  T.  &  G.     Stems  5-15  cm.  long,  prostrate 
or  ascending,  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous ;    leaves  rhombic- 
cordate,  usually  almost  truncate  at  the  broad  base,  obtuse,  coarsely 
crenate ;  stipules  foliaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire  or  incised ; 
peduncles  erect,  much  exceeding  the  leaves,  10-20  cm.  long;  con- 
spicuously bibractiolate ;   flowers  2  cm.  broad  or  more,  yellow, 
the  upper  petal  dark  brown  without,  the  others  purple- veined 
within,  the  lateral  ones  bearded. 

Frequent  in  open  grassy  places  in  the  lower  foothills  and  on  the  mesas. 
March-April. 

4.  V.  lobata  Benth.     Rootstocks  erect ;  stems  stoutish,  erect, 
15-30  cm.  high,  leafy  to  the  summit,  puberulent  or  nearly  gla- 
brous; leaves  renif orm  or  cordate  in  outline,  5-10  cm.  broad, 
palmately  cleft  into  5-9  narrowly  oblong  lobes,  the  central  largest 
or  longest,  some  of  the  basal  leaves  often  less  lobed  or  merely 
coarsely  toothed ;  petals  12  mm.  long,  yellow,  the  upper  brownish 
without,  the  lateral  slightly  bearded. 

Occasional  on  the  borders  of  mountain  meadows  in  the  San  Bernardino 
Mountains.    Bear  Valley. 


Loasaceae  255 

5.  V.  Douglasii  Steud.  Stems  clustered  from  a  deep  fascicled 
root,  mostly  subterranean,  only  the  leaves  and  flowers  appearing 
above  the  ground,  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves  large,  bipin- 
nately  dissected  into  long  linear  or  oblong  segments;  stipules 
lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed;  peduncles  equaling  or  exceeding 
the  leaves ;  petals  10-14  cm.  long,  yellow,  the  upper  brownish 
purple  without.  (  V.  chrysantha  Hook.) 

Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

Family  60.  LOASACEAE.     LOASA  FAMILY. 

Erect  or  climbing  branching  herbs,  often  armed  with 
hooked  stinging  or  viscid  hairs,  with  alternate  or  oppo- 
site exstipulate  leaves,  and  solitary,  racemose  or  cymose, 
regular  and  perfect  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  its  limb  4-5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  4-5, 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  many, 
inserted  with  the  petals  ;  filaments  filiform,  commonly 
arranged  in  clusters,  opposite  the  petals  ;  anthers  in- 
trorse,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled,  rarely 
2-3-celled  with  2-3  parietal  placentae  ;  styles  filiform, 
entire  or  2-3-lobed ;  ovules  anatropous ;  endosperm 
scanty. 

1.  MENTZELIA  L. 

Erect  herbs  with  alternate  entire  lobed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  terminal  solitary  or  cymose,  usually  showy 
flowers.  Petals  5  or  10,  spreading,  convolute  in  the  bud, 
usually  yellow.  Styles  3,  more  or  less  united.  Capsule 
dehiscent  at  the  tip,  few-many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  some- 
times winged,  roughened  or  smooth. 

*  Petals  5,  less  than  15  mm.  long. 

1.  M.  integrifolia  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Slender,  about  3  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed  or  entire,  the  upper- 
most often  ovate;  flowers  clustered  near  the  ends  of  the  many 
branchlets;  calyx-lobes  2  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  petals; 
filaments  all  filiform  ;  capsule  narrowly  linear-clavate,  12-18  mm. 


256  Loasaceae 

long;  seeds  usually  in  1  row,  short- prismatic,  the  3  angles 
grooved,  the  sides  faintly  tuberculate.  (M.  albicaulis  integrifolia 
Wats. ;  M.  dispersa  Wats.) 

Said  to  occur  in  our  mountains,  but  not  seen  by  us. 

2.  M.  affinis  Greene.     Stems  stouter,  3-6  dm.  high,  simple 
and    leafy  below,   widely  branching  above;  leaves  lanceolate, 
deeply  sinuate-pinnate;  flowers  scattered,  12  mm.  broad;  calyx- 
lobes  attenuate,  subulate,  4-6  mm.  long;  filaments  all  filiform; 
capsule  2.5  cm.  long,  almost  linear,  hispid  with  short  stiff  hairs ; 
seeds  prismatic,  with  grooved  angles. 

Frequent  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  among  the  pines. 
May-July. 

3.  M.  micrantha  T.  &  G.      Rather  slender,  3-6  dm.   high, 
simple  below,  corymbosely  and  rather  compactly  dichotomous 
above;    leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate  or  sinuate- 
toothed  or  entire,  2.5-5  cm.  long;   flowers  small,  shorter  than 
the  floral  leaves;  calyx-lobes  2  mm.  long;  petals  oval,  3  mm. 
long ;  5  outer  stamens  with  dilated  filaments ;  capsule  cylindric 
or  nearly  so,  6-12  mm.  long,  few-seeded;  seeds  prismatic,  with  a 
very  shallow  groove,  the  sides  faintly  tuberculate. 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range. 

4.  M.  gracilenta  T.  &  G.     Stems  rather  stout,  3-4  dm.  high, 
branching  from  the  base ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  pinnatifid, 
with  many  narrow  lobes,  or  only  sinuate-toothed ;  flowers  usually 
clustered ;  calyx-lobes  4-10  mm.  long ;  petals  obovate  to  oblanceo- 
late,  8-16  mm. long;  filaments  subulate-filiform ;  capsule  slightly 
clavate-dilated,  12-24  mm.  long;  seeds  in  3  rows;  irregularly 
angular,  minutely  tuberculate,  1.5  mm.  long. 

Frequent  on  the  plains  and  foothills  and  also  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the 
seashore. 

**  Petals  usually  10,  25  mm.  long  or  more. 

5.  M.  laevicaulis  (Dougl.)  T.  &  G.     (BLAZING  STAR.)     Bien- 
nial; stem   stout,  erect,  branched  above,  6-10  dm.  high,  often 
white;  leaves  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed,  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers 
sessile  on  short  branches,  6-8  cm.  broad,  light  yellow,  diurnal; 
calyx-tube  naked;  calyx-lobes  2.5  cm.  long  or  more;  petals  10, 
rarely  5,  oblanceolate,  acute;  stamens  numerous,  about  equaling 
the  petals  in  length,  the  outer  with  dilated  filaments;  capsule 
3  cm.  long;   seeds   many  in  double  rows  on  the  3  placenUe, 


Datiscaceae  257 

horizontally  flattened  and  winged,  minutely  tuberculate,  3  mm. 
broad. 

Frequent  in  dry  washes  in  our  interior  valleys  and  canyons.  May-Sep- 
tember. 

Family  61.  DATISCACEAE.     DATISCA  FAMILY. 

Ours  smooth  stout  perennial  herbs  with  unequally 
laciniate  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  dioecious  or  some- 
times perfect  flowers  arranged  in  leafy  racemes.  Calyx 
of  sterile  flowers  very  short  with  4-9  unequal  lobes  ; 
stamens  10-25,  with  short  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  calyx-tube  ovoid,  somewhat  3-angled,  3-toothed  ; 
stamens  when  present  3,  alternate  with  the  teeth.  Styles 
3,  bifid,  the  linear  lobes  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side. 
Capsule  1-celled,  opening  at  the  apex  between  the  styles. 
Seeds  many,  small,  in  several  rows  on  the  3  parietal 
placentae  ;  embryo  cylindric  ;  endosperm  present. 

1.  DATISCA  L.     DURANGO  ROOT. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  D.  glomerata  (Presl)  B.  &  W.  Stems  erect,  1-2  m.  high, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate  in  out- 
line, acuminate,  about  15  cm.  long,  the  floral  shorter;  flowers 
4-7  in  each  axil  of  the  long  leafy  raceme;  petals  minute  or  want- 
ing; the  fertile  flowers  perfect;  anthers  subsessile,  4  mm.  long, 
yellow ;  styles  exceeding  the  ovary ;  capsule  oblong-ovate,  6-8 
mm.  long,  slightly  narrowed  toward  the  truncate,  triangular, 
3-toothed  summit. 

Frequent  along  the  streams  in  all  our  mountains,  mostly  in  the  upper 
portions  of  the  chaparral  belt. 

Family  62.  CACTACEAE.     CACTUS  FAMILY. 

Fleshy  plants  with  flattened,  terete,  rigid  or  tuber- 
culed,  continuous  or  jointed  stems,  leafless  or  with  small 
leaves,  generally  spiny,  the  spines  developed  from  cush- 
ions of  minute  bristles  (areolae).  Flowers  mostly  solitary, 


258  Cactaceae 

sessile,  terminal  or  lateral,  perfect,  regular  and  showy. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  many-lobed  or 
with  distinct  sepals.  Petals  numerous  in  several  rows, 
mostly  distinct.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx,  with  filiform  filaments  and  small 
anthers.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  numerous  anatropous 
ovules  borne  on  several  parietal  placentae.  Style  ter- 
minal, elongated  ;  stigmas  numerous.  Fruit  a  berry, 
mostly  fleshy.  Seeds  smooth  or  tubercled,  the  testa  usu- 
ally crustaceous  or  bony  ;  endosperm  scanty  or  copious. 

Spines  never  barbed ;  flower-bearing  areolae  distinct  from  those  bearing  the 

spines.  1.  CEREDS. 

Spines  minutely  barbed;  flowers  from  the  same  areolae  as  the  spines. 

2.  OPUNTIA. 

1.  CEBEUS  Haworth. 

Stems  oval  or  cylindric,  with  the  spine-bearing  areolse 
on  vertical  ribs.  Flowers  from  the  older  or  fully  de- 
veloped parts  of  the  plant  bursting  through  the  epider- 
mis just  above  the  bunches  of  spines,  usually  about  as 
long  as  broad,  sometimes  elongated.  Scales  of  the  ovary 
distinct,  with  naked  or  woolly  axils,  or  almost  obsolete 
and  the  axils  spiny.  Berry  succulent,  covered  with 
spines  or  scales,  or  nearly  naked.  Seeds  black  ;  endo- 
sperm none  ;  embryo  straight  or  curved. 

1.  C.  Emoryi  Engelm.  Stems  spreading,  branching  from  the 
base,  cylindric,  with  16-20  ribs,  closely  set  with  prominent  hemi- 
spheric areolse,  bearing  numerous  thin  straight  yellow  interlocked 
spines;  radials  40-50,  very  slender ;  central  solitary,  stouter  and 
much  longer ;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  3-6  cm.  broad,  crowded  on 
one  side  near  the  end  of  the  branches ;  fruit  globose,  very  spiny, 
3.5  cm.  in  diameter;  seeds  obovate,  acutely  keeled,  shining  and 
minutely  tuberculate,  2.4-2.8  mm.  long. 

Said  to  occur  from  San  Diego  to  the  Salinas  Valley,  but  we  have  not  seen 
it  north  of  San  Diego. 

2.  OPUNTIA  Mill. 

Plants  with  flat  or  cylindric  more  or  less  tuberculate 
joints  and  conspicuous  but  caducous  leaves.  These  each 


Cactus  Family  259 

with  an  axillary  pulvinus,  which  is  usually  clothed 
with  soft  wool  intervened  with  barbed  bristles  at  the 
upper  edge  and  usually  bearing  spines  at  the  lower  edge. 
Flowers  developed  from  the  bristle-bearing  part  of  the 
pulvinus,  with  rotate  corollas.  Ovary  covered  with 
caducous  leaves  bearing  axillary  wool  and  often  bristles 
and  spines.  Fruit  dry  or  succulent.  Seeds  large,  flat- 
tened and  discoid,  often  margined,  whitish  ;  cotyledons 
foliaceous,  curved  about  the  endosperm. 

*  Joints  flattened .    PRICKLY  PEAR. 

1.  O.  Lindheimeri  occidentalis  (Engelm.)  Coult.     Erect  and 
spreading,  1-3  m.  high,  usually  forming  thickets;  joints  often  3 
dm.  long  and  2  dm.  wide;  pulvini  remote,  about  4  cm.  apart, 
with  very  fine  closely  set  bristles,  1-3  white  (dusky  at  base)  de- 
flexed  spines;  fruit  sour,  very  juicy;  seeds  5-6  mm.  broad,  their 
margins  crenulate. 

Frequent  in  our  valleys  and  foothills  from  Los  Angeles  eastward. 

2.  O.  Lindheimeri  littoralis  (Engelm.)  Coult.   Erect  or  spread- 
ing, about  10  dm.  high ;  joints  often  30-45  cm.  long  and  20-25  cm. 
wide;  pulvini  usually  about  2.5  cm.  apart;   spines  straw  color 
(dusky  at  base),  deflexed,  slender;  seeds  3-4  mm.  broad,  their 
margins  undulate. 

Frequent  on  bluffs  along  the  seashore. 

**  Joints  cylindric. 

3.  O.  Bernardina  Engelm.     Stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  loosely 
branched,  slender,  6-15  dm.  high,  with  reticulate  wood;  joints 
cylindric,  7.5-30  cm.  long,  with  slender  oblong  tubercles,  2.5-3 
cm.  long;  pulvini  with  a  dense  row  of  very  short,  dark,  more  or 
less  persistent  bristles  at  upper  edge ;  spines  yellow,  the  sheathed 
ones  4-5,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  lowest  longest  and  usually  reflexed; 
and  4  appressed  short  radial  ones  mostly  on  lower  edge  of  pul- 
vinus; flowers  greenish  yellow,  tinged  with  red  without,  2.5-4 
cm.  broad;  fruit  ovate,  less  than  2.5  cm.  long,  at  length  dry; 
seed  flat,  6  mm.  broad,  with  a  channeled  commissure  and  con- 
spicuous persistent  funiculus. 

Frequent  on  the  interior  plains  east  of  Monrovia ;  also  in  the  Santa  Clara 
Valley,  Ventura  County. 


260  Lythraceae 

4.  O.  prolifera  Engelm.  Stems  1-3  m.  high,  much  branched 
and  often  forming  thickets,  with  reticulated  wood;  joints  cylin- 
dric,  dark  green,  7.5-15  cm.  long,  3.5-5  cm.  thick ;  pulvini  tomen- 
tose  and  the  older  with  fine  straw-colored  bristles ;  spines  8-10, 
variable,  with  large  loose  yellowish  or  rusty  sheaths,  2.5-3.5  cm. 
long,  1  subcentral,  the  others  stellate-spreading;  flowers  dark 
red,  3.5  cm.  broad ;  fruit  clavate  to  subglobose,  strongly  tubercu- 
late  like  the  joints,  often  proliferous;  seeds  large,  6  mm.  broad 
with  broad  commissure. 

Common  about  San  Diego.  Known  in  our  region  only  at  San  Pedro,  where 
it  is  growing  on  bluffs  near  the  bay. 


Family  63.  LYTHRACEAE.     LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  trees  in  tropical  regions,  mostly 
with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary  or  clustered  perfect 
flowers.  Stipules  usually  none.  Calyx  persistent,  free 
from  the  ovary,  but  generally  enclosing  it,  the  limb 
toothed  and  often  with  accessory  teeth  in  the  sinuses. 
Petals  as  many  as  primary  calyx-teeth  or  none.  Sta- 
mens various,  inserted  on  the  calyx  ;  anthers  versatile, 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-6-celled,  or  some- 
times 1-celled  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed  ;  ovules 
many,  rarely  few,  anatropous.  Capsule  1-several-celled, 
variously  dehiscent  or  sometimes  indehiscent.  Endo- 
sperm none  ;  cotyledons  flat,  often  auricled  at  base. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate  or  hemispheric.  1.  AMMANNIA. 

Calyx-tube  cylindric.  2.  LYTHRUM. 

1.  AMMANNIA  L. 

Annual  glabrous  or  glabrate  herbs,  mostly  with 
4-angled  stems,  opposite  sessile  narrow  leaves,  and  small 
axillary  solitary  or  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  campanu- 
late, globose  or  ovoid,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  often  with 
small  accessory  teeth  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  4,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  4-8,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube  ;  fila- 
ments slender  or  short.  Ovary  enclosed  in  the  calyx- 
tube,  nearly  globose,  2-4-celled,  bursting  irregularly. 


Onagraceae  261 

1.  A.  coccinea  Rottb.  Erect,  glabrous,  branching  below, 
15-45  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  all  obtusely  cordate, 
auriculate,  dilated  at  the  somewhat  clasping  base,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  entire,  2. 5-7.5  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  broad  ;  flowers 
1-5  in  each  axil,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  petals  purple,  fugacious; 
style  very  slender,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  capsule. 

Soldiers  Home,  Hasse. 

2.  LYTHBUM  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  4-angled  stems,  opposite,  alter- 
nate or  rarely  verticillate  entire  leaves,  and  solitary 
cymose-paniculate  and  terminal  flowers.  .  Calyx-tube 
cylindric,  8-12-ribbed,  with  4—6  primary  teeth  and  as 
many  accessory  ones  inthe  si  nuses.  Petals  4—6,  rarely 
wanting.  Stamens  8—12,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube. 
Capsule  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  membranous,  2-celled, 
2-valved  or  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  flat  or  angular. 

1.  L.  Californicuxn  T.  &  G.  Stems  erect  from  a  perennial 
stoloniferous  root,  simple  below,  paniculately  branched  above; 
lower  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  and  floral  linear,  acute  at 
apex,  tapering  below  to  a  sessile  base;  calyx  with  12  strise  and 
very  short  teeth ;  stamens  not  at  all  exserted  and  the  style  elon- 
gated, or  the  stamens  much  exserted  and  exceeding  the  short 
style. 

Common  in  damp  ground  along  streams,  both  in  the  valleys  and  moun- 
tains. July- October. 

Family  64.  ONAGRACEAE.     EVENING-PRIMROSE 
FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  alter- 
nate or  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules  or  mere  glands  in 
their  places,  and  axillary  spicate  or  racemose,  generally 
perfect  regular  or  sometimes  irregular  flowers.  Calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  often  prolonged  beyond,  the 
limb  2-6-lobed,  usually  4-lobed.  Petals  2-9,  mostly  4, 
convolute  in  the  bud,  rarely  none.  Stamens  commonly 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  and  inserted 
with  them  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube,  or  on  the 


262  Onagraceae 

epigynous  or  perigynous  disk.  Ovary  1-6-celled,  usually 
4-celled ;  styles  united ;  stigma  capitate,  discoid  or 
4-lobed  ;  ovules  many  in  each  cell.  Fruit  usually  a 
capsule.  Seeds  mostly  small,  sometimes  with  a  coma  ; 
endosperm  scanty  or  none ;  embryo  straight. 

Calyx-tube  not  produced  above  the  ovary,  its  lobes  persistent. 

1.  JUSSIAKA. 
Calyx-tube  usually  produced  above  the  ovary,  the  free  portion  and  lobes 

deciduous. 
Seeds  comose. 

Flowers  showy,  scarlet.  2.  ZAUSCHNEBIA. 

Flowers  small,  white  or  purplish.  3.  EPILOBIUM. 

Seeds  naked. 

Anthers  attached  at  or  near  the  base  and  remaining  erect. 

Flowers  minute ;  calyx-lobes  erect.  4.  BOISDUVALIA. 

Flowers  showy ;  calyx-lobes  erect  or  united  at  the  tip  and  turned  to 

one  side  in  anthesis. 

Petals  distinctly  clawed.  5.  CLARKIA. 

Petals  sessile.  6.  GODBTIA. 

Anthers  attached  in  the  middle  and  versatile. 
Capsule  4-celled. 

Stigma  4-lobed;  calyx-tube  much  exceeding  the  capsule. 

7.  ONAGRA. 
Stigma  capitate. 

Calyx-tube  with  a  lobed  disk  at  the  throat. 

8.  EULOBUS. 
Calyx-tube  naked  at  the  throat.                 9.  SPHAEROSTIGMA. 

Capsule  2-celled ;  flowers  minute.  10.  GAYOPHYTUM. 

1.  JUSSIAEA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate,  usually  entire  leaves, 
and  white  or  yellow  axillary  solitary  flowers.  Peduncles 
mostly  2-bracted  at  the  summit.  Calyx-tube  elongated, 
cylindric  or  prismatic,  adnate  to  the  ovary  but  not  pro- 
longed beyond  it,  the  limb  4-6-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  per- 
sistent. Petals  4—6,  rarely  more,  inserted  under  the 
margin  of  the  disk.  Stamens  8-12  in  2  rows,  inserted 
with  the  petals  ;  filaments  short.  Ovary  4-6-celled  ; 
stigma  4-6-lobed  ;  ovules  many.  Capsule  linear,  oblong 
or  club-shaped,  angular  or  ribbed,  septicidally  dehiscent. 
Seeds  numerous. 

1.  J.  Californica  (Wats.)  Jepson.  Perennial;  stems  stout, 
3-12  dm.  long,  floating  or  nearly  prostrate  on  mud;  leaves  obo- 


Evening-primrose  Family  263 

vate  to  obovate-oblong,  or  on  the  floating  stems  sometimes  lance- 
olate, obtuse  or  acute,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  on  petioles  1-2.5  mm. long; 
stipules  gland-like  or  somewhat  scale-like;  flowers  12-16  mm. 
broad,  deep  yellow ;  the  petals  obtuse;  fruit  2.5  cm.  long,  spongy, 
indehiscent;  pedicel  1  cm.  long  or  more.  (/.  repens  Californica. 
Wats. ;  Ludwigia  diffusa  Californica  Greene.) 

In  stagnant  water  or  muddy  bottoms,  in  marshes  toward  the  coast. 
Cienega  ;Mesmer;  Alamitos. 

2.  ZAUSCHNERIA  Presl. 

Perennial  herbs  or  somewhat  suffrutescent  plants ,, 
spreading  by  subterranean  shoots.  Leaves  opposite, 
except  those  of  the  floral  branches.  Flowers  racemose 
along  the  leafy  branches,  large,  scarlet.  .  Calyx-tube 
globose,  inflated  just  above  the  ovary,  then  becoming 
funnelform,  4-lobed,  bearing  8  small  scales  within  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  short  proper  tube,  4  erect  and  4  reflexed. 
Petals  4,  little  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes,  obcordate  or 
deeply  cleft.  Stamens  8,  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals, 
inserted  lower  down  and  appearing  shorter  ;  anthers 
linear-oblong,  attached  by  the  middle.  Style  long, 
exserted  ;  stigma  peltate  or  capitate,  4-lobed.  Capsule 
slender  fusiform,  obtusely  4-angled,  4-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  small,  comose. 

1.  Z.  Californica  microphylla  Gray.     Stems  tufted,  5-10  dm. 
high,  somewhat  woody  at  base;   herbage  canescent  with  dense 
firm  tomentum;  leaves  many,  fascicled,  narrowly  linear,  some- 
what mucronate ;    flowers  usually  somewhat  fascicled,  1-2  ter- 
minating   the    branchlets;  calyx  narrowly   funnelform,   3  cm. 
long,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  about  1  cm.  long;  petals  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx-lobes,  rather  deeply  2-lobed,  narrowed  toward 
the  base,  the  lobes  rounded  at  apex ;  stamens  about  equaling  the 
petals. 

Frequent  on  dry  hillsides  in  the  foothills,  mostly  below  3000  feet. 

2.  Z.  Californica  latifolia  Hook.     Stems  herbaceous,  3-6  dm. 
high;    herbage    somewhat    canescent;    leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
nearly  smooth. 

This  subspecies  is  common  in  the  coniferous  belt  of  the  San  Bernardino 
Mountains. 


264  Onagraceae 

3.  EPILOBIUM  L.     WILLOW-HERB. 

Herbs  or  sometimes  shrubby  plants  with  alternate 
or  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  solitary  or 
racemose  flowers.  Calyx-tube  linear,  produced  beyond 
the  ovary,  the  limb  4-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  4, 
mostly  obovate  or  obcordate.  Stamens  8,  anthers  oblong 
or  linear,  short.  Ovary  4-celled  ;  united  styles  slender 
or  filiform  ;  stigma  club-shaped  or  4-lobed.  Capsule 
elongated,  4-sided,  4-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent  by  4 
valves.  Seeds  small,  numerous,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs 
(coma)  at  the  summit. 

1.  E.  paniculatum  Nutt.     Stems  erect  at  base,  slender,  terete, 
loosely    dichotomously   branched,    glabrate  at  base,  somewhat 
glandular-pubescent    above  or  nearly   smooth,  3-8  dm.   high; 
leaves  chiefly  fascicled  and  alternate,  lanceolate  or  linear-lance- 
olate, acute,  sparingly  denticulate,  tapering  to  a  slender  winged 
petiole,  3-5  cm.  long,  becoming  smaller  and  bract-like  above; 
flowers  scattered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  petals  about 
£  mm.  long,  violet;  capsules  fusiform,  falcate,  about  2  cm.  long; 
seeds  about  1  mm.  broad,  2  mm.  long,  papillate. 

Frequent  in  dry  ground  in  the  foothills  and  mountains.    June-August. 

2.  E.  holosericeum  Trelease.     Stems  slightly  woody,  loosely 
branching,  5-8  dm.  high,  at  least  the  upper  leaves  and  branches 
canescent  with  subappressed  hairs;  leaves  5  cm.  long,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute,  undulately  low-serrulate, 
narrowed,  or  abruptly  contracted  and  then  cuneately  narrowed 
into  short  petioles;  flowers  in  long  succession  along  the  elon- 
gated branches,  pale,  barely  5  mm.  long;  fruiting  pedicels  about 
1  cm.  long;  seeds  short-beaked,  very  finely  papillate,  0.4  mm. 
broad,  1  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  low  ground  in  all  our  valleys. 

3.  E.  Californicum  Haussk.    Rather  slender,  5-10  dm.  high, 
somewhat  branched  above,  glabrous  below,  the  inflorescence  and 
buds  whitish  with  rather  long  coarse  ascending  hairs ;    leaves 
often  7-10  cm.  long,  lanceolate,  subcordate,  acute,  remotely  ser- 
rulate, rounded  or  acutely  tapering  to  short  petioles,  soon  gla- 
brous;   petals  3-5  mm.  long,  rose-colored;    fruiting  peduncles 


Evening-primrose  Family  265 

slender,  sometimes  nearly  equaling  the  leaves;  capsules  some- 
what pubescent,  at  length  nearly  glabrous,  about  5  cm.  long  \ 
seeds  faintly  papillate,  0.4  mm.  broad,  0.9  mm.  long. 

In  marshes  near  the  coast.    Cienega,  Davidson;  Alamitos.    May-July. 

4.  E.  Parishii  Trelease.  Rather  stout  and  intricately  branched 
even  from  the  base,  5-8  dm.  high,  glabrous  below,  the  inflores- 
cence and  capsules  very  sparingly,  the  young  buds  densely  white- 
tomentose;  leaves  25-75  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  very  obtuse  or  the 
reduced  uppermost  acutish,  somewhat  unequally  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed to  slender  more  or  less  elongated  petioles,  rather  thin  and 
glabrous;  flowers  at  length  numerous,  rose-colored;  fruiting 
peduncles  about  15  mm.  long;  seeds  short-beaked,  0.4  mm.  broad, 
1-1. 25  mm.  long. 

Common  in  damp  land  in  the  valleys  and  along  streams  below  4000  feet. 

4.  BOISDUVALIA. 

Annual  erect  or  decumbent  rather  rigid  herbs,  with 
numerous  alternate  sessile  leaves,  and  small  purple 
flowers  in  leafy-bracted  spikes.  Calyx-tube  funnelform 
above  the  ovary,  deciduous  ;  the  lobes  erect  in  flower. 
Petals  4,  obovate-cuneiform,  sessile,  2-lobed.  Stamens  87 
all  perfect,  unequal  ;  filaments  slender,  naked  at  base  ; 
anthers  oblong,  fixed  near  the  base.  Ovary  4-celled, 
several-ovuled  ;  stigma-lobes  short,  somewhat  cuneate. 
Capsule  membranous,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  nearly 
terete,  acute,  dehiscent  at  the  base.  Seeds  in  1  row  in 
each  cell,  naked  and  smooth. 

1.  B.  glabella  (Nutt.)  Walp.  Usually  much-branched,  the 
branches  decumbent  or  ascending,  bluish  green,  densely  soft- 
villous  to  glabrous;  leaves  about  12  mm.  long  or  more,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  the  upper  similar;  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal cluster  and  a  few  shorter  lateral  spikes,  also  occasionally 
in  the  lower  axils,  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaves;  petals 
about  2  mm.  long,  violet;  capsules  rather  slender,  nearly  straight, 
usually  acute,  about  7  mm.  long,  subterete,  with  4  broad  nerves 
or  laterally  somewhat  2-keeled,  loculicidal ;  seeds  about  6  in  each 
cell,  subfusiform.  about  0.35  mm.  broad,  1  mm.  long. 

Low  ground.    Santa  Monica;  Mesmer;  San  Diego.    July-October. 


266  Onagraceae 

5.  CLARKIA  Pursh. 

Erect  sparingly  branched  annuals  with  alternate 
petiolate  leaves,  and  racemose  or  spicate  flowers  nodding 
in  the  bud.  Calyx-tube  more  or  less  prolonged  above  the 
ovary,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  clawed,  often  lobed  or  cleft. 
Stamens  normally  8,  those  opposite  the  petals  often 
sterile,  rudimentary  or  wanting ;  anthers  oblong  or 
linear,  fixed  by  the  base.  Ovary  4-celled  ;  style  elon- 
gated ;  stigma  4-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading.  Capsule 
linear,  alternate  above,  coriaceous,  straight  or  somewhat 
curved,  4-angled,  4-valved  to  the  middle.  Seeds  angled 
or  margined. 

1.  C.    elegans  Dougl.      Glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent, 
glaucous,  3-15  dm.  high,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  rather 
stout  and  rigid ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  linear,  repand-dentate ; 
petals  entire,  the  rhomboidal  limb  about  equaling  the  linear 
claw;  filaments  all  perfect,  with  a  densely  hairy  scale  on  each 
side  at  base ;  capsule  1-2  cm.  long,  stout,  sessile,  4-angled,  some- 
what curved,  often  hairy. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt,  especially  toward  the  coast,  extending 
south  to  San  Luis  Rey  River. 

2.  C.  rhomboidia  Dougl.     Puberulent  or  glabrous,  3-10  dm. 
high,  rather  slender,  branching  above;  leaves  thin,  entire,  ob- 
long-lanceolate or  oblong-ovate,  2.5-5  cm.  long;   blade  of  petal 
rhomboidal,  the  claw  short,  broad,  often  toothed ;  stamens  all 
perfect,  the  filaments  with  hairy  white  scales  at  base ;  capsules 
pedicellate,  16-24  mm.  long,  4-angled,  glabrous,  curved  near  the 
base. 

Frequent  in  the  pine  belt  of  all  our  mountains. 

6.  GODETIA  Spach. 

Erect  simple  or  branching  annuals,  with  alternate 
entire  or  denticulate  leaves,  and  mostly  purple  flowers, 
showy  in  leafy  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  obconic 
or  short-funnelform,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  broad,  sessile, 
entire,  emarginate  or  cleft.  Stamens  8,  unequal,  the  fila- 


Evening-primrose  Family  267 

ments  opposite  the  petals  shortest  ;  anthers  perfect, 
elongated,  basifixed,  erect  or  arcuate-recurved.  Ovary 
4-celled,  many-ovuled  ;  style  short ;  stigma-lobes  short, 
linear  or  roundish.  Capsule  ovate  to  linear,  4-sided, 
coriaceous,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows, 
obliquely  angled,  the  upper  part  tuberculate-margined. 

*  Flowers  erect  in  the  bud. 

1.  G.  quadrivulnera   Spach.     Stems  slender,  3-6  dm.  high, 
puberulent;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparsely 
denticulate;  calyx-tube  obconic,  4-6  mm.  long;  petals  purplish, 
often  with  a  dark  spot  at  summit,  6-12  mm.  long ;  stigma-lobes 
purple,   short;    capsule    12-18    mm.   long,   attenuate    at    apex, 
bicostate  at  the  alternate  angles,  puberulent  or  somewhat  vil- 
lous. 

Common  on  dry  hillsides  and  open  places  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

2.  G.  viminea  Spach.     Stems  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  nearly  or 
quite  glabrous;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  2.5-5  cm.  long; 
calyx-tube  4-6  mm.  long;  petals  purple,  2-3  cm.  long;  stamens 
short,  nearly  equal ;  stigma-lobes  purple,  linear-oblong ;  capsule 
2-3  cm.  long,  somewhat  bicostate  on  the  sides,  pubescent. 

Occasional  in  open  grassy  places  in  the  foothills. 

**  Flowers  drooping  in  the  bud. 

3.  G.  Bottae  Spach.  Stems  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  nascent  parts 
puberulent,  otherwise  glabrous ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous 
or  sparsely  puberulent,  denticulate ;  flowers  abruptly  reflexed  in 
the  bud;  well  developed  bud  about  2  cm.  long,  acutish ;  petals 
pink,  often  paler  below  and  specked  with  purple,  mostly  2.5-3 
cm.  long,  cuneate,  tapering  from  the  truncate  apex  to  the  sessile 
base;  stigma-lobes  broadly  obovate,  usually  purple;  capsule 
linear,  about  4  mm.  long,  not  at  all  costate,  its  beak  short  and 
nearly  as  broad,  cinereous  with  a  short  appressed  pubescence. 

Common  in  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains  and  in  the  foothills  about  Los 
Angeles.  G.  pulcherrima  Greene  is  apparently  the  same,  Dr.  Greene  having 
evidently  confused  this  species  with  the  next. 

4.  G.  Dudleyana.  Stems  erect,  simple  below,  more  or  less 
branched  above,  3-6  dm.  high ;  herbage  puberulent  throughout 
with  rather  short  curved  hairs;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire 


268  Onagraceae 

or  rarely  faintly  and  remotely  repand-denticulate ;  flower- buds 
drooping,  elliptic-ovate,  tapering  above  to  a  rather  long  acuminate 
tip,  10-15  mm.  long;  calyx-tube  1.5-2  mm.  long;  petals  obovate, 
truncate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  tapering  near  the  base  to  a  short 
(2  mm.  long)  and  narrow  claw,  15-20  mm.  long,  pink,  often  with 
purple  specks  below  the  middle;  stamens  slightly  unequal,  the 
longest  12  mm.  long,  anthers  yellow;  style  filiform,  glabrous, 
12-14  mm.  long;  stigma-lobes  oblong,  1.5  mm.  long,  yellow;  cap- 
sule linear,  abruptly  tapering  at  base  to  a  short  pedicel,  and  at 
the  ape*  to  a  slender  beak,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  each  cell  laterally 
bicostate. 

Frequent  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel 
Mountains.  The  type  is  the  author's  number  2635,  collected  in  the  Little 
Santa  Anita  Canyon  at  2500  feet  altitude.  This  species  has  been  confused 
with  G.  Bottae,  but  it  is  much  nearer  G.  hispidula  Wats. 

5.  G.  epilobioides  (Nutt.)  Wats.  Stems  slender,  somewhat 
branched  above,  3-5  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate;  calyx-tube  4-6  mm.  long;  petals 
cream-colored  or  rarely  faintly  tinged  with  rose,  8-10  mm.  long, 
rounded  at  apex  or  somewhat  acutish ;  stigma-lobes  short ;  cap- 
sule 15-25  mm.  long,  acuminate  at  apex,  attenuate  at  base  to  a 
short  base  or  nearly  sessile,  not  costate. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt,  especially  toward  the  coast.  First  col- 
lected by  Nuttall  at  San  Diego. 

7.  ONAGB.A  Adans. 

Annual  or  biennial  caulescent  herbs  with  mostly 
erect  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  undulate  or  toothed,  ses- 
sile or  somewhat  petioled.  Flowers  yellow,  nocturnal, 
in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx-tube  elongated,  terete,  gradu- 
ally enlarged  at  the  throat  ;  the  segments  narrow,  the 
tips  free  in  the  bud.  Petals  4,  spreading.  Stamens 
many,  equal  in  length  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers 
linear.  Ovary  4-celled  ;  styles  united,  filiform  ;  stigma 
4-cleft ;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  or  more  rows,  horizontal. 
Capsule  4-celled,  4-angled,  more  or  less  tapering,  locu- 
licidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  more  or  less  prismatic-angled. 


Evening-primrose  Family  269 

1.  O.  Hookeri  (T.  &  G.)  Small.  Biennial;  stem  reddish, 
stout,  angular,  1-2  m.  high,  herbage  canescently  pubescent  and 
somewhat  villous;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  obscurely 
denticulate,  calyx-tube  3  cm.  long;  the  segments  nearly  as  long; 
petals  about  4  cm.  long,  obcordate,  pale  yellow,  turning  to  rose 
color;  stigma-lobes  yellow,  spreading;  capsule  2  cm.  long,  ses- 
sile, canescent  with  a  fine  close  pubescence;  seeds  brown,  1  mm. 
long,  faintly  striate,  not  wing-angled.  (CEnothera  biennis  hirsu- 
tissima  Gray.) 

Frequent  in  moist  ground,  usually  along  streams,  both  in  the  valleys  and 
mountains.  May-August. 

8.  EULOBUS  Nutt. 

A  smooth  erect  annual  with  alternate  leaves  and 
middle-sized  flowers ;  sessile  along  the  virgate  branches. 
Calyx-tube  scarcely  at  all  produced  beyond  the  ovary, 
the  limb  4-parted,  reflexed.  Petals  4,  rhombic-ovate, 
sessile,  pale  yellow  turning  reddish.  Stamens  8  ;  anthers 
oblong,  attached  near  the  middle.  Ovary  4-celled  ; 
stigma  capitate.  Capsule  linear,  elongated,  4-angled, 
4-valved,  imperfectly  4-celled,  reflexed.  Seeds  numerous, 
ovate-oblong,  naked. 

1.  E.  Californicus  Nutt.  Stem  3-10  dm.  high,  rather  stout, 
simple  or  with  a  few  spreading  virgate  branches ;  leaves  linear, 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  sinuately  pinnatifid,  with  numerous  unequal 
divaricate  acute  teeth;  calyx-tube  prolonged  less  than  1  mm. 
above  the  ovary;  petals  8-10  mm.  long,  pale  yellow  or  nearly 
white;  capsule  6-10  mm.  long;  seeds  3-angled. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range. 

9.  SPHAEBOSTIGMA  F.  &  M. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  erect  branching  or 
spreading  stems,  the  bark  often  exfoliating  and  shiny. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  dentate,  petioled  or  sessile. 
Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  spikes,  usu- 
ally yellow,  rarely  white  or  rose  color,  often  with  a 
brownish  spot  at  the  base,  turning  green  or  reddish  in 


270  Onagraceae 

age.  Stamens  8 ;  anthers  versatile,  oblong.  Style  fili- 
form ;  stigma  capitate.  Ovary  4-celled,  usually  linear, 
4-angled,  often  contorted,  membranous,  sessile,  dehiscent 
loculicidally.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

*  Flowers  yellow,  axillary. 

•*-  Capsule  more  or  less  contorted. 

•"Flowers  more  than  1  cm.  broad. 

1.  S.  viridescens   (Lehm.)  Walp.     Silvery-canescent,  with  a 
short  and  dense  appressed  pubescence;   branches  prostrate  or 
ascending,  3-8  dm.  long,  somewhat  woody ;   leaves  rather  thick, 
spatulate-oblong  or  linear-oblong  to  ovate-cordate,  sessile,  usually 
entire,  2  cm.  long  or  more;  petals  12-16  mm.  long,  turning  green- 
ish in  age ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  fixed  below  the  middle ;  cap- 
sule short-pubescent.     (CEnothera  viridescens  Lehm.;    (E.  chei- 
ranthifolia  sujfruticosa  Wats.) 

Common  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore.    Flowering  nearly  through- 
out the  year. 

2.  S.  spirale  (Lehm.)  Walp.    Stems  herbaceous,  prostrate  or 
ascending,  3-6  dm.  long;  leaves  rather  thick,  spatulate  to  ovate- 
cordate,  the  lowest  short-petioled,  entire  or  dentate,  more  or  less 
hirsute;  calyx-pubescent;  petals  8-12  mm.  long,  turning  red  or 
tawny  in  age ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  fixed  in  the  middle ;  cap- 
sule acutely  4-angled,  hirsute.     (CE.  cheiranthifolia  of  Bot.  Cal.) 

With  the  last  but  less  common. 

3.  S.  bistorta  (Nutt.)  Walp.     Stems  prostrate  or  ascending, 
2-5  dm.  long;  leaves  thinner,  narrowly  lanceolate  to  ovate,  the 
upper  mostly  sessile  and  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  all  denticu- 
late or  dentate;  calyx  hirsute;  petals  8-14  mm.  long;   capsule 
8-18  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  more;  beak  very  short.      (CE. 
bistorta  Nutt.) 

Very  common  in  sand-washes  about  San  Diego,  where  it  was  first  col- 
lected by  Nuttall;  extending  north  to  Santa  Barbara. 

4.  S.   Veitchianum  (Hook.)   Small.      Stems  decumbent  or 
ascending,  2-4  dm.  long ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
more  or  less  hirsute;  calyx  hirsute;  petals  10-15  mm.  long;  cap- 
sule 2.5-4  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  wide,  attenuate  into  a  long  beak. 
(CE.  bistorta  Veitchiana  Hook.) 

Very  common  in  all  our  valleys  in  sandy  soil. 


Evening-primrose  Family  271 

****  Flowers  less  than  1  cm.  broad. 

5.  S.  hirtellum  (Greene)  Small.     Stems  stoutish,  erect,  sim- 
ple or  with  a  few  ascending  branches  from  the  base,  15-30  cm. 
high,  the  herbage  purplish,  short-hirsute ;  radical  leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  denticulate ;  stem  leaves  ovate,  sessile,  coarsely  toothed  and 
more  or  less  undulate-crisped ;  petals  4  mm.  long  or  more ;  capsule 
hirsute,  narrow,  attenuate  upwards,  once  or  twice  coiled.     (OS. 
hirtella  Greene.) 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  mountains. 

6.  S.   micranthum  (Hornem.)   Walp.      Stems  prostrate  or 
ascending,  1-4  dm.  long;   leaves  all  narrowly  oblanceolate  to 
linear-oblong,   hirsute,   3-5    cm.   long,   dentate,   acutish,   some- 
what undulate;  petals  2-4  mm.  long,  often  emarginate;  capsule 
4-angled,  contorted,  sparsely  hirsute.     (CE.  micrantha  Hornem.) 

Frequent  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore,  but  not  strictly  maritime 
as  reported  by  some,  for  it  is  also  frequent  in  sandy  soil  in  all  our  valleys. 

•«-  •*-  Capsule  not  contorted. 

7.  S.  contortum   (Dougl.)   Walp.      Slender,   erect-spreading, 
15-45  cm.  high,  somewhat  pubescent  with  short  appressed  or 
incurved  white  hairs ;  leaves  about  12  mm.  long,  linear-lanceolate, 
acutish,  denticulate;  subsessile;  petals  3  mm.  long,  turning  deep 
red ;   anthers  roundish,   basifixed ;    capsule  about  2  cm.   long, 
sessile,   straight  or  arcuate,  scarcely  attenuate  at  apex.      (CE. 
strigulosa  T.  &  G.) 

Common  in  sandy  soil  in  the  valleys  and  foothills  toward  the  coast. 

8.  S.  contortum  Greenei  Small.     Stems  erect,  usually  simple 
below,  more  or  less  hirsute  pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid,  other- 
wise as  the  type.     (CE.  strigulosa  epilobioides  Greene.) 

The  common  form  in  the  interior  valleys  and  foothills. 

9.  S.  campestre  (Greene)  Small.     Branched  from  the  base, 
15-30  cm.  high  and  as  broad,  more  or  less  hirsute-pubescent 
throughout;     leaves    linear-lanceolate,   2.5    cm.   long,   dentate; 
petals  8-10  mm.  long,  turning  brick-red;  anthers  linear-oblong, 
1.5  mm.  long,  fixed  toward  the  middle  and  versatile;  pods  more 
than  2.5  cm.  long,  narrowly  linear,  slightly  incurved  with  a  slen- 
der beak.     (CE.  dentata  Wats,  not  Cav.) 

Hills  and  mountains  of   San  Bernardino  County;    common  in  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley. 


272  Onagraceae 

10.  S.  campestre  Parishii.      Much  resembling   the  type  in 
habit;  cinereous  throughout  with  a  short  appressed  pubescence, 
not  at  all  hirsute;  petals  about  8  mm.  long;  pods  very  slender, 
often  much  contorted. 

Plains  about  San  Bernardino,  Parish.  The  type  of  this  apparently  good 
subspecies  was  collected  by  Parish  near  San  Bernardino  in  May,  1900,  and 
is  in  the  author's  herbarium. 

**  Flowers  white  or  rose  color,  in  loose  spikes. 

11.  S.   alyssoides   (H.   &  A.)    Small.       Erect  or  with   few 
ascending  branches  from  the   base,  1-3  dm.  high,  canescently 
puberulent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  narrowed 
into  a  slender  petiole,  repand-denticulate  or  entire,  2.5-5  cm. 
long;   spike  elongated,  many-flowered;   petals  rose-purple,  4-8 
mm.  long,  capsule  2-5  cm.  long,  slender,  attenuate  above,  con- 
torted ;  seeds  ash  color,  minutely  pitted.     ( CE.  alyssoides  H.  &  A . ) 

10.  GAYOPHYTUM  Juss. 

Erect  very  slender  diffusely  branching  annuals,  with 
alternate  linear  entire  leaves  and  axillary  white  or 
purplish  flowers.  Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  above  the 
ovary,  the  4-parted  deciduous  limb  reflexed.  Petals  4. 
Stamens  8,  the  alternate  ones  usually  minute  and  sterile  ; 
filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  subglobose,  fixed  near  the 
middle.  Ovary  oblong  or  linear,  compressed,  2-celled  ; 
stigma  capitate  or  clavate.  Capsule  membranous,  cla- 
vate,  4-valved.  Seeds  few-many,  in  1  row  in  each  cell, 
smooth,  naked,  mostly  oblong. 

1.  G.  ramosissimum  T.  &  G.  Stem  intricately  dichotomous 
with  filiform  branches  15-60  dm.  high,  glabrous  below,  appressed 
canescent  above  or  rarely  with  spreadingliairs  throughout ;  leaves 
mostly  narrow,  usually  appressed  against  the  branches;  petals 
nearly  white,  turning  rose  color,  1-2  mm.  long;  stigma  about  0.4 
mm.  in  diameter;  capsule  about  1  mm.  thick,  oblong  to  subcla- 
vate,  often  torulose,  erect  or  refracted  on  filiform  pedicels ;  seeds 
nearly  erect  in  a  single  series,  papillate,  0.5  mm.  broad,  1.3  mm. 
long. 

Common  in  the  pine  belt  in  all  our  mountains. 


Haloragidaceae  273 

G.  PUMILUM  Wats.  A  lower,  less  branched  species  with  nearly 
sessile  capsules;  seeds  very  oblique  in  the  cells,  smooth. 

Not  known  -within  our  limits,  but  occurs  in  Bear  Valley  and  similar 
places  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 


Family  65.  HALORAGIDACEAE.     WATER-MILFOIL 
FAMILY. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  mainly  aquatic, 
with  alternate  or  verticillate  leaves,  the  submerged  ones 
often  pectinate-pinnatifid.  Flowers  perfect  or  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious,  axillary  in  interrupted  spikes,  solitary 
or  clustered.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb 
entire  or  2-4-lobed.  Petals  small,  2-4  or  none.  Sta- 
mens 1-8.  Ovary  ovoid-oblong  or  short  cylindric, 
2-8-ribbed  or  winged,  1-4-celled  ;  styles  1-4  ;  stigmas 
papillose  or  plumose.  Fruit  a  nutlet  or  drupe,  com- 
pressed, angular,  ribbed  or  winged,  indehiscent,  of  2-4 
1-seeded  carpels.  Endosperm  fleshy  ;  cotyledons  minute. 

Ovary  1-celled.  1.  HIPPURIS. 

Ovary  4-celled.  2.  MYRIOPHYLLUM. 

1.  HIPPURIS  L. 

Aquatic  herbs  writh  simple  erect  stems  and  verticillate 
entire  leaves.  Flowers  small,  axillary,  perfect  or  some- 
times neutral  or  pistillate.  Limb  of  the  calyx  minute, 
entire.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1,  inserted  on  the  margin 
of  the  calyx.  Style  filiform,  stigmatic  its  whole  length, 
lying  in  a  groove  of  the  anther.  Fruit  a  small  1-celled, 
1-seeded  drupe. 

1.  H.  vulgaris  L.  Stem  slender,  glabrous,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  sessile,  1-20  mm.  long,  in  crowded 
verticils  of  6-12;  stamens  with  a  short  thick  filament  and  com- 
paratively large  2-celled  anthers,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits;  seeds 
ovoid ;  stigma  persistent. 

Not  known  within  our  limits,  but  occurring  in  the  San  Bernardino  Moun- 
tains. 


274  Araliaceae 

2.  MYBIOPHYLLUM  L. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  verticillate  or  alternate  leaves,  the 
emersed  ones  entire,  dentate  or  pectinate,  the  submerged 
ones  pinnatifid  into  capillary  segments.  Flowers  axil- 
lary, often  interrupted-spicate,  commonly  monoecious, 
2-bracted.  The  upper  flowers  generally  staminate  with 
very  short  calyx-tube,  the  limb  of  this  2-4-lobed  or 
wanting;  petals  2-4;  stamens  4-8.  Intermediate  flowers 
often  perfect.  The  lower  pistillate,  the  calyx  more  or 
less  deeply  4-grooved,  with  or  without  minute  lobes  ; 
ovary  2-4-celled  ;  ovules  1  in  each  cell,  pendulous  ;  styles 
4,  short,  often  plumose.  Fruit  splitting  at  maturity  into 
4  bony,  1-seeded,  indehiscent  carpels. 

1.  M.  spicatum  L.  Submerged  leaves  in  whorls  of  4's  and 
5's,  dissected  into  capillary  divisions ;  floral  leaves  ovate,  entire 
or  serrate,  usually  shorter  than  the  flowers  or  sometimes  none ; 
spike  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  petals  4,  deciduous;  stamens  8;  fruit 
about  2  mm.  long  and  3  mm.  thick ;  carpels  rounded  on  the  back, 
with  a  deep  groove  between  them,  smooth  or  rarely  slightly 
rugose. 

Occasional  in  deep  pools  or  lakes  in  all  our  mountains. 

Family  66.  ARALIACEAE.     GINGSENG  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  or  verticillate 
rarely  opposite  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamous,  vari- 
ously clustered  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
its  limb  truncate  or  toothed.  Petals  usually  5,  valvate  or 
slightly  imbricate,  sometimes  cohering  together,  inserted 
on  the  margin  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  alternate  with  them,  rarely  none,  inserted  on 
the  epigynous  disk  ;  filaments  filiform  or  short ;  anthers 
introrse.  Ovary  inferior,  1-several-celled ;  styles  as 
many ;  ovules  1  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe.  Seeds  flattened  or  somewhat 
3-angled  ;  the  testa  thin  ;  endosperm  copious  ;  embryo 
small. 


Umbelliferae  275 

1.  ABALIA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  digitate  or 
compound  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  a  mostly  simple 
umbel,  these  either  solitary,  racemed  or  panicled.  Pedi- 
cels jointed.  Bracts  small.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  entire. 
Petals  5,  ovate,  slightly  imbricate.  Stamens  5.  Disk 
depressed  or  rarely  conical.  Ovary  2-5-celled  ;  styles 
free  or  united  at  base,  becoming  divaricate  ;  stigmas  ter- 
minal. Fruit  laterally  compressed,  becoming  3-5-angled, 
fleshy  externally  ;  endocarp  chartaceous. 

1.  A.  Californica  Wats.  (CALIFORNIA  SPIKENARD.)  Herba- 
ceous, unarmed  and  nearly  glabrous,  stout,  2-4  m.  high,  from  a 
large  thick  root ;  leaves  bipinnate  or  the  upper  pinnate,  with  1-2 
pairs  of  leaflets,  these  cordate-ovate,  10-20  cm.  long  or  more, 
shortly  acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate  with  short  acute 
teeth ;  uppermost  leaves  ovate-lanceolate :  umbels  in  loose,  ter- 
minal and  axillary,  compound  or  simple  racemose  panicles  which 
are  3-6  dm.  long,  more  or  less  glandular-tomentose ;  rays  numer- 
ous, 8-12  mm.  long ;  involucres  of  several  linear  bractlets ;  flowers 
3-4  mm.  long;  disk  and  stylopodium  obsolete;  styles  united  to 
the  middle;  fruit  about  4  mm.  long,  reddish,  becoming  nearly 
black. 

Frequent  in  canyons  above  2000  feet.    May-July. 

Family  67.  UMBELLIFERAE.     CARROT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  alternate  decompound,  compound  or  some- 
times simple  leaves,  the  petioles  often  dilated  at  the 
base,  the  stems  usually  hollow.  Stipules  none  or  rarely 
present  and  minute.  Flowers  small  in  compound  or 
simple  umbels  or  rarely  in  heads,  often  polygamous. 
Umbels  and  umbellets  commonly  involucrate  or  involu- 
cellate.  Calyx-tube  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  mar- 
gin truncate  or  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  calyx,  usually  with  an  inflexed  tip.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  on  the  epigynous  disk  ;  filaments  filiform  ; 


276  Umbelliferae 

anthers  versatile.  Ovary  inferior,  2-celled ;  styles  2, 
filiform,  distinct,  often  borne  on  a  conic  or  depressed 
stylopodium  ;  ovules  1  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  anatrop- 
ous.  Fruit  dry,  composed  of  2  carpels,  separating  at 
maturity  along  the  plane  of  their  contiguous  faces  (com- 
missure); either  flattened  laterally  (at  right  angles  to 
the  commissure),  or  dorsally  (parallel  with  the, commis- 
sure), or  nearly  terete.  Carpels  after  parting  supported 
on  a  slender  axis  (carpophore),  more  or  less  ribbed  or 
winged.  Pericarp  membranous  or  corky-thickened,  usu- 
ally containing  oil-tubes  between  the  ribs  and  on  the 
commissural  side.  Seeds  usually  adnate  to  the  pericarp, 
their  inner  faces  flat  or  concave  ;  -endosperm  cartilagi- 
nous ;  embryo  small. 

Flowers  in  dense,  usually  rather  spiny  heads.  4.  ERYNGIUM. 

Flowers  umbellate. 

Fruit  covered  with  hooked  bristles.  3.  SANICULA. 

Fruit  with  bristles  only  on  the  ribs. 

Bristles  barbed  at  tip.  22.  DAUCUS. 

Bristles  short,  neither  hooked  nor  barbed.  5.  WASHINGTONIA. 

Bristles  hooked.  6.  CAUCALIS. 

Fruit  not  bristly. 

Oil-tubes  obsolete  or  obscure. 

Leaves  decompound.  8.  CONIUM. 

Leaves  simple. 

Fruit  strongly  flattened  laterally.  1.  HYDKOCOTYLE. 

Fruit  hot  strongly  flattened  laterally.  2.  BOWLESIA. 

Oil-tubes  distinct. 

Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally. 
Flowers  white. 

Caulescent.  18.  SPHENOSCIADIUM. 

Accaulescent  or  nearly  so.  19.  LOMATIUM. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Plants  leafy-stemmed.  21.  PASTINACA. 

Plants  with  mostly  basal  leaves. 

Leaflets  large,  sharply  toothed.  20.  EUBYPTERA. 

Leaflets  narrow  or  small,  not  sharply  toothed. 

19.  LOMATIUM. 

Fruit  not  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  usually  flattened  laterally. 
Oil- tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 
Stylopodium  conical. 

Flowers  yellow.  17.  FOENICULUM 

Flowers  white. 

Leaflets,  at  least  the  upper,  linear  or  filiform. 

13.  CARUM. 
Leaflets  broader.  12.  CICUTA. 


Carrot  Family  277 

Stylopodium  flat  or  wanting. 
Ribs  thick  and  corky. 

Dorsal  ribs  filiform.  16.  OENANTHE. 

All  the  ribs  prominent  and  corky.     11.  APIUM. 
Ribs  obscure  or  obsolete.  7.  APIASTRUM. 

Oil-tubes  more  than  1  in  the  intervals. 

Stylopodium  conic.  15.  BERDLA. 

Stylopodium  flat  or  wanting. 

Seed-face  involute,  inclosing  a  central  cavity. 

10.  DRUDEOPHYTUM. 

Seed  face  deeply  sulcate.  9.  DEWEYA. 

Seed-face  plane.  14.  SIUM. 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE  L.     PENNEYWORT. 

Low  herbaceous  perennials  growing  in  or  near  water, 
with  slender  creeping  stems,  orbicular  peltate  or  reni- 
form  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in  simple  or  prolif- 
erous umbels,  without  involucres.  Calyx-teeth  minute 
or  obsolete.  Fruit  more  or  less  orbicular,  strongly  flat- 
tened laterally.  Carpel  with  5  primary  ribs,  broad  or 
filiform.  Oil-tubes  wanting  or  obscure. 

1.  H.  umbellata  L.    Descending  branches  of  the  rootstocks 
with  round  tubers;  leaves  orbicular-peltate,  crenate;  peduncles 
as  long  as  the  petioles;   umbels  many-flowered,  simple,  rarely 
slightly  proliferous;  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long;  fruit  with  a  thin 
pericarp  except  at  the  broad  thick  corky  dorsal  and  lateral  ribs, 
strongly  notched,  2  mm.  long,  about  3  mm.  broad,  with  dorsal 
ribs  prominent  but  obtuse. 

Frequent  on  borders  of  marshes  and  streams.  Apparently  more  common 
in  the  interior  valleys. 

2.  H.  ranunculoides  L.     Floating  or  creeping  in  mud ;  leaves 
round-reniforin,  3-7-cleft,  with  crenate  lobes;   peduncles  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  umbel  capitate,  5-10- 
flowered;    fruit  corky,  thickened  throughout,  ribs  all  filiform, 
rather  obscure.  • 

Common  in  pools  or  slow-running  streams,  especially  toward  the  coast; 
extending  south  at  least  as  far  as  San  Diego. 

2.  BOWLESIA  Pv.  &  P. 

Slender  branching  annuals  with  stellate  pubescence, 
opposite  simple  lobed  leaves,  scarious  lacerate  stipules, 


278  Umbelliferae 

and  simple  few-flowered  umbels  of  white  flowers  on  axil- 
lary peduncles.  Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent.  Fruit 
broadly  ovate  with  narrow  commissure  and  stellate 
pubescence.  Carpels  turgid,  becoming  depressed  on  the 
back,  with  neither  ribs  nor  oil-tubes  ;  the  whole  dorsal 
region  inflated,  the  seed-cavity  being  on  the  commissural 
side  of  the  carpel.  Seed  flattened  dorsally,  the  face  and 
back  plane  or  convex. 

1.  B.  septentrionalis  C.  &  R.  Stems  weak,  0.5-6  dm.  long, 
dichotomously  branching;  leaves  thin,  cordate  to  reniform,  1.5-3 
cm.  broad,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  entire  or  toothed,  on  long  slender 
petioles;  umbels  1-4-flowered,  on  short  peduncles;  fruit  about  2 
mm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so.  (B.  lobata  of  recent  authors,  not 
of  R.  &  P.) 

Common  throughout  our  range  in  the  valleys  and  foothills,  usually  grow- 
ing on  shaded  slopes. 

3.  SANICULA  L. 

Smooth  perennial  herbs  with  almost  naked  or  few- 
leaved  stems,  palmate  or  sometimes  pinnate  leaves  with 
more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  incised  lobes,  involucre  and 
involucels,  and  greenish  yellow  or  purple  flowers  in  irreg- 
ularly compound  few-rayed  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  some- 
what foliaceous,  persistent.  Fruit  subglobose,  densely 
covered  with  hooked  bristles  or  tuberculate.  Carpels 
without  ribs.  Stylopodium  wanting.  Oil-tubes  mostly 
large,  5  (3  dorsal  and  2  commissural)  or  in  ours  3-many 
and  irregularly  distributed.  Seed-face  plane  to  deeply 
concave  or  sulcate. 

• 

*  Leaves  palmately  divided. 

1.  S.  Menziesii  H.  &  A.  Stem  solitary,  erect,  3-10  dm.  high, 
branching;  leaves  round-cordate,  5-10  cm.  broad,  very  deeply 
3-5-lobed,  the  broad  segments  sharply  toothed  or  somewhat  cleft, 
the  teeth  bristle- tipped ;  upper  leaves  more  narrowly  lobed  and 
laciniately  toothed;  rachis  scarcely  winged;  umbel  with  3-4 


Carrot  Family  279 

slender  rays ;  involucre  of  2-3  small  leaf-like  bracts ;  involucels 
of  6-8  small  entire  bractlets;   flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  ones 
short-pedicelled  ;  fruit  sessile  but  distinctly  stipitate,  obovate,  2-4 
mm.  long,  covered  with  strong  bristles;  seed-face  sulcate. 
Frequent  in  the  foothills  in  moist  woods. 

2.  S.  arguta  Greene.     Stems  more  or  less  branching,  1.5-4.5 
dm.  high,  from  a  thickened  rootstock ;  leaves  palmately  5-parted, 
the  middle  division  elongated  and  distinct,  all  the  divisions  more 
or  less  palmately  lobed  and  toothed,  decurrent  upon  the  rachis, 
forming  a  broad  toothed  wing,  teeth  spinosely  pointed ;  umbel 
3-5-rayed;   involucre  of  leaf-like  bracts;  involucels  of  linear  to 
linear-lanceolate  spinosely  pointed  bractlets ;  flowers  yellow,  the 
sterile  ones  on  pedicels  3-4  mm.  long;   fruit  obovate,  tapering 
into  a  stipitate  base,  somewhat  naked  below,  more  bristly  above, 
6  mm.  long. 

Frequent  on  grassy  hillsides  and  mesas,  extending  from  Santa  Barbara 
to  San  Diego. 

3.  S.  laciniata  H.  &  A.    Usually  slender,  branching  from  the 
base,  1-6  dm.  high;  leaves  broadly  ovate-orbicular  in  outline, 
from  slightly  3-lobed  to  deeply  3-parted,  the  divisions  from  toothed 
to  laciniately  cut,  with  bristle-tipped  teeth;   umbel  3-5-rayed; 
involucre  of  leaf-like  bracts ;  involucels  of  small  apiculate  bract- 
lets  ;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  orbicular,  not  at  all  stipitate,  3  mm. 
long. 

Rather  common  on  hillsides  and  in  open  places  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

4.  S.  Nevadensis    Wats.     Low,  with  very  short  stems,  the 
numerous  stoutish  peduncles  arising  from  near  the  base,  2  dm. 
high  or  less;  leaves  ternate,  the  divisions  oblong-ovate,  3-5-lobed, 
the  segments  lobed  or  toothed;  umbels  with  3-10  rays;  involucre 
of  pinnatifid  leaf-like  bracts ;  involucels  of  small,  oblong,  acute, 
more  or  less  united  bractlets;    fruiting  rays  1.5-3.5  cm.  long; 
flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  ones  on  pedicels  2-3  mm.  long;  fruit 
bristly  all  over,  3  mm.  long;  seed-face  concave. 

Occasional  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  pine  belt. 
Santiago  Peak,  Santa  Ana  Mountains ;  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

*  Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

5.  S.  bipinnatifida  Dougl.     Stems  3  dm.  or  more  high,  from  a 
thickened  rootstock,  with  usually  a  cluster  of  leaves  at  the  base, 
and  1-3  leaves  above;  leaves  pinnately  3-7-parted,  the  divisions 


280  Umbelliferae 

incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  decurrent  on  the  rachis,  and  forming  a 
toothed  wing ;  teeth  acute  or  slightly  pointed ;  umbel  with  3-4 
elongated  rays ;  involucre  of  leaf-like  bracts ;  involucels  of  small 
narrow  acute  bractlets ;  flowers  purple,  in  dense  heads,  the  sterile 
ones  pedicelled;  fruit  bristly  all  over,  3  mm.  long;  seed-face 
broadly  concave  with  a  prominent  central  longitudinal  ridge. 
Occasional  on  grassy  hillsides. 

6.  S.  bipinnata  H.  &  A.     Slender,  2-4  dm.  high,  from  a  slender 
fusiform  root ;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  with  divisions  not 
at  all  decurrent  on  the  rachis,  cuneate-oblong  to  ovate,  incisely 
and  mucronately  toothed;   umbel  3-4-rayed;   involucre  of  leaf- 
like  bracts;    involucels  of  a  few   small  bractlets  more  or  less 
united;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  with  strong  tubercles 
tipped  with  short  hooked  bristles ;  seed-face  deeply  sulcate,  some- 
times inclosing  a  central  cavity,   with   a  central    longitudinal 
ridge. 

Los  Angeles  River,  San  Fernando  Valley;  Oak  Knoll,  Pasadena 

7.  S.  tuberosa  Torr.     Stems  1-6  dm.  high  from  a  small  globose 
tuber;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  usually  very  finely  divided, 
ultimate  segments  very  small ;  umbel  1-4-rayed  ;  bracts  leaf-like ; 
bractlets  unequal,  united;  flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  ones  on  long 
pedicels;  fruit  broader  than  long,  rather  strongly  flattened  later- 
ally for  the  genus,  2  mm.  long,  tuberculate  and  not  at  all  bristly ; 
seeds  somewhat  laterally  flattened,  with  plane  face. 

Occasional  in  open  places  in  the  foothills. 

4.  EBYNGIUM  L. 

Glabrous  perennials,  with  often  rigid  coriaceous  spi- 
nosely  toothed  or  divided  leaves,  and  white  or  blue  flowers 
sessile  in  dense  bracteate  heads.  The  outer  bracts  form 
the  involucre,  the  inner  bractlets  intermixed  with  the 
flowers  represent  the  involucels.  Sepals  prominent, 
rigid,  persistent.  Fruit  ovoid,  flattened  laterally,  covered 
with  hyaline  scales  or  tubercles.  Carpels  with  ribs 
obsolete.  Stylopodium  wanting  ;  styles  short  or  long, 
often  rigid.  Oil-tubes  mostly  5,  3  dorsal  and  2  commis- 
sural.  Seed-face  plane. 

1.  E.  Parishii  C.  &  R.  Stems  slender,  much  branched,  erect 
or  spreading,  1-4  dm.  long;  basal  leaves  simple  or  pinnate,  the 


Carrot  Family  281 

blades  or  segments  laciniate-toothed  or  cleft,  tapering  into  a  long 
more  or  less  spinosely  toothed  petiole;  inflorescence  beginning 
near  the  base,  diffusely  branching;  the  heads  on  very  short  ped- 
uncles, nearly  globose,  about  6  mm.  long;  bracts  very  narrow, 
rigid,  12-18  mm.  long,  with  a  few  spinose  bristles  at  the  base,  not 
at  all  scarious-margined;  bractlets  about  the  size  of  the  bracts, 
short,  scarious-margined  below,  broadening  upward  to  a  short 
lobe  on  each  side,  the  margined  base  inclosing  the  fruit  and  fall- 
ing with  it;  sepals  ovate,  scarious-margined,  1.5  mm.  long, 
tapering  to  a  cuspidate  bristly  tip;  styles  longer  than  the  sepals. 

In  low  heavy  ground  toward  the  coast.  First  collected  by  Parish  near 
Oceanside. 

5.  WASHINGTONIA  Raf. 

Glabrous  or  hirsute  perennials  from  thick  aromatic 
roots,  with  ternately  decompound  leaves  and  white  or 
purple  flowers  in  few-fruited  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  obso- 
lete. Fruit  linear  to  linear-oblong,  more  or  less  attenu- 
ate at  base,  acute  or  beaked  at  apex,  glabrous  or  bristly 
on  the  ribs.  Carpels  slightly  or  not  at  all  flattened 
dorsally.  Stylopodium  conic,  sometimes  depressed.  Oil- 
tubes  obsolete  in  mature  fruit,  often  numerous  in  young 
fruit.  Seed-face  from  slightly  concave  to  deeply  sulcate. 

1.  W.  brachypoda  (Torr.)  Heller.  Stems  rather  stout,  3-9 
dm.  high,  pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous;  leaves  ternately 
compound;  leaflets  2-3  cm.  long,  acute,  laciniately  lobed  or 
toothed;  umbel  1-6-rayed;  involucre  and  involucels  of  linear 
bracts,  the  latter  equaling  or  exceeding  the  flowers ;  rays,  3.5-10 
cm.  long;  pedicels  1-2  mm.  long;  fruit  12-16  mm.  long,  4  mm. 
wide,  short-attenuate  at  base,  rough-bristly  on  the  very  prom- 
inent ribs;  stylopodium  and  style  3  mm.  long;  the  former  broad 
and  somewhat  depressed  ;  seed-face  very  concave,  nearly  inclosing 
a  central  cavity.  (Osmorhiza  brachypoda  Torr.) 

Occasional  in  all  our  mountains  on  shady  slopes. 

6.  CAUCALIS  L. 

Mostly  hispid  annuals  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves 
and  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate 
or  oblong,  flattened  laterally.  Carpel  with  5  filiform 


282  Umbelliferae 

bristly  primary  ribs  and  4  prominent  winged  secondary 
ones,  with  barbed  or  hooked  bristles.  Stylopodium  thick, 
conic.  Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  under  the 
secondary  ribs,  2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed-face 
deeply  sulcate. 

1.  C.  microcarpa  H.  &  A.     Erect  slender,  1-3  dm.  high,  more 
or  less  hispid ;  leaves  much  dissected,  the  segments  small ;  um- 
bels at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches,  very  unequally  3-6- 
rayed ;  involucre  of  foliaceous  divided  bracts ;  involucels  of  entire 
or  somewhat  divided  bractlets ;  rays  slender,  7.5  cm.  long  or  less ; 
pedicels  very  unequal ;  fruit  oblong,  4-6  mm.  long,  armed  with 
rows  of  hooked  prickles ;  the  primary  lateral  ribs  near  margin  of 
commissural  face. 

Frequent  in  sandy  or  stony  places  in  the  valleys  and  mountains  below  the 
pine  belt. 

2.  C.  nodosa  Hudson.     Stems  erect  with  few  branches,   re- 
trorsely  scabrous ;  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  bipinnately  dissected ; 
umbels  scattered  along  the  stems  opposite  the  leaves  on  very 
short  peduncles,  simple  or  with  supplementary  short  proliferous 
umbel;  fruit  1-4  mm.  long,  the  outside  of  the  umbel  with  the 
exterior  carpel  densely  covered  with  hooked  bristles,  the  inner 
carpel  as  well  as  the  inner  fruits  smooth  or  with  tubercles. 

Oak  Knoll,  near  Pasadena,  McClatchie. 

7.  APIASTRTJM  Nutt. 

Very  slender  smooth  branching  annuals,  with  finely 
dissected  leaves  having  filiform  or  linear  segments,  and 
small  white  flowers  in  naked  unequally  few-rayed 
umbels.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or  cordate, 
with  obscure  or  obsolete  ribs,  more  or  less  tuberculate. 
Carpel  with  thin  pericarp.  Stylopodium  minute,  de- 
pressed ;  styles  short.  Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals and  beneath  the  ribs,  2  on  the  commissural  side. 
Seed-face  narrowly  concave  or  sulcate. 

1.  A.  angustifolium  Nutt.  Slender,  0.5-3  dm.  high,  usually 
much  branched ;  leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  biternately  or  triternately 
divided,  with  linear  or  nearly  filiform  segments;  umbels  sessile; 


Carrot  Family  283 

rays  from  2.5  cm.  long  to  wanting;  pedicels  12  mm.  long  or  want- 
ing; fruit  with  narrow  commissure,  cordate  in  outline,  1  mm. 
long. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  in  the  foothills  and  valleys. 

8.  CONIUM  L.    POISON  HEMLOCK. 

Tall  biennial  glabrous  herbs  with  spotted  stems,  pin- 
nately  decompound  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in 
compound  many-rayed  umbels.  Involucre  and  involu- 
cels  of  ovate  acuminate  bracts.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete. 
Fruit  broadly  ovate,  glabrous,  somewhat  flattened  later- 
ally. Carpels  strongly  many-ribbed.  Large  oil-tubes 
none,  but  with  a  layer  of  oil-secreting  tissue  next  the 
deeply  concave  seed. 

1.  C.  maculatum  L.  Erect,  much  branched,  6-15  dm.  high; 
lower  and  basal  leaves  petioled,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so,  all 
pinnately  dissected,  the  leaflets  ovate  in  outline,  thin,  the  ulti- 
mate segments  dentate  or  incised  ;  petioles  dilated  and  sheathing 
at  the  base;  umbels  2.5-7.5  cm.  broad;  rays  slender,  2.5-4  cm. 
long;  pedicels  filiform,  4-6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  fruit  3  mm.  long, 
its  ribs  very  prominent  when  dry. 

Occasional  in  waste  places,  especially  in  damp  ground. 

9.  DEWEYA  T.  &  G. 

Caulescent  plants  with  simply  pinnate  leaves,  mostly 
no  involucre,  involucels  of  few  linear  bractlets,  and 
yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  oblong, 
flattened  laterally,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  5  prominent 
very  acute  ribs.  Stylopodium  none.  Carpophore  divided. 
Oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals  and  on  the  commissural 
side.  Seeds  nearly  terete,  the  face  deeply  sulcate. 

1.  D.  arguta  T.  &  G.  Glabrous,  3-7.5  dm.  high,  rarely  acau- 
lescent ;  leaves  simply  pinnate;  petioles  of  the  lowest  pair, of 
leaflets  sometimes  prominent,  giving  a  divaricate  appearance; 
leaflets  5-7,  ovate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  the  lowest  often  subcordate, 
finely  and  sharply  mucronate-serrate,  the  terminal  and  the  lowest 


284  Umbelliferae 

often  3-lobed ;  umbel  12-16-rayed ;  rays  5-9  cm.  long;  pedicels 
short,  3-10  mm.  long;  fruit  oblong,  smooth,  8  mm.  long;  oil- 
tubes  3-5  in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the  commissural  side.  (  Velaea 
arguta  C.  &  R.) 

Frequent  in  dry  open  ground  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

10.  DBUDEOPHYTUM  C.  &  R. 

Caulescent  or  acaulescent  plants  with  usually  ter- 
nately  compound  leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth 
evident  or  wanting.  Fruit  orbicular,  flattened  laterally, 
glabrous  or  pubescent.  Carpel  with  5  slender  filiform 
ribs.  Stylopodium  none.  Carpophore  variable,  oil- 
tubes  several  in  the  intervals  and  on  the  commissual 
side.  Seeds  nearly  terete,  the  inner  face  with  a  narrow 
and  deep  sulcus,  which  enlarges  into  a  central  cavity. 

1.  D.  Parishii  C.  &  R.  Glabrous  throughout,  nearly  acaules- 
cent, 3-4  dm.  high;  leaves  thickish,  ternate-pinnatifid,  the  seg- 
ments ovate,  irregularly  cuspidate-toothed  and  lobed;  umbel 
20-rayed,  with  no  involucre;  bractlets  few,  setaceous;  rays  5-7.5 
cm.  long;  pedicels  about  4-7  mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  prominent; 
fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  6-7  mm.  long;  carpophore  2-parted;  oil- 
tubes  3-4  in  the  intervals,  4-5  on  the  commissural  side.  ( Valaea, 
Parishii  C.  &  R.) 

Occasional  in  the  Santa  Monica  and  San  Gabriel  Mountains. 

11.  APIUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  glabrous  herbs  with  pinnate  or 
pinnately  compound  leaves  and  white  or  greenish  yellow 
flowers  in  compound  umbels.  Calylx-teeth  obsolete. 
Stylopodium  depressed  or  short-conic.  Fruit  ovate  or 
broader  than  long,  smooth  or  tuberculate.  Carpels 
mostly  with  prominent  ribs,  somewhat  5-angled.  Oil- 
tubes  mostly  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commis- 
sural side.  Seed  terete  or  nearly  so. 

1.  A.  graveolens  L.  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  3-9  dm.  high, 
several-leafed;  leaves  pinnate,  the  basal  and  lower  ones  long- 


Carrot  Family  285 

petioled,  the  upper  short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  thin,  broadly 
ovate  to  oval,  coarsely  toothed  and  often  incised,  1-3  cm.  long; 
umbels  opposite  the  leaves  and  terminal,  3-7-rayed;  involucre 
and  involucels  small  or  none ;  flowers  minute,  white,  very  short- 
pedicelled;  fruit  oval,  scarcely  1  mm.  long,  the  ribs  somewhat 
winged. 

Common  in  low  marshy  places. 

12.  CICUTA  L.     WATER-HEMLOCK. 

Smooth  poisonous  marsh  perennials  with  pinnately 
compound  leaves  and  serrate  leaflets  and  white  flowers. 
Calyx-teeth  rather.prominent.  Fruit  flattened  laterally, 
oblong  to  orbicular,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  strong  flat- 
tish  corky  ribs,  the  lateral  ribs  largest  without  strength- 
ening cells.  Stylopodium  low,  sometimes  low-conic. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural 
side.  Seed  nearly  terete  or  somewhat  dorsally  flattened, 
with  face  plane  to  slightly  concave. 

1.  C.  occidentalis  Greene.  Stout,  9-18  dm.  high;  rootstock 
short,  giving  rise  to  slender  roots  above  and  a  fascicle  of  thick 
and  elongated  ones  below;  leaves  twice  pinnate;  leaflets  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate  and 
conspicuously  reticulate  beneath  ;  fruit  oblong,  3  mm.  long,  con- 
stricted at  the  commissure,  the  ribs  apparently  equal,  but  laterals 
largest  in  section,  the  intervals  broad;  oil-tubes  large. 

Frequent  in  marshes  toward  the  coast. 

13.  CABUM  L. 

Smooth  erect  slender  herbs  with  tuberous  or  fusiform 
fascicled  roots,  pinnate  leaves  with  few  linear  leaflets, 
and  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent  for  the  size 
of  the  fruit.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  orbicular  to 
oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  filiform  or  inconspicuous 
ril>s.  Stylopodium  conic.  Oil-tubes  large  and  solitary 
in  the  intervals,  2-6  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed 
dorsally  flattened,  more  or  less  sulcate  beneath  the 
tubes,  the  face  plane  or  slightly  concave. 


286  Umbelliferae 

1.  C.  Gairdneri  (H.  &  A.)  Gray.     Stem  3-12  dm.  .high  from 
fascicled  tuberous  or  fusiform  roots ;  leaves  few,  usually  simply 
pinnate,  with  3-7  linear-filiform  leaflets,  5-15  cm.  long;  umbels 
6-15-rayed ;  bracts  several  or  none ;  bractlets  linear,  acuminate ; 
rays  2.5-4  cm.  long;  fruit  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  1-2 
mm.  long,  with  small  ovate  calyx-teeth,  low  conic  stylopodium 
and  long  slender  styles ;  seed  terete. 

Occasional  along  borders  of  marshes. 

2.  C.  Lemmoni  C.  &  R.     Resembling  the  last,  but  fruit  oblong, 
tapering  somewhat  at  base  and  apex,  3  mm.  long  and  2  mm. 
broad,  with  conspicuous  ribs,  each  of  which  contains  a  small 
group  of  strengthening  cells ;  calyx-teeth  prominent,  concealing 
the  stylopodium ;  styles  long  and  slender. 

Occasional  in  marshes  toward  the  coast. 

14.  SIUM  L. 

Smooth  perennials  growing  in  water  or  wet  places, 
with  pinnate  leaves,  serrate  or  pinnatifid  leaflets,  involu- 
cres and  involucels  of  numerous  narrow  bracts,  and 
white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  flattened 
laterally,  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  promi- 
nent corky  nearly  equal  ribs.  Stylopodium  depressed  ; 
styles  short.  Oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals.  Seed  sub- 
angular,  with  plane  face. 

1.  S.   cicutaefoliuxn   Gmel.      Stout,   6-8  dm.   high;   leaflets 
3-8  pairs,  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  and  mostly  acumi- 
nate, 5-13  cm.  long,  lower  leaves  sometimes  submersed  and  finely 
dissected;  umbel  many-rayed;  rays  2.5-4  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-6 
mm.  long;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  with  prominent  ribs;  oil-tubes  2-6 
on  the  commissural  side. 

Oak  Knoll,  McUlatchie. 

2.  S.  heterophyllum  Greene.     Stems  stout,  angular  and  flexu- 
ose,  1  m.  high;    lowest  leaves  with  a  single  lamina  which  is 
rather  broadly  rhombic-lanceolate,  serrate  or  laciniate-cleft,  5-20 
cm.  long;  petiole  stout,  fistulose;  the  other  leaves  3-lobed  or 
divided  and  passing  to  the  truly  pinnate,  with  2  pairs  of  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  leaflets ;  bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing at  both  ends ;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  strongly  ribbed. 

Near  Pasadena,  Davidson. 


Carrot  Family  287 

15.  BEBULA  Hoffm. 

Smooth  aquatic  perennial  herbs  with  simple  pinnate 
leaves,  variously  cut  leaflets,  and  small  white  flowers. 
Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  nearly 
round,  emarginate  at  base,  glabrous.  Carpel  nearly  glo- 
bose, with  very  slender  inconspicuous  ribs,  thick  corky 
pericarp  and  no  strengthening  cells.  Stylopodium 
conic.  Oil-tubes  numerous  and  contiguous,  closely  sur- 
rounding the  seed-cavity.  Seed  terete. 

1.  B.  erecta  (Huds.)  Coville.  Erect,  1.5-9  dm.  high;  leaflets 
5-9  pairs,  linear  to  oblong  or  ovate;  serrate  to  cut-toothed,  often 
laciniate-lobed,  sometimes  crenate,  1-7.5  cm.  long;  umbels  many- 
rayed  ;  rays  5  cm.  long  or  less ;  bracts  usually  conspicuous ;  bract- 
lets  narrow;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long;  fruit  scarcely  2  mm.  long. 

Occasional  along  watercourses. 

16.  OENANTHE  L. 

Mostly  aquatic  glabrous  herbs  with  succulent  stems, 
pinnate  or  decompound  leaves,  and  usually  involucrate 
umbels  of  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent. 
Fruit  globose,  slightly  flattened  laterally  if  at  all,  gla- 
brous. Carpel  semiterete  in  section,  with  broad  obtuse 
corky  ribs ;  laterals  the  largest  ;  a  band  of  strengthen- 
ing cells  investing  the  seeds  and  oil-tubes.  Stylopodium 
very  short-conic,  with  elongated  styles.  Oil-tubes  soli- 
tary in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed 
sulcate  beneath  each  oil-tube. 

1.  O.  sarmentosa  Californica  (Wats.)  C.  &  R.  Succulent  stems, 
6-15  dm.  high ;  leaves  ternate  and  biternate ;  leaflets  approximate, 
acute  or  acutish,  toothed,  often  lobed  at  base,  1-2.5  cm.  long; 
umbels  many;  bracts  few,  linear  or  none;  bractlets  similar, 
more  numerous;  rays  2.5  cm.  long  or  less;  pedicels  numerous, 
short;  fruit  about  4  mm.  long,  with  commissural  face  as  well  as 
ribs  very  corky. 

Frequent  along  slow-running  streams. 


288  Umbelliferae 

17.  FOENICULUM  Adans.     FENNEL. 

Erect  biennial  or  perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  pin- 
nate compound  leaves,  linear  or  capillary  leaflets,  and 
compound  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  and  in- 
volucels  none.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obtuse  or 
slightly  retuse  at  the  apex.  Stylopodium  long,  conic. 
Fruit  linear-oblong,  glabrous,  terete  or  nearly  so.  Car- 
pels half  terete,  dorsally  flattened,  prominently  ribbed. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  Seed-face  flat  or 
slightly  concave. 

1.  F.  Foeniculum  (L.)  Karst.  Perennial,  branched,  7-20 
dm.  high;  leaves  very  finely  dissected  into  capillary  segments; 
petioles  broad,  clasping ;  umbels  large,  9-25-rayed ;  rays  glaucous, 
2.5-7.5  cm.  long  in  fruit;  pedicels  2-8  mm.  long,  slender;  fruit 
about  6  mm.  long.  (F.  vulgare  Gaertn.) 

In  waste  places  and  along  streets.    Native  of  Europe. 

18.  SPHENOSCIADIUM  Gray. 

Nearly  simple  thick-rooted  perennials,  with  stout 
stems  glabrous  up  to  the  tomentose  umbel,  once  or  twice 
pinnate  leaves  with  bladdery  dilated  petioles,  and  scari- 
ous  white  or  purplish  flowers  sessile  on  an  enlarged 
receptacle  and  forming  a  compact  head.  Calyx-teeth 
obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  dorsally,  cuneate-obovate,  hir- 
sute. Carpel  strongly  flattened  at  base,  winged  above, 
the  dorsal  and  intermediate  wings  narrow,  the  lateral 
broader.  Stylopodium  small  and  conic  or  flat  in  flower. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commis- 
sural  side.  Seed-face  plane. 

1.  S.  capitellatum  Gray.  Very  stout,  3-14  dm.  high;  leaves 
large  and  glabrous;  the  leaflets  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  with  rather  few  laciniate  teeth  or  lobes,  more  or  less 
entire  below ;  umbel  equally  4-15-rayed,  with  globose  umbellets 
of  sessile  pubescent  flowers ;  bractlets  few,  deciduous  ;  rays  2.5-5 
cm.  long;  fruit  cuneate-obovate,  about  5  mm.  long. 

Cienega,  Davidson. 


Carrot  Family  289 

19.  LOMATIUM  Raf. 

Acquiescent  or  short  caulescent  dry-ground  perennials, 
with  fusiform  or  tuberous  roots,  ternate  sometimes  pin- 
nate to  dissected  leaves,  no  involucre,  and  yellow,  white 
or  purple  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  usually  obsolete.  Fruit 
strongly  flattened  dorsally,  oblong  to  orbicular.  Carpel 
with  filiform  and  approximate  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs,  and  winged  laterals  coherent  until  maturity  with 
those  of  the  other  carpel  ;  pericarp  thin  with  strengthen- 
ing cells  beneath  each  rib.  Stylopodium  wanting.  Oil- 
tubes  1-several  in  the  intervals,  rarely  obsolete,  2-10  on 
the  commissural  side.  Seed  dorsally  flattened  with 
plane  or  rarely  slightly  concave  face.  (Peucedanum.) 

1.  L.  utriculatum  (Nutt.)  C.  &  R.    Caulescent  or  nearly  aeau- 
lescent,  ceespitose  to  3  dm.  high  or  more,  from  a  more  or  less 
thickened   root,  puberulent  or  glabrous;    petioles  very  broadly 
dilated;  leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  decompound,  with   ulti- 
mate   segments    narrowly   linear   12  mm.  or  less  long;   umbel 
unequally  5-20-rayed ;  bracts  much  dilated,  mostly  obovate,  often 
toothed  ;  rays  5  cm.  long  or  less  ;  pedicels  4-10  mm.  long ;  flowers 
yellow;  fruit  broadly  elliptic,  glabrous,  4-10  mm.  long,  2-7  mm. 
broad,  with  wings  nearly  as  broad  as  the  body,  and  prominent 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs;    oil-tubes    large,  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  4-6  or  sometimes  2-3  on  the  commissural  side,  very  short 
accessory  ones  in  the  intervals  ;  seed-face  somewhat  concave. 

Frequent  on  the  mesas  and  grassy  foothills. 

2.  L.  Vaseyi  C.  &  R.     Short,   caulescent,   15-20  cm.   high; 
slightly  pubescent;  petioles  wholly  inflated;  leaves  small,  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  bipinnate,  with  the  small  ovate  segments  irregularly 
3-5-lobed;  umbel  equally  2-5-rayed ;  bractlets  obovate,  petiolu- 
late,  toothed;  rays  2.5cm.  long;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  flowers 
yellow;  fruit  broadly  oblong,  emarginate,  glabrous,  12-14  mm. 
long,  8  mm.  broad,  with  wings  twice  as  broad  as  the  body,  and 
mostly  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  ;  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural  side. 

Frequent  in  heavy  soil  on  the  mesas  throughout  our  range. 


290  Umbelliferae 

3.  Ij.  dasycarpum  (T.  &G.)  C.  &  R.  Very  short,  caulescent 
or  acaulescent,  with  several  stout  peduncles,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  from 
a  common  root,  tomentose-pubescent ;  leaves  rather  small,  pin- 
nately  decompound,  with  numerous  short  linear  segments ;  umbel 
somewhat  equally  6-15-rayed  ;  bractlets  linear  to  ovate,  more  or 
less  tomentose;  rays  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  6-10  mm.  long; 
flowers  white ;  fruit  nearly  orbicular,  coarsely  pubescent,  becom- 
ing almost  glabrous,  8-14  mm.  long,  7-12  mm.  broad,  with  thin 
membranous  wings,  broader  than  the  body,  and  filiform  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs ;  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals  (an 
occasional  secondary  one  in  the  lateral  intervals) ,  4  on  the  commis- 
sural  side ;  seed  deeply  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with  plane 
face. 

Occasional  on  dry  hillsides,  especially  in  the  interior  region. 

20.  EUBYPTEBA  Nutt. 

Acaulescent  or  caulescent  glabrous  perennials,  with 
elongated  roots,  branching  only  from  the  base,  leaves 
once  or  twice  compound,  with  usually  broad  sharply 
toothed  leaflets.  Flowers  yellow.  Calyx-teeth  minute 
or  obsolete.  Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  orbicular 
to  shortly  oblong.  Carpel  with  filiform  ribs,  and  with 
broadly  winged  laterals,  these  often  distinct  at  base 
and  becoming  cordate  or  emarginate,  cohering  until 
maturity  with  those  of  the  other  carpel ;  pericarp  thin. 
Stylopodium  wanting  ;  disk  impressed.  Oil-tubes  1-sev- 
eral  in  the  intervals.  Seed  strongly  dorsally  flattened, 
with  plane  face. 

1.  E.  lucida  Nutt.  Short,  caulescent,  glabrous,  rather  stout, 
1.5-5  dm.  high;  leaves  ternate;  leaflets  broadly  cordate,  some- 
what lobed,  coarsely  mucronate-toothed,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  umbel 
equally  8-15-rayed ;  bractlets  lanceolate ;  rays  1-5  cm.  long ;  pedi- 
cels 12  mm.  long;  fruit  nearly  orbicular,  emarginate  at  each  end, 
glabrous,  10-14  mm.  in  diameter,  with  wings  more  than  twice  as 
broad  as  the  body,  and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissural  side. 
Occasional  on  dry  ground  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  all  our  mountains. 


Carrot  Family  291 

2.  E.  Hassei  C.  &  R.  Caulescent,  stout,  6  dm.  high  or  more, 
glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous,  from  a  long  slender  woody 
root;  leaves  biternate  on  very  long  petioles  (sometimes  2.5  dm., 
including  petiole) ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  with  cuneate  base,  irreg- 
ularly lobed,  coarsely  mucronate-toothed,  2. 5-10  cm.  long,  becom- 
ing 6  cm.  broad;  umbel  long-peduncled,  equally  8-18-rayed; 
bractlets  varying  from  rather  short  linear-setaceous  to  oblanceo- 
late,  foliaceous,  entire  or  toothed  and  much  exceeding  the  pedi- 
cels; rays  5-10  cm.  long;  pedicels  12-16  mm.  long;  fruit  as  in 
the  last. 

"  Sierra  Madre  Canyon,"  ffasxe.  We  have  seen  no  specimens  that  answer 
the  description  of  this  plant,  but  forms  of  the  last  found  in  the  Santa 
Monica  Mountains  seem  to  approach  it.  No  doubt  it  will  be  found  to  be  only 
a  robust  form  of  the  last  species. 

21.  PASTINACA  L. 

Tall  erect  mostly  biennial  branching  herbs,  with  thick 
roots,  pinnate  leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of  yellow 
flowers.  Involucre  and  involucels  commonly  none. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit 
oval,  glabrous,  much  flattened  dorsally  ;  dorsal  and  in- 
termediate ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  winged,  coherent 
with  those  of  the  other  carpel  and  forming  a  broad  mar- 
gin to  the  fruit.  Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  and 
2-4  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  very  flat. 

1.  P.  sativa  L.  Usually  biennial,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
downy-pubescent,  6-15  dm.  high;  the  root  long  conic,  fleshy; 
lower  and  basal  leaves  petioled,  pinnate,  often  4.5  dm.  long;  leaf- 
lets rather  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  sessile,  lobed  or  incised 
and  sharply  dentate,  2-6  mm.  long;  upper  leaves  generally  much 
reduced ;  umbels  several  or  numerous,  5-15  cm.  broad,  7-15-rayed  ; 
the  rays  slender,  1-5  cm.  long;  pedicels  very  slender,  6-12  mm. 
long  in  fruit;  fruit  broad,  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  not 
prominent,  but  the  oil-tubes  conspicuous. 

Rather  frequent  in  marshes,  especially  toward  the  coast. 

22.  DAUCUS  L. 

Bristly  annuals  or  biennials,  with  pinnately  decom- 
pound leaves,  foliaceous  and  cleft  involucral  bracts, 


292  Cornaceae 

entire  or  toothed  bractlets,  and  usually  white  flowers  in 
concave  umbels  which  become  connivent  in  fruit. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  flattened  dorsally. 
Carpel  with  5  slender  bristles,  primary  ribs  and  4-winged 
secondary  ones,  each  bearing  a  single  row  of  prominent 
barbed  prickles.  Stylopodium  depressed  or  wanting. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  under  the  secondary 
ribs,  2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  flattened  dorsally> 
the  face  somewhat  concave  or  almost  plane. 

1.  D.  pusillus  Michx.     Stems  mostly  simple,  papillate,  hispid, 
2.5-60  cm.  high;  leaves  finely  dissected  into  narrowly  linear  seg- 
ments ;    umbels   unequally  few-many-rayed,   forming  a  rather 
compact  head;  rays  1-3.5  cm.  long;  pedicels  very  unequal ;  fruit 
3-5  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  open  dry  ground  in  the  chaparral  belt  and  on  the  planes 
ihroughout  our  range. 

2.  D.  Carota  L.     (WILD  CARROT.)     Hispid,  usually  biennial, 
erect,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  root  fleshy,  deep  conic;  lower  and  basal 
leaves  2-3-pinnate;  leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate,  dentate,  lobed  or 
pinnatifid;  upper  leaves  smaller,  less  divided;  bracts  parted  into 
linear  or  filiform  lobes;  umbels  5-10  cm.  broad;  rays  numerous, 
crowded,  1-5  cm.  long;  the  outer  ones  longer  than  the  inner* 
pedicels  very   slender,  2-4  mm.  long  in  fruit;   flowers  usually 
white,  the  central  one  of  each  umbel  often  purple ;  fruit  3-4  mm. 
long,  bristly  on  the  winged  ribs. 

Occasional  in  waste  places. 

Family  68.  CORNACEAE.     DOGWOOD  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire 
opposite  or  rarely  whorled  leaves,  and  flowers  in  cymes 
or  spikes,  perfect  or  dioecious.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  its  limb  4-5-dentate  or  4-5-lobed  or  none. 
Petals  generally  4  or  5,  sometimes  wanting,  usually  valv- 
ate  spreading,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  epigynous 
disk.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  more  numerous, 
inserted  writh  them  ;  filaments  subulate  or  flat.  Ovary 


Dogwood  Family  293 

inferior,  1-2-celled  ;    styles  1  or  2  ;    ovules   pendulous. 
Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry,  1-2-seeded. 

Flowers  perfect;  petals  present.  1.  CORNUS. 

Flowers  dioecious;  petals  wanting.  2.  GARRYA. 

1.  CORNUS  L.    DOGWOOD. 

Shrubs  or  trees  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  mostly 
entire  and  usually  opposite,  rarely  verticillate  leaves, 
and  small  flowers  in  cymes  or  heads,  the  latter  involu- 
crate  with  large  white  bracts.  Calyx-limb  minutely 
4-toothed.  Petals  4,  valvate.  Stamens  4.  Ovules  1  in 
each  cell.  Drupe  ovoid  or  globose,  the  stone  2-celled 
and  2-seeded. 

1.  C.  occidentalis  (T.  &  G.)  Coville.  Shrub,  2-5  m.  high, 
with  smooth  purplish  branches ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-elliptic, 
acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  shortly  cuneate  at  base,  5-10  cm. 
long,  paler  beneath  and  more  or  less  pubescent  with  loose  silky 
hairs,  especially  on  the  veins ;  cyme  spreading,  round-topped,  3-5 
cm.  broad;  fruit  white,  subglobose ;  stone  5  mm.  broad,  some- 
what compressed,  furrowed  on  the  edges.  (C.  pubescens  Nutt.) 

Occasional  in  moist  ground,  especially  in  the  mountains,  but  reported  from 
Cienega  by  Davidson. 

2.  GARRY A  Dougl.     SILK-TASSEL  TREE. 

Evergreen  shrubs  with  4-angled  branchlets,  opposite 
entire  coriaceous  leaves,  the  short  petioles  connate  at 
the  base,  and  dioecious  apetalous  flowers  in  axillary 
aments,  solitary  or  in  3's  between  the  decussately  con- 
nate bracts.  Calyx  of  staminate  flowers  4-parted,  writh 
linear  valvate  segments.  Stamens  4,  wath  distinct  fila- 
ments. Disk  and  ovary  none.  Pistillate  flowers  with 
the  calyx-limb  shortly  2-lobed  or  obsolete.  Disk  and 
stamens  none.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  ovules  2  ;  styles  2,  stig- 
matic  on  the  inner  side,  persistent.  Berry  ovoid> 
1-2-seeded. 


294  Pyrolaceae 

1.  G.  Veatchii  Palxneri  (Wats.)  Eastwood.     An  erect,  branch- 
ing shrub,  18-25  dm.  high;  branchlets  sparsely  pubescent  with 
close  appressed  silky  hairs  when  young,  becoming  smooth  with 
age;    petioles  short,  2-6  mm.  long;   leaves  coriaceous,  oval  or 
oblong-ovate,  slightly  undulate  or  entire,  acute  at  apex  and  aris- 
tate,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above, 
densely  tomentose  beneath  with  matted  hairs,  2.5-5  cm.  long; 
bracts  prominent,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  foliaceous ;  fruit 
cuneate  at  base,  the  lower  short-pedicelled,  densely  silky,  becom- 
ing glabrate ;  calyx-teeth  prominent  and  close  to  the  base  of  the 
styles.     (G.flavescens  Palmeri  Wats.) 

Rather  frequent  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San 
Antonio  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains.    January. 

2.  G.  Veatchii  undulata  Eastwood.    Leaves  elliptic  or  ellip- 
tic-ovate, obtuse  or  aristate  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  the  margins 
undulate;  fruit  densely  clustered,  concealing  the  upper  bracts; 
calyx-teeth  hidden  in  dense  wool  and  some  distance  below  the 
base  of  the  styles. 

Occasional  on  Mount  Wilson  and  Mount  Lowe. 

3.  G.  pallida  Eastwood.     Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  and  with  a  recurved  mucro,  entire,  sparsely  silky-pubes- 
cent beneath,   with  straight  upwardly  appressed    pubescence; 
racemes  short;  bracts  about  3  mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  close  to  the 
base  of  the  styles  and  concealed  in  the  young  fruit  by  dense  hairs. 

Santa  Ana  Mountains,  where  it  was  collected  by  the  author  on  the  trail  to 
Santiago  Peak. 

Family  69.  PYROLACEAE.     WINTERGREEN  FAMILY. 

Low  mostly  very  green  perennials,  with  branched 
rootstocks,  simple  petibled  leaves,  and  nearly  regular 
white  or  purple  perfect  flowers,  racemose  solitary  or 
corymbose.  Calyx  4-5-lobed.  Corolla  very  deeply 
4-5-parted,  or  of  5  distinct  petals.  Stamens  twice  as 
many  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla,  the  anthers  introrse 
in  the  bud,  inverted  at  anthesis,  opening  by  pores  or 
short  slits ;  pollen  grains  in  4's.  Ovary  superior, 
4-5-celled  ;  style  short  or  slender,  often  declined  ;  stigma 
5-lobed  or  5-crenate  ;  ovules  very  numerous,  anatropous. 


Ericaceae  295 

Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  very  numerous, 
minute,  the  loose  cellular  coat  much  larger  than  the 
almost  undifferentiated  embryo. 

1.  CHIMAPHXLA  Pursh. 

Perennial  herbs  with  decumbent  stems,  ascending 
leafy  branches,  opposite  or  verticillate  evergreen  short- 
petioled  serrate  leaves,  and  spreading  or  nodding  white 
or  purplish  flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  or  rarely  soli- 
tary. Pedicels  mostly  bracteolate.  Calyx  5-cleft  or 
5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  concave,  nearly  orbicular, 
sessile,  spreading  or  recurved.  Stamens  10,  the  filaments 
usually  dilated  above  and  somewhat  pubescent.  Ovary 
globose,  5-lobed,  5-celled  ;  styles  very  short,  obconic  ; 
stigma  large,  orbicular,  5-crenate. 

1.  C.  Menziesii  Spreng.  More  or  less  branched  from  the 
base,  1-2  dm.  high;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  12-36  mm. 
long,  sharply  serrulate,  the  upper  surface  often  mottled  with 
white;  peduncle  1-3-flowered ;  bracts  ovate  or  roundish;  fila- 
ments slender,  with  a  round  dilated  portion  above  the  middle, 
villous;  flowers  about  1  cm.  in  diameter. 

Mount  Wilson  under  pines.  Frequent  in  the  San  Antonio,  San  Bernardino 
and  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

SARCODES  SANGUINEA  Torr.  (SNOW-PLANT.)  Stems  stout,  red- 
dish, 15-35  cm.  high,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  clothed 
with  firm  fleshy  scales,  the  upper  narrower,  passing  into  the 
linear  bracts,  these  ciliate-margined,  exceeding  the  flowers; 
corolla  cylindraceous-campanulate,  5-lobed,  persistent;  stamens 
10,  unappendaged  ;  ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled. 

Frequent  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  San  Antonio  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains  above  7000  feet.  This  interesting  parasitic  plant  belongs  to  the 
closely  related  family  Monotropaceae. 

Family  70.  ERICACEAE.     HEATH  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  perennial  herbs  or  trees,  with  simple  exstipu- 
late  leaves,  and  mostly  perfect  sympetalous  or  rarely 


296  Ericaceae 

choripetalous  flowers.  Galyx  free  from  the  ovary, 
4-5-parted  or  4-5-cleft,  mostly  persistent.  Corolla  regu- 
lar or  rarely  somewhat  2-lipped  and  irregular,  usually 
4-5-toothed,  lobed  or  divided.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
usually  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  ; 
filaments  mostly  separate  ;  anthers  2-celled,  attached  to 
the  filament  by  the  back  or  base,  the  sacks  often  pro- 
longed above  into  tubes,  dehiscent  by  terminal  pores  or 
chinks,  often  awned.  Disk  crenate-lobed  or  often  none. 
Ovary  usually  2-5-celled ;  style  elongated  or  short ; 
stigma  peltate  or  capitate  :  ovules  usually  numerous, 
anatropous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  berry  or  drupe.  Seeds 
numerous  or  sometimes  only  1  in  each  cavity  ;  endo- 
sperm fleshy. 

Fruit  granular,  baccate.  1.  ARBUTUS. 

Fruit  not  granular,  smooth  or  pubescent,  drupaceous. 

2.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. 

1.  ARBUTUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  evergreen  and  coriaceous  alter- 
nate petiolate  leaves,  and  white  or  flesh-colored  small 
flowers  in  a  terminal  cluster  of  racemes  or  panicles. 
Bracts  and  bractlets  scaly.  Calyx  small,  5-parted. 
Corolla  urceolate  with  4-5  small  recurved  teeth.  Ovary 
on  an  hypogynous  disk,  4-5-celled  ;  ovules  crowded  on  a 
fleshy  placenta  projecting  from  the  inner  angles  of  each 
cell.  Style  rather  long  ;  stigma  obtuse.  Fruit  a  many- 
seeded  berry. 

1.  A.  Menziesii  Pursh.  (MADRONO.)  Commonly  5-10  m. 
high;  bark  exfoliating,  deep  red;  leaves  glabrous,  elliptic  or 
ovate,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  5—10  cm.  long,  entire  or 
those  of  young  shoots  denticulate;  petioles  about  1  cm.  long; 
flowers  in  an  ample  terminal  panicle  or  dense  racemes;  berry 
fleshy,  red,  subglobose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  surface  granular. 

Mount  Wilson  and  Sturtevant  trails  at  about  3000  feet  altitude,  and  in 
Los  Tunas  Canyon,  Santa  Monica  Mountains. 


Heath  Family  297 

2.  ABCTOSTAPHYLOS  Aclans.     MANZ ANITA. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  evergreen  coriaceous  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  small  white  or  rose-colored  flowers,  in 
racemes,  spikes  or  panicles.-  Bracts  and  bractlets  present, 
scale-like.  Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells,  which  become 
bony  nutlets  or  combine  into  a  few-several-celled  stone. 
Fruit  a  drupe  with  a  hard  surface  and  a  mealy  or  almost 
bony  pulp  between  it  and  the  nutlets. 

*  Leaves  plane,  alike  or  nearly  alike  on  both  sides. 
«-  Ovary  and  pedicels  smooth  or  glabrate. 

1.  A.  Manzanita  Parry.      Shrubby  or  arborescent,   2-8  m. 
high  ;  bark  mahogany-red,  exfoliating,  twigs  and  petioles  minute- 
ly tomentose-pubescent ;  leaves  dull  green,  commonly  vertical  by 
a  twist  in  the  short  petiole,  rigid,  ovate-oblong,  glabrous  on  both 
surfaces,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  petioles  6-10  cm.  long;  bracts  less  than 
4  mm.  long;   pedicels  smooth,  corolla  pinkish;   ovary  smooth; 
fruit    irregularly    depressed-globose,   8-12    mm.   broad,   reddish 
brown  ;  nutlets  irregularly  separable,  rough-carinate. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.  More  common  in  the  San  Ber- 
nardino Range.  In  both  confined  mostly  to  the  upper  portions  of  the  chapar- 
ral belt. 

2.  A.  patula  Greene.      Diffusely  branched   shrub,   1-1.5  m. 
high ;  young  twigs  rusty  puberulent  or  nearly  smooth ;   leaves 
smooth,  bright  green,  ovate  to  broadly  cordate,  2-5  cm.  long, 
entire,  obtuse  ;  bracts  lanceolate ;  pedicels  smooth  ;  fruit  smooth r 
depressed-globose,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter ;  nutlets  united  into  a 
deeply  lobed  stone. 

Occasional  on  dry  ridges  in  the  open  pine  woods  of  the  San  Antonio  and 
San  Bernardino  Mountains,  5000-8'JOO  feet  altitude. 

-*-  •*-  Ovary  and  pedicels  tomentose  or  glandular-pubescent. 

3.  A.  tomentosa  Dougl.     Shrubby,  erect,  1.5-3  m.  high,  twigs, 
foliage  and  pedicels  minutely  tomentose  when  young,  the  twigs 
often  also  hispid  with  scattered  hairs ;   leaves  glaucescent,  paler 
and  tomentose  beneath,  ovate  to  elliptic,  entire  or  some  times 
denticulate;    bracts   conspicuous,  foliaceous,  usually  exceeding 
the  short  pubescent  or  somewhat  hispid  pedicels;  ovary  densely 


298  Primulaeeae 

hirsute,  7-10-celled ;  fruit  hirsute,  minutely  roughened ;  nutlets  all 
separate  or  some  united  in  pairs. 

Common  in  all  our  mountains  in  the  upper  chaparral  belt.  The  common 
form  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains  is  usually  more  or  less  glandular  and 
must  be  referred  to  A.  glandulosa  Eastwood;  but  all  gradations  occur, so  that 
it  does  not  seem  possible  to  separate  them. 

4.  A.  glauca  Lindl.     Shrubby,   erect,   3-6  m.   high,  smooth 
throughout;  leaves  glaucous,  ovate,  entire  or  denticulate;  bracts 
foliaceous,  conspicuous ;  pedicels  stout,  glandular-pubescent ;  ovary 
viscid-glandular,  6-8-celled;   fruit  dark  red,  very  viscid;   stone 
with  longitudinal  ridges,  sharply  apiculate. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.  More  common  in  the  San 
Antonio  and  San  Bernardino  Ranges. 

5.  A.  Pringlei  Parry.     An  erect,  branching  shrub,  1.5-2  m. 
high ;  twigs  and  petioles  hispid  and  glandular-pubescent ;  leaves 
ovate  to  obovate,  mucronate,   rough,  with  ciliate  margins,  on 
petioles  4-8  mm.  long ;  infloresence  in  dense  divaricate  panicles ; 
bracts  linear-lanceolate;  pedicels  slender,  10-15  mm.  long,  glan- 
dular pubescent;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  densely  glandular,  ovary 
glandular-hispid ;    nutlets    consolidated    into  a  rough  carinate 
stone,  or  separable. 

Occasional  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Bernardino.  San  Jacinto  and  Cuya- 
maca  Mountains. 

**  Leaves  revolute,  smooth  above,  tomentose  beneath. 

6.  A.  bicolor  (Nutt.)  Gray.    Shrub,  1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong,  4-6  cm.  long,  margins  entire,  strongly  revolute,  gla- 
brous above,  white  tomentose  beneath,  short-petiolate ;  inflores- 
cence in  few-flowered  compact  racemes;  bracts  stout,  pedicels 
lanceolate;  calyx-lobes  and  ovary  tomentose;  fruit  globose,  6-8 
mm.  in  diameter,  dark  brown,  puberulent  or  smooth;  nutlets 
united  into  a  round  solid,  nearly  smooth  stone. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  of  western  San  Diego  County.  Reported  from 
Catalina  Island. 

Family  71.  PRIMUL.ACEAE.     PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  alternate  opposite  or  basal  leaves  and  per- 
fect regular  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes 
spikes  umbels  or  corymbs,  or  solitary  in  the  axils. 


Primrose  Family  299 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  usually  5-parted  ;  persistent 
or  rarely  deciduous.  Corolla  sympetalous,  usually  5-cleft, 
the  lobes  (in  ours)  spreading  or  reflexed.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  opposite  them,  inserted 
on  the  tube  or  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  anthers  introrse, 
attached  by  their  backs  to  the  filaments,  2-celled,  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled  ;  placenta 
central,  free  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  simple,  capitate.  Capsule 
2-6-valved  ;  valves  erect,  entire  or  2-cleft.  Seeds  few  or 
many  ;  endosperm  present. 

Sterile  filaments  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes.  I.  SAMOLUS. 
Sterile  filaments  wanting. 

Flowers  axillary  on  leafy  stems.  2   ANAGALLIS. 

Flowers  in  umbels  at  the  ends  of  scapes.  3.  DODKCATHEON. 

1.  SAMOLUS  L.     BROOKWEED. 

Low  glabrous  herbs  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and 
small  white  flowers  in  loose  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft,  its 
base  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary.  Corolla 
campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  a  slender  tooth  borne  at  each 
sinus.  Stamens  5,  short  and  included,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  globular,  5-valved  at  the 
summit,  many-seeded. 

1.  S.  floribundus  H.  B.  K.  Erect  or  ascending,  branched  at 
least  at  the  base,  15-45  cm.  high  ;  leaves  membranous,  25-75  mm. 
long,  obovate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  pet- 
ioles, the  basal  often  rosulate;  flowers  email,  less  than  2  mm. 
broad,  usually  numerous,  in  loose  elongated  panicled  racemes; 
pedicels  filiform,  spreading,  bracteolate  near  the  middle;  calyx- 
lobes  acute,  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  capsule  2-3  mm.  in  diame- 
ter, the  5  apical  valves  spreading  at  maturity.  (S.  Valerandi 
Americanus  Gray.) 

Occasional  along  watercourses.    Lytle  Creek;  San  Bernardino  Valley. 

2.  ANAGALLIS  L.     PIMPERNEL. 

Annual  or  perennial  diffuse  or  erect  branching  mostly 
glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  sessile  or 


300  Primulaceae 

short-petioled  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  small 
axillary  peduncled  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent. 
Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  rotate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  corolla  ;  filaments  puberulent,  distinct  or 
united  into  a  narrow  ring  at  the  base  ;  anthers  oblong, 
obtuse.  Ovary  globose  ;  ovules  numerous  ;  stigma  obtuse. 
Capsule  globose,  circumscissile.  Seeds  minute,  flat  on 
the  back. 

1.  A.  arvensis  L.  Annual,  diffuse,  usually  much  branched ; 
stems  1-3  dm.  long,  4-sided;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  numerous, 
opposite,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping,  obtuse  or  acutish,  6-20 
mm.  long,  black-dotted  beneath;  peduncles  filiform, 1-4  cm.  long, 
recurved  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  keeled,  rather  rigid,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  crenate  glandular  ciliate  corolla-segments ;  flowers 
scarlet  or  salmon  color,  usually  with  a  dark  center,  4-6  mm. 
broad ;  capsule  glabrous. 

Common  in  waste  places  and  gardens.    Flowering  nearly  all  the  year. 

3.  DODECATHEON  L.     SHOOTING-STAR. 

Glabrous  scapose  perennial  herbs,  with  entire  or  repand 
basal  leaves,  and  rather  large  flowers  in  involucrate 
umbels  terminating  scapes.  Calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  reflexed,  slightly  unequal,  the  tube  very  short, 
thickened  at  the  throat.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  corolla  ;  filaments  short,  flat,  monadelphous, 
connivent  into  a  cone,  exserted  ;  anthers  linear  or  lance- 
olate, connivent,  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  filaments. 
Ovary  ovoid  or  subglobose,  superior  ;  style  filiform,  ex- 
serted ;  stigma  5— 6-valved  at  the  apex  or  splitting  to  the 
base.  Seeds  numerous,  minute,  the  testa  punctate. 

1.  D.  Cleveland!  Greene.  Pale  green  and  glandular,  3-6  dm. 
high  ;  roots  formed  at  the  beginning  of  the  dry  season  and  remain- 
ing dormant,  no  tubers  formed;  leaves  scarcely  fleshy,  ascend- 
ing or  erect,  spatulate-obovate,  the  margins  erose ;  corolla  bright 
purple  with  a  yellow  base;  filaments  purple,  becoming  yellow 


Plumbaginaceae  301 

at  the  base  of  the  anthers;  anthers  purple  except  the  midvein, 
about  twice  the  length   of  the   staminal  tube,  the  apex  blunt, 
retuse ;  capsule  oblong,  circumscissile  at  the  top. 
Frequent  on  dry  mesas  and  grassy  hillsides.    March-April. 

Family  72.  PLUMBAGINACEAE.     PLUMBAGO 
FAMILY. 

Perennial,  mostly  acaulescent  erect  herbs,  with  basal 
tufted  leaves  and  small  perfect  regular  clustered  flowers. 
Calyx  tubular  or  funnelform,  5-toothed,  plaited  at  the 
sinuses,  the  tube  5-15-ribbed.  Corolla  of  5  hypogynous 
clawed  segments,  connate  at  the  base  or  united  into  a 
tube.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  corolla-segments,  hypog- 
ynous ;  filaments  separate  or  united  at  the  base  ;  anthers 
2-celled,  attached  by  the  backs  to  the  filaments,  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled  ;  ovules 
solitary,  anatropous,  pendulous  ;  styles  5,  separate  or 
united.  Fruit  a  utricle  or  achene,  enclosed  by  the  calyx, 
rarely  a  dehiscent  capsule.  Seed  solitary  ;  endosperm 
mealy  or  none. 

1.  LIMONIUM  Adans.     MARSH  ROSEMARY. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  flat  basal  leaves,  and  numerous 
very  small  flowers  cymose-paniculate  on  the  branches  of 
bracted  scapes,  in  1-3-flowered  bracteolate  clusters,  form- 
ing 1-sided  spikes.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  the 
limb  scarious,  5-toothed,  the  tube  usually  10-ribbed. 
Petals  5,  clawed.  Styles  5,  separate,  stigmatic  along  the 
inner  side.  Fruit  a  utricle. 

1.  Li.  Californicum  (Boiss.)  Small.  Leaves  15-25  cm.  long, 
obovate-oblong,  entire,  fleshy-coriaceous;  scape  3-6  dm.  high; 
spikes  corymbose-panicled :  calyx-tube  more  or  less  hairy  on  the 
angles. 

Occasional  in  salt  marshes  along  the  coast. 


302  Oleaceae 


Family  73.  OLEACEAE.     OLIVE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  rarely  alternate 
simple  or  pinnate  exstipulate  entire  or  dentate  leaves, 
and  regular  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious,  2-4-parted 
flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  panicles,  cymes  or  fasci- 
cles. Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  usually  small,  some- 
times none.  Stamens  2-4,  inserted  on  the  corolla  ;  fila- 
ments usually  short,  separate  ;  anthers  mostly  large, 
2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior, 
2-celled  ;  ovules  few  in  each  cell  ;  style  usually  short  or 
none.  Fruit  a  capsule,  samara,  berry  or  drupe.  Seeds 
erect  or  pendulous ;  endosperm  present  or  wanting ; 
embryo  straight. 

1.  FRAXINTJS  L.     ASH. 

Trees  or  tall  shrubs  with  opposite  and  usually  odd- 
pinnate  leaves,  and  small  dioecious  or  polygamous, 
rarely  perfect,  greenish  fasciculate  flowers,  appearing 
before  or  with  the  leaves.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft,  irregu- 
larly toothed,  entire  or  none.  Petals  none  or  2-4,  separ- 
ate, or  united  in  pairs  at  the  base,  induplicate  valvate. 
Stamens  2,  rarely  3-4,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  petals 
or  hypogynous ;  filaments  short-elongated  ;  anthers 
ovate,  oblong  or  linear.  Ovules  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous  ; 
stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  a  flat  samara,  winged  at  the  apex 
only  or  all  around,  usually  1-seeded.  Seed  oblong. 

1.  F.  Oregana  Nutt.    A  small  or  middle-sized  tree;    leaves 
tomentose  or  glabrate  in  age;  leaflets  5-9,  oval  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, entire,  sessile,  5-10  cm:  long;  flowers  all  with  minute  calyx 
and  no  petals ;  fruit  marginless  at  base,  margined  upwards  into 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate  retuse  wing,  the  whole  2.5-4  cm.  long. 

San  Gabriel  and  Lytle  Creek  Canyons. 

2.  F.  dipetala  H.  &  A.     Shrub  2.5-4  m.  high ;  leaves  5-15  cm. 
long;  leaflets  3-9,  green  above,  yellowish  green  beneath  when 


Gentianaceae  303 

young,  oblong,  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  mostly  petioled, 
2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  mostly  perfect;  calyx  less  than  2  mm. 
long ;  petals  2,  oval,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  claw,  6  mm.  long  ; 
white;  style  slightly  lobed  at  apex;  fruit  linear-oblong  to  spatu- 
late-oblong,  the  terminal  wing  frequently  emarginate  at  apex. 
Occasional  in  canyons. 


Family  74.  GENTIANACEAE.     GENTIAN  FAMILY. 

Bitter,  mostly  quite  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite 
rarely  verticillate  exstipulate  entire  leaves,  and  regular 
perfect  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters  or  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  the  stems  or  branches.  Calyx  persistent, 
4-12-lobed,  -toothed  or  -divided,  the  lobes  imbricated  or 
not  meeting  in  the  bud.  Corolla  funnelform,  campanu- 
late  or  rotate,  often  marcescent,  4-12-lobed  or  -parted. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alter- 
nate with  them,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat ;  anthers 
2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent  ;  filaments  filiform  or 
dilated  at  the  base.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled  or  partly 
2-celled  ;  ovules  numerous  ;  style  simple  or  none  ;  stigma 
entire  or  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Capsule  mostly  dehiscent 
by  2  valves.  Seeds  globose,  angular  or  compressed ; 
endosperm  copious  ;  embryo  small,  straight. 

1.  EBYTHBAEA  Neck.     CANCHALAGUA. 

Herbs,  mostly  annual  or  biennial,  with  sessile  or 
amplexicaul  leaves,  and  pink  or  yellow  flowers  in  cymes 
or  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-divided,  the 
lobes  narrow,  keeled.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  4-5-lobed, 
the  lobes  spreading,  contorted,  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube  ; 
filaments  short,  filiform  ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong, 
becoming  spirally  twisted.  Ovary  1-celled,  the  placentae 
sometimes  intruded ;  style  filiform ;  stigma  2-lobed. 


304  Apocynaceae 

Capsule  oblong-ovoid  or  fusiform,  2-valved.      Seed-coat 
reticulated. 

1.  E.  venusta  Gray.  Simple  and  cymosely  several-flowered 
at  the  summit  or  corymbosely  branched,  8-20  cm.  high ;  leaves 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1-2  cm.  long,  obtusish;  calyx-lobes 
very  narrow  to  the  base ;  corolla  bright  pink  with  a  yellow  cen- 
ter, the  limb  2  cm.  broad,  lobes  oval  or  obovate;  anthers  oblong- 
linear;  seed  spherical. 

Frequent  in  our  interior  valleys.    May-June. 

Family  75.  APOCYNACEAE.     DOGBANE  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  mostly  with  acrid 
milky  juice,  simple  opposite  or  alternate  exstipulate 
leaves,  and  perfect  regular  cymose,  solitary  or  paniculate 
flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  the  lobes  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-parted,  the  lobes  convo- 
lute in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  in  the  tube  or 
throat ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  sagittate,  2-celled.  Ovary 
superior  or  its  base  adherent  to  the  calyx,  of  2  distinct 
carpels,  or  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae,  or  2-celled  ; 
ovules  few  or  numerous ;  style  simple  or  2-divided  ; 
stigma  simple.  Fruit  of  2  follicles  or  drupes.  Seeds 
often  appendaged  by  a  coma ;  endosperm  present ; 
embryo  straight. 

1.  APOCYNTJM  L.    DOGBANE. 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  white 
or  pink  flowers  in  terminal  and  sometimes  axillary 
corymbed  cymes.  Calyx-lobes  acute.  Corolla  campanu- 
late,  the  tube  beading  within  5  small  triangular  append- 
ages alternate  with  the  stamens.  Stamens  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  corolla  ;  anthers  sagittate  connivent 
around  the  stigma  and  slightly  adherent  to  it.  Disk 
5-lobed.  Ovary  of  2  distinct  carpels ;  ovules  numerous 


Asclepiadaceae  305 

in  each  carpel  ;  stigma  ovoid,  obtuse,  obscurely  2-lobed. 
Follicles  slender,  elongated,  terete.  Seeds  small,  tipped 
with  a  large  coma. 

1.  A.  cannabinum  L.  (INDIAN  HEMP.)  Root  deep,  vertical ; 
stem  much  branched,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  more  or  less  glaucous ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate- 
oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  apex, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  base,  glabrous  above,  sometimes  pubes- 
cent beneath,  5-15  cm.  long ;  petioles  2-12  mm.  long  or  sometimes 
none;  cymes  dense;  pedicels  short,  bracteolate  at  the  base; 
flowers  5-7  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  about  equaling  the  tube  of 
the  greenish  white  corolla;  corolla-lobes  nearly  erect;  follicles 
about  10  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  apex. 

Occasional  in  moist  places  along  streams. 

Family  76.  ASCLEPIADACEAE.     MILKWEED 
FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs,  vines  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  milky 
juice,  opposite  verticillate  or  alternate  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  mostly  umbellate  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx- 
tube  very  short,  its  segments  imbricated  or  separate  in 
the  bud.  Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-cleft,  the  segments  com- 
monly reflexed.  A  5-lobed  or  5-parted  crown  (corona) 
between  the  corolla  and  the  stamens  and  adherent  to 
one  or  the  other.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla  ; 
filaments  short,  stout,  mostly  monadelphous  or  distinct  ; 
anthers  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  filaments,  in- 
trorsely  2-celled  ;  anther-sacs  tipped  with  an  inflexed  or 
erect  scarious  membrane  or  unappendaged  ;  pollen 
coherent  into  waxy  or  granular  masses.  Ovary  of  2 
carpels  ;  styles  2,  short,  connected  at  the  summit  by  the 
peltate  discoid  stigma  ;  ovules  numerous,  pendulous. 
Fruit  of  2  several-many-seeded  follicles.  Seeds  com- 
pressed, usually  appendaged  by  a  long  coma. 

Plants  twining.  1.  PHILIBEBTELLA. 

Plants  erect  or  decumbent,  not  twining.  2.  ASCLEPIAS. 


306  Asclepiadaceae 

1.  PHILIBERTELLA  Vail. 

Twining  herbs  or  somewhat  shrubby,  with  opposite 
leaves  and  umbellate  flowers.  Calyx  small,  5-parted,  the 
lobes  acute.  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate,  deeply 
5-parted,  the  lobes  acute  or  obtuse,  with  a  shallow  entire 
or  undulate  ring  forming  an  outer  crown  in  its  throat. 
The  inner  staminal  crown  consisting  of  5  turgid  fleshy 
or  hard  scales  or  flattish  appendages,  attached  in  a  circle 
at  the  base  of  the  sessile  or  slighly  stalked  column, 
forming  a  hollow  entire  or  undulate  spreading  surface 
near  the  level  of  the  conic  stigmas.  Follicles  naked, 
slender,  attenuate  at  both  ends  or  obtuse  at  base. 

1.  P.  Hartwegii  heterophylla  (Engelm.)  Vail.  Stems  slen- 
der, twining,  glabrous,  puberulent  or  somewhat  pubescent  above; 
leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  variable,  some  tapering  into 
the  petiole,  others  with  rounded  and  more  with  dilated  or  auricu- 
late-cordate  or  truncate  base;  corolla  scarcely  puberulent,  1cm. 
broad,  its  lobes  acute;  column  sessile. 

Occasional  on  dry  hillsides  in  our  interior  valleys,  growing  over  low 
shrubs  or  herbs. 

2.  ASCLEPIAS  L.     MILKWEED. 

Perennial  erect  or  decumbent  herbs,  with  opposite  ver- 
ticillate  or  rarely  alternate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  ter- 
minal or  axillary  umbels.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-divided, 
usually  small,  the  lobes  acute,  often  glandular  within. 
Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  mostly  valvate,  reflexed 
in  anthesis.  Corona-column  generally  present.  Corona 
of  5  concave,  erect  or  spreading  hoods,  each  bearing 
within  a  slender  or  subulate  incurved  horn.  Filaments 
connate  into  a  tube  ;  anthers  tipped  with  an  inflexed 
membrane  ;  winged,  the  wings  broadened  below  the 
middle  ;  pollen-masses  solitary  in  each  sac,  pendulous 
on  their  caudicles.  Stigma  nearly  flat,  5-angled  or 


Convolvulaceae  307 

5-lobed.     Follicles  usually  thick,  acuminate.     Seeds  usu- 
ally comose. 

1.  A.  eriocarpa  Benth.   Erect,  5-8  dm.  high;  densely floccose- 
woolly,  the  loose  wool  hardly  deciduous  except  from  the  angled 
stem  below ;  leaves  not  rarely  ternate  and  the  uppermost  alter- 
nate, elongated-oblong  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subcor- 
date   at   base,    short-petioled,   10-20  cm.  long;   umbels   few  or 
several,  on  stout  peduncles;  flowers  dull  white;  corolla  at  first 
woolly  outside;  the  lobes  longer  than  the  pedicels;  column  short 
but  distinct;  hoods  shorter  than  the  anthers,  rather  spreading, 
ventricose,  semiorbicular  in  outline  and  open  round  to  near  the 
middle  of  the  back,  the  summits  produced  inwardly  into  an  acute 
angle  or  tooth  barely  enclosing  the  filiform  acute  horn ;  ovaries 
glabrous,  the  summit  of  the  styles  villous;  follicles  more  or  less 
woolly. 

Frequent  on  dry  mesas  and  in  the  foothills,  also  occasionally  in  the  pine 
belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains. 

2.  A.   Mexicana  Cav.      Stems  6-12  dm.   high,   glabrous  or 
sparsely  puberulent;    leaves  in  whorls  of  3-6  or  the  lower  and 
uppermost  opposite,  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  6-15  cm.  long, 
4-12  mm.  broad,  short-petioled ;  umbels  many,  corymbose,  densely 
many-flowered,  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  pedicels;   flowers 
greenish-white;  corolla-lobes  4  mm.  long;  hoods  broadly  ovate, 
entire,  shorter  than  the  anthers,  exceeded  by  the  stout  subulate 
incurved  horn. 

Frequent  on  the  mesas  and  in  the  foothills. 


Family  77.  COITVOLVTJIjACEAE.     MORNING-GLORY 

FAMILY. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees),  the 
stems  twining  or  ascending,  trailing  or  erect,  with  alter- 
nate exstipulate  leaves  and  regular  perfect  axillary, 
cymose  or  solitary  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-divided, 
usually  persistent,  the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla 
often  funnelform  or  campanulate,  the  limb  5-angled, 
5-lobed  or  entire.  Stamens  5,  inserted  low  down  on  the 


308  Convolvulaceae 

tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  anthers 
2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  ses- 
sile, 2-3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell,  entire  or 
2-4-divided  ;  styles  1-3.  Fruit  a  2-4-valved  capsule  or 
of  2-4  distinct  carpels.  Seeds  erect,  villous,  pubescent  or 
glabrous  ;  embryo  plaited  or  crumpled. 

Stigmas  capitate.  1.  IPOMOEA. 

Stigmas  filiform  or  oblong.  2.  CONVOLVULUS. 

1.  IPOMOEA  L.     MORNING-GLORY. 

Twining,  trailing,  ascending  or  rarely  erect  herbs  with 
large  showy  axillary  solitary  or  cymose  flowers.  Sepals 
equal  or  unequal.  Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate, 
the  limb  entire,  5-angled  or  5-lobed.  Stamens  equal  or 
unequal,  included  ;  filaments  filiform  or  dilated  at  the 
base ;  anthers  globose  or  ovoid ;  ovary  2-4-celled,  4-6- 
ovuled  ;  style  filiform,  included  ;  stigmas  1-2,  capitate  or 
globose.  Capsule  septifragally  2-4-valved,  2-4-seeded. 

1.  I.  purpurea  (L.)  Roth.  Annual,  pubescent;  stem  retrorse- 
ly  hairy,  twining  or  trailing;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  deeply  cor- 
date, acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  broad;  peduncles  slender, 
1-5-fiowered ;  sepals  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  pubescent  or 
hirsute  toward  the  base ;  corolla  5-7  cm.  long,  blue  or  purple  vary- 
ing to  white ;  ovary  3-celled,  rarely  2-celled ;  capsule  depressed- 
globose,  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

An  escape  from  gardens.    Introduced  from  tropical  America. 

2.  CONVOLVULUS  L. 

Herbs,  mostly  perennials  with  slender  rootstocks  and 
trailing,  twining  or  erect  stems.  Flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary or  clustered,  large  and  showy.  Sepals  nearly  equal 
or  the  outer  larger,  the  calyx  bractless  or  with  a  pair  of 
bracts  at  or  near  its  base.  Corolla  and  stamens  as  in 
Ipomoea.  Ovary  1-2-celled  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigmas  2, 


Morning-glory  Family  309 

filiform,  oblong  or  ovoid.     Capsule  globose  or  nearly  so, 
i-4-celled,  2-4-valved. 

*  Bracts  remote  from  the  calyx,  small,  subulate. 

1.  C.  arvensis  L.     Perennial,  prostrate;  the  stems  3-10  dm. 
long;   leaves  oblong,  sagittate  or  hastate,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  the 
basal  lobes  short;  pedicels  1-3-fl owered ,  with  a  pair  of  subulate 
bracts  near  the  base  ;  corolla  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple  on  the 
outside,  neither  lobed  nor  angled  ;  stigma  filiform. 

Occasional  in  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places.    May-November. 

*  Bracts  usually  embracing  the  calyx,  foliaceous. 

2.  C.  Soldanella  L.     Low,  glabrous,  slightly  succulent;  stems 
15-30  cm.  long,  prostrate;  leaves  reniform,  deep  green  and  shin- 
ing,  2.5-5    cm.   long;    corolla    4  cm.   broad,   pinkish;    capsule 
1-celled;  stigma  ovate-oblong,  thickish. 

On  the  sandy  beaches  along  the  seashore.    May-June. 

3.  C.  repens  L.      Stems  from  a  horizontal  slender  running 
rootstock,  6-10  dm.  long,  twining  or  more  commonly  prostrate; 
herbage  from  minutely  to  tomentose-pubescent ;  leaves  sagittate, 
obtuse  or    acutish,  the  basal  lobes  obtuse  or  rounded,  entire; 
bracts   ovate-cordate    acute,   completely    enfolding    the    calyx; 
corolla  pinkish,  5  cm.  long  or  more;  stigma  oblong. 

In  moist  meadows  in  the  coast  region. 

4.  C.   occidentalis  Gray.     Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent; 
stems  freely  twining  over  shrubs;  leaves  slender-petioled,  from 
angular-cordate  with  a  deep  and  narrow  sinus  to  sagittate  or  the 
upper  hastate;    the   basal  lobes  often  1-2-toothed;    peduncles 
elongated,  surpassing  the  leaf,  1-3-flowered ;  bracts  at  base  of  the 
calyx  ovate  or  obscurely  cordate,  rnembranaceous,  equaling  it  or 
somewhat  longer,  mostly  obtuse ;  corolla  campanulate-funnelform, 
white  or  pinkish,  3-5  cm.  long;  stigma  linear. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  all  our  foothills  and  mountains. 

5.  C.  occidentalis  tenuissimus  Gray.     Much  resembling  the 
typical  form;  leaves  narrowly  hastate  or  sagittate;   the  middle 
and  basal  lobes  mostly  narrowly  lanceolate ;  bracts  ovate-oblong 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate. 

Frequent  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains,  south  to  San 
Diego. 


310  Cuscutaceae 


Family  78.  CUSCUTACEAE.     DODDER  FAMILY. 

White  or  yellow  slender  twining  parasites,  the  leaves 
reduced  to  minute  alternate  scales.  Calyx  5-lobed, 
rarely  4-lobed  or  4-5-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Corolla  usually  campanulate,  5-lobed,  rarely 
4-lobed,  the  tube  bearing  as  many  fimbriate  or  crenulate 
scales  as  there  are  lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  or  these 
sometimes  obsolete.  Stamens  as  many  as  corolla-lobes 
and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  in  the  throat  or  sinuses 
above  the  scales  ;  anthers  short,  2-celled,  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  ; 
styles  2,  separate  or  rarely  united  below  ;  stigmas  capi- 
tate or  linear.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  circumscissile, 
irregularly  bursting  or  indehiscent,  1-4-seeded.  Seeds 
globose  or  angular  ;  embryo  linear,  curved  or  spiral ; 
cotyledons  none. 

1.  CUSCUTA  L.     DODDER. 

Characters  of  the  family.  Stems  filiform,  parasitic  on 
herbs  and  shrubs  by  minute  suckers. 

*  Ovary  and  capsule  depressed-globose. 

1.  C.  arvensis  Beyrich.     Stems  filiform,  pale  yellow;  flowers 
nearly  sessile    in    small    clusters;    calyx-lobes    broad,  obtuse; 
corolla  campanulate,  its  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, reflexed ;   scales  large,  ovate,  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
tube,  densely  fringed  all  around ;  capsule  depressed-globose. 

On  various  herbs  about  Los  Angeles,  Davidson. 

2.  C.  Californica  Choisy.      Stems  capillary,  low ;  flowers  2-4 
mm.  long,  pedicelled  in  loose  cymes;  calyx-lobes  acute;  corolla- 
lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  campan- 
ulate tube ;  filaments  nearly  equaling  the  linear  oblong  anthers ; 
appendages  none  or  rudimentary ;  style  slender. 

Occasional  along  the  coast  and  In  the  interior,  growing  on  various  low 
shrubs. 


Polemoniaceae  311 

**  Ovary  and  capsule  pointed. 

3.  C.  salina  Engelm.     Stems  slender;  flowers  3-5  mm.  long, 
pedicelled  in  loose  cymes ;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  as 
long  as  the  denticulate  corolla-lobes;  corolla-tube  shallow-cam- 
panulate;  filaments  about  as  long  as  the  oval  anthers;  fringed 
scales  shorter    than  the    corolla-tube;    capsule  conic,    usually 
1 -seeded. 

In  salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  growing  over  Salicornia,  etc. 

4.  C.  subinclusa  D.  &  H.     Stems  rather  coarse,   ascending 
small  shrubs  to  the  height  of  a  meter  or  more;  flowers  5-7  mm. 
long,  sessile  or  short-pedicelled,  at  length  in  clusters  1-2.5  cm. 
thick ;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish,  much  shorter  than 
the  cylindric  or    urn-shaped  corolla- tube ;    corolla-lobes    much 
shorter  than  the  tube,  minutely  crenulate  or  papillose ;  anthers 
oval,  subsessile;  scales  narrow,  fringed,  reaching  to  the  middle  of 
the  tube ;  capsule  conic,  capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla. 

Common  in  the  foothills,  usually  on  shrubs  or  coarse  herbs. 

Family  79.  POLEMONIACEAE.     PHLOX  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite, 
entire,  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  or 
nearly  so  flowers,  corymbose-capitate,  cymose  or  panicu- 
late. Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  seg- 
ments slightly  imbricated.  Corolla  5-parted,  the  lobes 
contorted.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tip  of  the  corolla 
and  alternate  with  its  lobes.;  filaments  slender  ;  anthers 
versatile,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
superior,  mostly  3-celled  ;  ovules  few-many  in  each  cell ; 
style  simple,  filiform  ;  stigmas  3,  linear.  Capsule  mostly 
loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  various. 

Leaves  alternate;  annual   herbs,  or  1  species  perennial  and  lignescent  at 

base. 
Calyx  scarious  between  the  angles,  ruptured  by  the  distended  capsule. 

3.  GlLIA. 

Calyx  scarious  or  coriaceous  at  base.  2.  NAVABRETIA. 

Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed;  shrubby.  4.  LEPTODACTYLON. 
Leaves  opposite  and  — 

Entire,  the  floral  alternate.  1.  MICROSTERIS. 

Palmately  lobed,  upper  verticillate.  5.  LINANTHUS. 


312  Polemoniaceae 

1.  MICBOSTEBIS  Greene. 

Small  much  branched  annuals  with  entire  leaves,  all 
except  floral  ones  opposite,  and  minute  flowers  scattered 
singly  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  alternate  leaves. 
Calyx  tubular,  5-clef t,  the  lobes  acute,  scarious-margined. 
Corolla  salver-shaped,  the  tube  narrow.  Stamens  straight, 
short,  unequally  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube.  Capsule 
3-celled,  at  length  distending  and  rupturing  the  calyx- 
tube.  Seeds  few,  large,  the  coat  when  moistened  develop- 
ing a  thick  glutinous  mass. 

1.  M.  Californica  Greene.  Slender,  1-2  dm.  high,  loosely  and 
somewhat  dichotomously  branched  from  the  middle ;  leaves  from 
obovate-subulate  in  the  lowest  to  oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate, 
1-2  cm.  long,  all  more  or  less  pubescent  with  scattered  hairs,  a 
few  fine  gland-tipped  hairs  on  the  flowering  branches  and  calyx ; 
calyx-teeth  slightly  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla  red,  the  lobes 
emarginate,  little  surpassing  the  calyx;  capsule  ovoid.  (Collomia 
gracilis  of  recent  authors,  not  of  Douglas.) 
Occasional  in  shady  places  in  the  foothills. 

COLLOMIA  GRANDIFLORA  Dougl.  A  strict  erect  annual,  with 
entire  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  and  large  salmon-colored  flowers 
in  terminal  and  axillary  heads. 

Common  in  open  pine  woods  in  the  San  Bernardino,  San  Jacinto  and  Cuya- 
maca  Mountains. 

2.  NAVABBETIA  R.  &  P. 

Glabrous  and  scentless  or  viscid-pubescent  and  heavy- 
scented  annual  herbs,  with  leaves  all  alternate  setace- 
ously  or  spinosely  pinnatifid,  or  the  lowest  subentire. 
Flowers  in  crowded  bracted  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.  Calyx-tube  scarious  between  the  green  angu- 
lar or  costate  segments,  unequal,  erect  or  spreading, 
pungent-tipped  or  pungent-cleft,  the  2  outer  sometimes 
spinulose-toothed  or  -cleft.  Corolla-tube  funnelform  or 
salver-shaped.  Stamens  and  style  exserted  or  included, 
straight  or  declined.  Capsule  1-3-celled,  1-many-seeded, 


Phlox  Family  313 

partially  dehiscent  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  commonly 
mucilaginous  and  sending  out  threads  containing  each  a 
spiral  coil. 

1.  N.  prostrata  (Gray)  Greene.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  flower 
clusters  sessile  near  the  ground,  the  few  branches  radiating  from 
beneath  and  prostrate;  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  rachis  broad  and 
strap-shaped,  the  segments    short  and  spreading;    calyx-tube 
minutely  white-hirsute,  thin-hyaline  between  the  stout  costae, 
constricted  over  the  capsule,  the  segments  spreading,  2  subulate 
and  entire,  3  spinulose  trifid ;  pericarp  a  transparent  indehiscent 
utricle  close-fitted  to  the  amalgamated  mass  of  glutinous  seeds, 
breaking  transversely  or  irregularly  when  soaked  ;  seeds  4  in  each 
cell.     (Gilia  prostrata  Gray.) 

In  low  adobe  places  on  the  mesas  of  the  coast  valley.    Inglewood. 

2.  N.    viscidula  Benth.     Viscid-pubescent,   at   length   much 
branched,   erect,  5-8  cm.   high,   rather  stout;    leaves  narrowly 
linear  but  firm,  laciniate-pmnatifid  or  parted  into  setaceous-sub- 
ulate ascending  lobes ;  the  bracts  ovate-dilated ;  flowers  densely 
glomerate;  corolla  violet  or  purple,  8-10  mm.  long;  capsule  of 
firm  texture,  dehiscent,  normally  3-6-seeded.     (Gilia  viscidula 
Gray.) 

Dry  places  of  the  interior  plains  and  foothills.    May-June. 

3.  N.  atractyloides  (Benth.)  H.  &  A.     Pubescent  and  very 
viscid,  rigid-branched,  spreading  or  procumbent,  5-15  cm.  long; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  rigidly  coriaceous  and  in  age  reticulate, 
the  margins  beset  with  divaricate  spinose-subulate  teeth  ;  flowers 
less  glomerate;   corolla  narrowly  funnelform,  12-18  mm.  long, 
deep  purple;  capsule  dehiscent,  6-10-seeded.    (Gilia  atractyloides 
Steud.) 

Frequent  in  dry  washes.    May-June. 

3.  GILIA  R.  &  P. 

Annual  herbs,  rarely  perennial  or  shrubby,  with  alter- 
nate entire  or  pinnately  toothed,  lobed  or  divided  leaves, 
and  small  or  showy  flowers  more  or  less  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular, 
5-toothed  or  5-lobed,  scarious  between  the  ribs  or  angles. 
Corolla  funnelform.  Stamens  inserted  equally  on  the 


314  Polemoniaceae 

throat.  Capsule  at  length  distending  and  rupturing  the 
calyx.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  becoming  mucilaginous 
when  wetted. 

*  Leaves  mostly  1-3-pinnately  dissected,  not  pungent;  flowers  usually 
in  capitate  bractless  clusters. 

1.  G.  multicaulis  Benth.     Branching  from  the  base,  4-6  dm. 
high,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  5-9 
linear  and  entire  or  toothed  lobes ;   flowers  few  in  the  clusters, 
subsessile  or  on  more  elongated  pedicels;  calyx-teeth  erect  or 
recurved  in  fruit,  the  hyaline  margin  very  narrow ;  corolla  deep 
or  rather  pale  purple,  its  proper  tube  shorter  than  the  obovate 
lobes;  stamens  included ;  capsule  ovoid. 

Frequent  on  the  plains  and  foothills  in  our  coast  region. 

2.  G.  achilleaefolia  Benth.     Stems  3-5  dm.  high,  glandular- 
puberulent  throughout ;  leaves  mostly  bipinnately  dissected  into 
linear,  somewhat  recurved  segments;  branches  few,  naked,  bear- 
ing a  dense  cluster  of  usually  deep  blue  flowers ;  calyx  glandular- 
pilose,   mainly  hyaline,  its  lobes  incurved  in  fruit;  corolla-tube 
cylindric ;  throat  very  short  and  broad ;  lobes  oblong,  scarcely 
spreading ;  stamens  exserted. 

Common  on  dry  plains  and  foothills  throughout  our  range. 

3.  G.  abrotanifolia  Nutt.     Herbage  glabrous  throughout  or 
very  sparsely  pilose  on  the  petioles  and  calyx;  stems  3-6  dm. 
high,  with  a  few  ascending  branches  or  simple  naked  above, bear- 
ing a  terminal  dense  cluster  of  large  pale  blue  flowers;  leaves 
large,  thin,  3-pinnately  dissected,  the  segments  very  narrowly 
linear ;  calyx  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose,  mainly  hyaline,  recurved 
or  spreading  in  fruit ;  corolla  with  funnelform  throat  and  obovate 
lobes ;  stamens  included  or  scarcely  exserted. 

Frequent  in  open  places  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains.  Thia 
and  the  next  have  been  called  G.  capitata  Dougl.,  but  that  is  a  small-flowered 
species  of  Oregon. 

4.  G.  staminea  Greene.     Closely  resembling  the  last  in  habit; 
stems  and  leaves  sparsely  pilose ;  calyx  densely  arachnoid-villous,. 
mainly  hyaline,  its  lobes  recurved ;  stamens  well  exserted,  nearly 
white. 

This  species  is  common  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  and  may  occur  within 
our  limits. 


Phlox  Family  315 

5.  G.  inconspicua  Dougl.      Stems  simple  or  branching  from 
the  base,  often  somewhat  woolly  when  young,  and  viscid-glandular 
above,  18-36  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  bipinnatifid,  the  upper  pin- 
nately-parted  or  pinnatifid,  becoming  small  and  entire;  flowers 
somewhat  crowded  and  subsessile  or  at  length  loosely  panicled ; 
corolla  violet  or  purplish,  6-15  mm.  long,  narrowly  funnelform, 
the  tube  scarcely  equaling  the  calyx. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  the  hills  and  mountains. 

**  Leaves,  at  least  the  cauline,  entire  or  pinnatifid ;  flowers  scattered, 
rarely  clustered  in  the  first. 

6.  G.  gilioides  (Benth.)  Greene.     Loosely  branching,  erect  or 
diffuse,  2-5  dm.  high,  commonly  villous  and  glandular  throughout ; 
basal  leaves  and  the  lower  cauline  leaves  pinnately-parted  into 
narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate  divisions,  or  rarely  all  so  divided, 
or  the  upper  palmately  divided  into  3-5  obovate  or  lanceolate 
divisions;  corolla  8-12  mm.  long,  salver-shaped,  blue-purple ;  sta- 
mens unequally  inserted  ;  capsule  globose  ;  seeds  1-2  in  each  cell. 
(Collomia  gilioides  Benth.) 

Frequent  in  shady  places  in  the  chaparral  belt  throughout  our  range. 

7.  G.  latiflora  exilis  Gray.      Diffusely  paniculate-branched 
above,  3-4  dm.  high,  glabrous  below  or  the  young  parts  some- 
what arachnoid-tomentose,  more  or  less  glandular  above;  basal 
and  lower  leaves  simply  pinnatifid,  linear-lanceolate,  3-5  cm. 
long,  with  short  ovate  or  triangular  and  cuspidate-tipped  lobes, 
these  often  enlarged  and  toothed   or  lobed;   the  cauline  few, 
becoming  entire  and  subulate  above;    paniculate   cymes   very 
loose;   flowers   mostly  on   elongated   almost  capillary   pedicels, 
about  1  cm.  long,  dilated-funnelform,  abruptly  contracted  below 
into  a  narrow  tube,  which  equals  or  slightly  exceeds  the  calyx, 
its  lobes  rounded-obovate,  purple,  the  throat  yellowish  below; 
capsule  obovoid. 

Wilson's  Peak  under  pines,  and  similar  places  throughout  the  San  Gabriel 
Mountains. 

8.  G.  tenuiflora  altissima  Parish.    Loosely  paniculate,  branch- 
ed above,  5-8  dm.  high,  hispid  pubescent  below,  glandular  above; 
basal  leaves  4-6  cm.  long,  bipinnately  parted  or  divided ;  the 
upper  becoming  simple,  small  and  entire ;  branches  loosely  few- 
flowered;   pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers;  corolla  2.5-3  cm. 


316  Polemoniaceae 

long,  lilac  color  with  purple  tube,  narrowly  funnelform,  tapering 
to  the  long  slender  tube ;  capsule  ovoid-oblong. 

Frequent  in  open  pine  forests  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains. 

*** Leaves  slender,  entire  or  with  a  few  slender  lobes,  pungent; 
flowers  crowded  in  leafy-bracted  clusters;  bracts  and  calyces 
woolly-matted. 

9.  G.  virgata  Steud.     Annual,  white-floccose,  becoming  gla- 
brate ;  stems  slender,  either  simple  and  virgate  or  with  virgate 
branches  from  the  base  and  paniculately  branched  above,  1-3  dm. 
high;  leaves  slender-filiform,  the  lower  mainly  entire  and  the 
upper  rarely  more  than  3-parted;  corolla  blue  or  lavender,  its 
tube  8-12  mm.  long,  surpassing  the  acerose  calyx-lobes;  anthers 
linear-sagittate,  2  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  plains  in  the  interior  region,  mostly  east  of 
our  limits. 

10.  G.  virgata  floribunda  Gray.     Branches  few,  terminated  by 
large,  compact  flower  clusters;  most  of  the  leaves  pinnately  3-7- 
parted ;  corolla  somewhat  larger  than  in  the  type. 

On  dry  plains  from  Azusa  eastward. 

11.  G.  densifolia  Benth.     Perennial,  canescent-lanate  when 
young,  becoming  glabrate  in  age;  stems  rigid,  branched  from  the 
woody  base,  usually  somewhat  spreading,  1.5-3  dm.  high;  leaves 
rigid,  mostly  pinnatifid  or  incisely  laciniate  into  short  subulate, 
spinulose  lobes;   flowers  densely  clustered,  capitate-glomerate; 
corolla  violet-blue,  its  tube  about  12  mm.  long,  2-3  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx ;  anthers  sagittate. 

Occasional  in  open  places,  mostly  on  dry  ridges,  in  the  pine  belt  of  all  our 
mountains. 

4.  LEPTODACTYLON  H.  &  A. 

More  or  less  woody  or  shrubby,  commonly  tufted,  very 
leafy  plants.  Leaves  commonly  alternate,  and  much 
fascicled  in  the  axils,  palmately  3-7-parted,  acerose- 
subulate,  rigid  and  pungent.  Flowers  showy,  solitary  and 
sessile  or  few  in  clusters  at  the  summit  of  the  branches 
or  branchlets.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  the  throat  some- 
what funnelform.  Filaments  short,  attached  equally  in 


Phlox  Family  317" 

or  below  the  throat ;  anthers  short,  included.     Capsule 
many-seeded.     Seeds  not  mucilaginous. 

1.  L.  Calif ornicum  H.  &  A.  Shrubby,  6-12  din.  high,  the 
branches  and  very  crowded  leaves  tomentose-pubescent  and  more 
or  less  glandular,  leaf-segments  narrowly  linear,  about  1.5  cm. 
long;  corolla  rose  color  or  lilac,  its  limb  2-4  cm.  in  diameter, 
with  broadly  wedge-obovate  lobes,  their  margins  often  minutely 
erose ;  ovules  20  or  more  in  each  cell.  (Gilia  Calif ornica  Benth.) 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt.    March-June. 

5.  LINANTHUS  Benth. 

Mostly  low  or  slender  annuals,  with  leaves  opposite, 
or  the  upper  rarely  alternate,  palmately  divided  to  the 
base  into  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  divisions  (appear- 
ing as  if  in  whorls  in  some  species),  rarely  entire. 
Flowers  scattered  or  in  terminal  capitate  clusters.  Calyx- 
tube  scarious  between  the  ribs  or  angles,  its  teeth  equal. 
Corolla  varying  from  salver-shaped  to  subrotate.  Stamens 
equally  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Capsule  with  few-many 
seeds  in  each  cell. 

*  Corolla  funnel  form. 

1.  Ii.   dianthiflorus   (Benth.)   Greene.    Branching  from   the 
base,  the  branches  decumbent  or  simple  and  erect,  4-12  cm.  high, 
more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  all  simple,  narrowly  linear ;  corolla 
short-funnelform,  2    cm.  long  or  more,  lilac  with  a  darker  or 
yellowish  throat,  the  ample  lobes  from  denticulate  to  strongly 
fringed-toothed ;  filaments  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  tube; 
ovules  12-20  in  each  cell.     (Gilia  dianthoides  Endl.) 

Common  in  sandy  soil  in  the  coast  and  interior  valleys.    February -April. 

2.  L.  liniflorus( Benth.)  Greene.   Stems  slender,  dichotomous- 
ly  branched,  about  3  dm.  high,  glabrous;   leaf-segments  about 
3,  filiform;   flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels  in  a  loose  cymose 
panicle;    corolla  with  nearly  obsolete  tube;   the    limb  rotate, 
12-24  mm.  broad ;  the  obovate  entire  lobes  white,  marked  with  7 
deep  blue  veinlets ;  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-lobes ; 


318  Polemoniaceae 

filaments  with  a  dense  pilose  ring  near  the  base ;  ovules  6-8  in 
each  cell.     (Oilia  liniflorus  Benth.) 

Frequent  on  plains  and  foothills  nearly  throughout  the  state,  but  known 
within  our  limits  only  on  low  hills  near  Trabuco  Canyon,  Santa  Ana  Moun- 
tains. 

3.  Ii.  pusillus  (Benth.)  Greene.    Stems  very  slender,  diffusely 
dichotomously  branched,  pubescent;  pedicels  capillary;  calyx  3 
mm.  long,  the  teeth  subulate,  barely  half  as  long  as  the  tube, 
hispid-ciliolate ;    corolla    short-funnelform,   little  or  not  at  all 
exceeding  the  calyx;   seeds  3-4  in  each  cell.     (Gilia  pusillus 
Benth.) 

Occasional  on  dry  hillsides  in  our  interior  Region. 

4.  L.  aureus  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Nearly  simple  or  more  commonly 
diffusely  branched,  5-15  cm.  high ;  leaf-segments  narrowly  linear, 
6  mm.  long,  hispidulous ;  pedicels  seldom  longer  than  the  flowers ; 
corolla  open-funnelform,  golden  yellow;  the  lobes  rounded  obo- 
vate,  widely  spreading,  equaling  the  tube;    filaments  inserted 
just  below  the  sinuses,  glabrous  at  base;  seeds  about  10  in  each 
cell.     (Gilia  aurea  Nutt.) 

Frequent  in  the  interior  in  dry  washes. 

5.  L.   Lemmoni   (Gray)   Greene.     Stems  widely  branching, 
about  10-15  cm.  high,  hirsutely  pubescent;  leaf-segments  linear, 
5-6  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils  and  subsessile, 
but  more  densely  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx 
turbinate-prismatic,  strongly  5-costate;   lobes  acerose-subulate, 
equaling  the  throat  of  the  yellowish  short-funnelform  corolla; 
capsule  many-seeded.     (Gilia  Lemmoni  Gray.) 

Open  places  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

**  Corolla  salver- shaped,  the  tube  long-exserted. 

6.  Ii.  parviflorus  (Benth.)  Greene.     Stems  slender,  branched 
from  the  base,  8-15  cm.  high ;  leaf-segments  linear  or  narrowly 
oblanceolate ;  corolla-tube  very  slender,  18-25  mm.  long;  throat 
yellow ;  lobes  oval,  4-6  mm.  long,  mostly  pale  yellow  or  nearly 
white,  tinged  with  red  or  brown  on  the  outside;  style  and  fila- 
ments half  or  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-limb.     (Lepto- 
siphon  parviflorus  Benth. ;  Gilia  micrantha  Steud.) 

Common  on  the  plains  and  foothills  throughout  our  range  in  sandy  soil. 
March-April. 


Hydrophyllaceae  319 

7.  L.  bicolor  (Nutt.)  Greene.     Very  near  the  last,  but  small, 
5-7  cm.   high;   flowers  rose-purple,  the  elongated  corolla-tube 
12-18  mm.  long,  the  limb  4-6  mm.  broad.     (Leptosiphon  bicolor 
Nutt. ;  Gilia  tenella  Benth.) 

Wilson's  Peak,  Davidson. 

8.  I*,  ciliatus  (Benth.)  Greene.     Stems  rigid,  strict,  1-2  dm. 
high,  scabrous-pubescent;  internodes  long;  leaves  with  5-9 linear, 
rigidly  and  densely  ciliate  segments ;  corolla  rose  color,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  floral  leaves,  its  limb  4  mm.  broad  or  less.     (Gilia 
ciliata  Benth.) 

Wilson's  Peak,  growing  in  open  grassy  places  among  the  pines.  We  have 
not  seen  Davidson's  specimens,  but  we  strongly  suspect  that  they  belong  to 
this  species  rather  than  to  L.  bicolor,  as  listed  by  him.  May-July. 

Family  80.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE.     WATER-LEAF 

FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  mostly  hirsute  pubescent  or 
scabrous,  with  alternate  or  basal,  rarely  opposite  leaves, 
and  perfect  regular  5-parted  flowers  in  scorpioid  cymes, 
spikes  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  deeply  cleft  or  divided, 
the  sinuses  sometimes  appendaged.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  or  more  or  less  spreading.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  tube  or  base  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes ;  filaments  filiform ;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled. 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled  or 
1-celled  with  2  placentae  ;  styles  2,  separate  or  united 
below;  stigmas  small,  terminal ;  ovules  few-many. 
Seeds  various,  usually  pitted  or  somewhat  roughened. 

Style  1,  2-cleft  or  2  parted. 

Ovary  1-celled;  the  placentae  expanded  and  forming  a  sac-like  lining  tO' 

the  pericarp. 

Calyx  with  a  reflexed  lobe  at  each  sinus.  1.  NKMOPHILA. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses.  2.  EUCRYPTA. 

Ovary  1-celled  or  becoming  2-celled  by  the  meeting  in  the  axis  of  the 

narrow  or  slightly  dilated  placentae. 

Corolla  never  yellow,  or  rarely  yellowish,  deciduous.  3.  PHACELIA. 
Corolla  yellow,  persistent.  4.  EMMENANTHE. 

Styles  2,  distinct. 

Herbs.  5.  CONANTHUS. 

Suffrutescent  or  shrubby.  6.  ERIODICTYON. 


320  Hydrophyllaceae 

1.  NEMOPHILA  Nutt. 

Low  diffuse  slender  or  fragile  more  or  less  hirsute 
annual  herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  mostly  pinnati- 
fid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  mostly  showy  flowers,  solitary 
and  peduncled,  lateral  or  terminal.  Calyx  deeply 
5-cleft  or  5-parted,  with  a  reflexed  or  spreading  append- 
age in  each  sinus.  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate-cam- 
panulate,  usually  with  10  small  appendages  within  at 
the  base.  Stamens  included,  inserted  near  the  base  of 
the  corolla-tube  ;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong.  Ovary 
1-celled ;  style  more  or  less  2-cleft  ;  ovules  4-20.-  Cap- 
sule 2-valved.  Seeds  carunculate. 

1.  N.  aurita  Lindl.     Herbage   scabrous  with   stout  recurved 
prickly  hairs,  the  smaller  often  uncinate;  stems  weak,  clinging 
to  other   plants  for  support  by  means  of  the  prickles;  leaves 
deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  somewhat  reflexed ;  petioles  winged, 
clasping  at  base ;  flowers  in  few-flowered  racemes  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches;  corolla  12-25  mm.  broad,  purplish  violet;  scales 
triangular,  covering  the  base  of  the  filaments;  capsule  globose ; 
seeds  4,  globular,  favose-reticulated. 

Common  on  shady  slopes  throughout  our  range  below  3000  feet.  March- 
April. 

2.  N.  racemosa  Nutt.    Resembling  the  last  in  habit,  but  less 
prickly;  leaves  often  bipinnatifid ;  petioles  not  strongly  winged, 
not  clasping ;  flowers  distinctly  racemose,  less  than  10  mm.  broad, 
usually  pale;  scales  narrow,  the  upper  half  commonly  free. 

Frequent  among  shrubs  on  shady  slopes  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Diego, 
where  it  was  first  collected  by  Nuttall.  It  has  also  been  collected  on 
Catalina  and  San  Clemente  Islands.  March-May. 

3.  N.  insignia  Dougl.     Stems  much  branched,  spreading,  1-3 
dm.  long,  nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent  with  more  or  less 
retrorse  hairs  ;  leaves  mostly  bipinnatifid,  pubescent  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  2-5  cm.  long,  lobes  elliptic-ovate;  peduncles  mostly 
25-45  mm.   long;    calyx-lobes    ovate-lanceolate,   acute;    corolla 
15-25  mm.  broad,  rotate-campanulate,  the  tube  scarcely  half  the 
length  of  the  lobes,  usually  deep  blue,  slightly  hairy  toward  the 


Water-leaf  Family  321 

base;  scales  rather  broad,  ciliate;  seeds  usually  12,  corrugate- 
roughened. 

Frequent  on  sandy  or  dry  plains  and  foothills  throughout  our  range.  The 
rather  persistent  cotyledons  are  usually  spatulate.  March-April. 

4.  N.  integrifolia  (Parish).  Stems  usually  much  branched, 
rather  weak  and  spreading,  somewhat  densely  pubescent  through- 
out with  spreading  hairs,  the  petioles  nearly  ciliate ;  leaves  2-3- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  seldom  entire;  peduncles  slender  and 
usually  exceeding  the  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute  and 
mucronulate;  corolla  usually  less  than  1  cm.  broad,  rotate-cam- 
panulate  to  nearly  rotate,  pale  blue  or  nearly  white,  with  darker 
veinlets,  hairy  toward  the  base;  scales  linear,  the  upper  half 
usually  free,  hairy;  seeds  usually  8-12,  corrugate-roughened, 
sometimes  minutely  so,  globose.  (N.  Menziesii  integrifolia  Parish . ) 

Rather  common  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  all  the  hills  and  valleys,  especi- 
ally away  from  the  coast.  April-May. 

2.  EUCRYPTA  Nutt. 

Erect  paniculately  branched  viscid  annuals,  with 
small  racemose  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  sinuses 
naked.  Corolla  small,  tubular-campanulate,  without 
appendages.  Capsule  globose,  1-celled,  with  2  dilated 
placentae  lining  the  pericarp,  2-valved,  8-seeded,  2  seeds 
remaining  in  each  valve  between  the  pericarp  and  the 
placentae  after  dehiscence.  Seeds  corrugated  or  smooth. 

1.  E.  chrysanthemifolia  (Benth.)  Greene.  Stems  rather 
slender,  widely  branching,  3-9  dm.  high;  leaves  ample,  2-3-pin- 
natifid ;  racemes  short  and  close,  scarcely  surpassing  the  leaves ; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  acutish;  corolla  white  or  bluish,  scarcely  sur- 
passing the  calyx-lobes;  free  seeds  oblong-oval,  corrugated,  the 
concealed  ones  flattened,  smooth.  (Ellisia  chrysanthemifolia 
Benth.) 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  and  in  the  open  foothills.    March-May. 

3.  PHACELIA  Juss. 

Annual  rarely  perennial  mostly  hirsute  or  hispid 
herbs,  or  rarely  suffrutescent,  with  entire  or  variously 
lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  often  showy  flowers  in 


322  Hydrophyllaceae 

scorpioid  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted, 
commonly  more  or  less  accrescent,  unappendaged.  Co- 
rolla from  nearly  rotate  to  campanulate,  tubular  or 
funnelform,  deciduous,  the  tube  commonly  with  internal 
lamellate  projections  or  appendages.  Stamens  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube.  Style  2-cleft.  Capsule 
1-celled,  2-valved,  the  thin  septa-like  placentae  adherent. 

*  Ovules  4  ',    corolla-tube  with  10  laminate  appendages  in  pairs  at 
the  base  of  the  stamens. 

1.  P.  Magellanica  (Lam.)  Coville.     Hispid  and  the  foliage 
strigose,  more  or  less  canescent,  2-5  dm.  high,  from  a  perennial 
or  biennial  root;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  pinnately  and 
obliquely  straight-veined ;  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole,  and 
commonly  some  of  them  with  1-2  pairs  of  smaller  lateral  leaf- 
lets; inflorescence  hispid,  the  dense  spikes  thyrsoid-congested ; 
corolla  whitish  or  bluish,  moderately  5-lobed,  longer  than  the 
oblong-lanceolate  or  linear  calyx-lobes ;  filaments  much  exserted 
sparingly  bearded. 

Frequent  on  dry  hillsides  in  the  valleys  and  mountains. 

2.  P.  ramosissima  suffrutescens  Parry.     Perennial ;   stems 
much  branched  from  the  base,  decumbent  or  ascending,  lignes- 
cent  at  base,  often  2  cm.  or  more  in  diameter;  herbage  hispid 
pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular  above ;  leaves  5-9-divided 
or  -parted,  with  oblong  or  narrower  pinnatifid-incised  divisions  ; 
spikes  glomerate,  short  and  dense ;  flowers  subsessile,  ascending 
in  fruit;  sepals  ovate  to  obovate-oblanceolate ;  corolla  bluish  or 
dirty  white;  its  lobes  spreading  or  somewhat   reflexed,  short, 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  throat ;  stamens  and  style 
moderately  exserted;  capsule  globose-ovoid;  seeds  deeply  pitted, 
oval. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  and  on  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore. 
Specimens  from  Port  Ballona  show  5  annular  rings  near  base. 

3.  P.  hispida  Gray.     Annual  (as  are  all  the  following  species), 
5  dm.  high  or  less,  diffusely  branched,  setose-hispid  with  long  slen- 
der white  bristles ;  leaves  with  rather  few,  coarse  divisions,  the 
uppermost  sometimes  merely  laciniate-incised ;  spikes  soon  loose 
and  loosely  paniculate ;  flowers  on  short  slender  horizontal  pedi- 
cels ;  corolla  very  pale  blue,  rotate  or  campanulate ;  lobes  rounded 


Water-leaf  Family  323 

at  apex ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear  with  attenuate  base  nearly 
equaling  the  corolla,  in  fruit  8-12  mm.  long  and  almost  4  times 
the  length  of  the  globose  capsule;  seeds  short-oval,  roughish- 
scrobiculate. 

Very  common  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  open  grassy  places.    April-June. 

4.  P.  distans  Benth.     Stems  much  branched,  ascending,  3-5 
dm.  high;  herbage  with   scattered   hispid   hairs  and   close  fine 
pubescence;  leaves  pinnately 9-17-clivided  into  linear-oblong  1-2- 
pinnatifid  or  cleft  divisions;  spikes  scattered,  solitary  or  gemi- 
nate; sepals  unequal,  narrowly  obovate  to  spatulate;  corolla  6-8 
mm.  long,  rotate-cam panulate,  usually  blue,  rarely  paler,  the 
lobes  rounded ;  internal  appendages  semiovate  with  free  pointed 
tips  ;  stamens  little  or  not  at  all  exserted. 

Very  common  in  the  plains  and  foothills.     March-May. 

5.  P.  tanacetifolia  Benth.     Much  resembling  the  last,  but 

usually  stouter,  erect,  sparsely  branching  or  simple ;  leaves  simi- 
lar, larger  and  less  finely  dissected;  spikes  terminating  the 
branches,  approximate,  6-9  cm.  long;  sepals  linear,  beset  with 
rigid  bristles,  in  fruit  little  exceeding  the  oval  capsule ;  corolla 
open-campanulate,  6-8  mm.  long,  lavender,  the  lobes  blunt,  not 
rounded  ;  internal  appendage  entirely  adnate,  the  tip  rounded. 

Slender  specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  on  the  northern  slope  of 
the  Santa  Monica  Mountains,  between  Cahuenga  Pass  and  Encino,  by  the 
author  in  April,  1901 ;  otherwise  it  is  not  known  within  our  limits. 

6.  P.  ciliata  Benth.     Branched  from  the  base  with  rather 
simple  ascending    branches,  2-4  dm.   high,   herbage  scabrous, 
otherwise  glabrous;    leaves  pinnately  divided,  the  divisions  ob- 
long, toothed  or  incised ;  spikes  rather  short,  becoming  loose  in 
fruit;  pedicels  short  or  almost  wanting;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to 
broadly  ovate,  chartaceous,  7-10  mm.  long  in  fruit,  with  thick- 
ened midrib  and  reticulations,  sparsely  bristly-ciliate ;   corolla 
blue;   stamens   shorter  or  about  equaling  the  corolla;  capsule 
ovate,  mucronate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  calyx-lobes,  which 
are  arched  over  it;  seeds  oval,  favose. 

Open  grassy  hills,  not  common.    Hollywood;  Capistrano. 

**  Ovules  mostly  numerous. 
•*-  Appendages  none. 

7.  P.  viscida  (Benth.)  Torr.     Stem  erect,  mostly  simple,  3-6 
dm.  high,  very  glandular  above ;  leaves  ovate  or  obscurely  cordate, 


324  Hydrophyllaceae 

doubly  or  incisely  and  irregularly  dentate,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  calyx- 
lobes  linear  or  obscurely  spatulate,  obtuse,  7-8  mm.  long;  corolla 
deep  blue  with  purplish  or  whitish  center,  rotate-cam  pan  ulate, 
10-20  mm.  broad;  capsule  ovate,  abruptly  cuspidate-pointed, 
equaling  the  calyx. 

Frequent  in  all  the  mountains  bordering  our  coast  valleys,  especially 
common  on  fire-swept  places  in  the  chaparral  belt.  March-May. 

P.  VISCIDA  ALBIFLORA  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Flowers  white,  otherwise 
as  in  the  typical  form. 

Same  range  as  the  last  but  less  common. 

8.  P.   grandiflora   (Benth.)   Gray.     Closely  resembling  the 
last,  but  usually  more  robust  and  more  viscid;   leaves  larger; 
calyx-lobes  linear  .8-     mm.  long;    corolla  rotate-campanulate, 
2.5-4  cm.  broad,  purplish  or  pale  bluish;  capsule  equaling  the 
calyx,  the  cuspidate  persistent  and  indurated,  base  of  the  style 
2  mm.  long. 

Same  range  as  the  last  and  growing  in  similar  places.    April-May. 

•*-  •*-  Appendages  5,  small  truncate  or  emarginate  scales,  1  adnate 
to  the  inner  base  of  each  filament. 

9.  P.  Whitlavia  Gray.     About  3  dm.  high,  loosely  branching, 
hirsute  and  glandular;  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid,  incisely  toothed  ; 
calyx-lobes  linear;    corolla  with  cylindraceous  ventricose  tube, 
usually  about  2  cm.   long  and  twice  the  length  of  the  lobes, 
purple ;  appendages  to  the  exserted  filaments  hairy. 

Occasional  on  low  hills  and  in  the  chaparral  belt.  Verdugo  Hills;  San 
Gabriel  and  Sants  Ana  Mountains. 

10.  P.    Parryi  Torr.      Stems   more  or  less  branching,   the 
branches  somewhat  spreading;  herbage  hirsute  or  somewhat  his- 
pid and  glandular ;  leaves  ovate,  irregularly  and  incisely  doubly 
toothed  or  lanciniate  or  the  lowest  sometimes  pinnately  lobed, 
the  upper  longer  than  the  petioles,  the  lower  on  rather  long  slen- 
der petioles;  racemes  very  loose;  pedicels  filiform,  widely  spread- 
ing ;  calyx-lobes  narrow  ;  corolla  cleft  beyond  the  middle,  rotate- 
campanulate,  deep  violet,  2  cm.  broad;    filaments   bearded,  ex- 
serted; ovules  on  each  placenta  20-30,  and  seeds  15-20. 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  our  interior  region.  Rather  common 
in  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains  and  throughout  the  western  part  of  San  Diego 
County. 

11.  P.  longipes  Torr.     Much  resembling  the  last  but  more 
slender,  loosely  branching;  cauline  leaves  roundish -oval  or  sub- 


Water-leaf  Family  325 

cordate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  5-8-toothed,  about  12  mm.  long, 
all  shorter  than  the  petioles;  corolla  about  1  cm.  long,  nearly 
white,  5-cleft  barely  to  the  middle;  ovules  on  each  placenta  8-10; 
seeds  fewer. 

"  Rare  and  local  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains,1'  Davidson. 

***  Ovules  several  (6-12}  or  more  numerous  on  each  plancenta;  ap- 
pendages of  10  vertical  salient  lamellx. 

•*-  Seeds  areolate,  reticulate  or  favose-pitted  but  not  transversely 
rugose;  styles  cleft  to  the  middle. 

12.  P.  brachyloba  (Benth.)   Gray.     Stems  branched,   erect, 
3-6  dm.  high,  roughish-pubescent,  viscid-glandular  above;  leaves 
pinnatifid,  elongated,  oblong  or  spatulate,  short-petioled,  lobes 
7-15,  entire  or  obtusely  few-toothed;  spikes  crowded,  solitary  or 
geminate,  at  length  much  elongated  and  slender ;  pedicels  very 
short ;  corolla  white,  campanulate,  the  lobes  about  half  the  length 
of  the  tube ;    the  long  narrow  appendages  nearly  free  from  the 
stamens ;  ovules  about  6,  rarely  more,  on  each  plancenta ;  cap- 
sule oblong-oval,  very  obtuse,  membranous,  shorter  than  the 
narrow  spatulate  calyx-lobes;  seeds  oval,  reticulated. 

Frequent  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel 
Mountains.    April-June. 

13.  P.  Douglasii  (Benth.)  Gray.     Stems  branched  from  the 
base;  the  branches  prostrate  or  decumbent,  1-2  dm.  long;  herb- 
age pubescent  and  hirsute  with  mostly  spreading  hairs;  leaves 
elongated-oblong  or  linear  in   outline,   pinnatifid  or  pinnately 
parted  into  several-many  pairs  of  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  not 
larger  nor  parallel-veined ;  racemes  becoming  elongated  ;  pedicels 
filiform,  1-2  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  spatulate;  corolla  rotate-cam- 
panulate,  pale  blue,  about  1  cm.  broad  ;  appendages  semi-oblance- 
olate ;  ovules  to  each  dilated  placenta  12-14 ;  capsule  ovate,  mucro- 
nate;  seeds  roundish,  oval,  scrobiculate. 

Frequent  near  the  coast  along  the  borders  of  the  sand-dunes.    Much  re- 
sembling some  of  the  large-flowered  Nemophilas. 

14.  P.  Davidsonii  macrantha  Parish.     Stems  branched  from 
the  base,  decumbent,  ascending  or  erect,  2-4  dm.  long,  rather 
soft  pubescent  and  villous ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  into  2-4  tri- 
angular entire  lobes  and  a  much  larger  terminal  one.  the  evident 
veins  of  which  are  nearly  parallel,  the  upper  leaves  commonly 
entire  and  slender  petioled;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  fruiting 
calyx-lobes ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  spatulate,  fully  twice  the  length 


326  Hydrophyllaceae 

of  the  ovate  capsule;  corolla  1  cm.  high  or  more,  the  lobes  dark 
purple,  the  throat  and  tube  yellowish. 

Frequent  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Moun- 
tains. May-August. 

-<-  •*-  Seeds  strongly  corrugated  transversely;  style  cleft  only  at  apex. 

15.  P.  Fremontii  Torr.  Much  branched  from  the  base,  1.5-3 
dm.  high ;  leaves  pinnatifid  into  7-15  oblong  or  obovate  entire 
or  obtusely  2-3-lobed  divisions;  flowers  crowded  in  the  at 
length  elongated  spiciform  racemes ;  corolla  broadly  funnelform, 
twice  the  length  of  the  spatulate  calyx-lobes ;  the  long  and  nar- 
row appendages  united  below  with  the  filaments  or.  almost  free 
from  them;  capsule  oblong;  seeds  20-30,  oblong,  strongly  and 
somewhat  evenly  corrugated. 

Los  Angeles  River;  Wilson's  Peak,  Davidson.    Summit  of  Santiago  Peak. 

4.  EMMENANTHE  Benth. 

Annuals  with  the  habit  of  Phacelia  and  differing  from 
that  genus  only  by  its  yellow  or  cream-colored  persist- 
ent corollas,  destitute  of  appendages. 

1.  E.  penduliflora  Benth.  (WHISPERING  BELLS.)  Erect, 
usually  much  branched  from  the  base,  2-4  dm.  high,  villous- 
pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid ;  lobes  of  the  pinnatifid  leaves 
numerous,  short-toothed  or  incised;  racemes  loose,  straight, 
ascending;  pedicels  filiform,  as  long  as  the  flowers,  these  soon 
pendulous;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  6-8  mm.  long;  corolla  cream- 
colored,  campanulate,  about  1  cm.  long;  filaments  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  corolla;  seeds  about  16,  pitted. 

Common  throughout  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  the  mountains.    April-June. 

5.  CONANTHUS  Wats. 

Low  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  entire  leaves 
and  purple,  bluish  or  white  flowers.  Calyx  deeply 
5-parted.  Corolla  funnelform  or  somewhat  salver-shaped, 
the  tube  destitute  of  internal  appendages.  Stamens 
often  unequal  and  unequally  inserted,  included.  Styles 
2,  distinct  to  the  base  or  rarely  united  ;  stigmas  some- 


Water-leaf  Family  327 

what  capitate.  Capsule  thin,  completely  or  incompletely 
2-celle.d  by  the  meeting  of  the  2  thin  and  dilated  placen- 
tae, 2-valved,  the  valves  entire.  Seeds  usually  numerous. 

1.  C.  demissus  (Gray)  Heller.    Annual ;  stems  much  branched 
from  the  base  and  erect-spreading,  5-15  cm.  high,  pubescent,  hir- 
sute or  somewhat  hispid ;  leaves  linear-spatulate,  at  least  the  lower 
tapering  into  a  petiole;   flowers  subsessile  in  the  forks;   sepals 
very  narrowly  linear,  not  at  all  broadened  above,  4-5  mm.  long; 
corolla  bright  purple,  about  1  cm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  about 
3  mm.  long,  10-16-seeded. 

Occasional  in  dry  places  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.  Frequent  on  the 
desert. 

2.  C.  stenocarpus  (Gray)  Heller.   Erect,  diffusely  branched,  at 
length  procumbent,  the  branches  1.5-3  dm.  long,  leafy,  villous- 
pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid ;  leaves  oblong,  the  upper  with  a 
broad  sessile  somewhat  clasping  base,  the  lower  spatulate;  flow- 
ers sessile  or  on  short  pedicels  becoming  rigid  in  fruit;  corolla 
f  unnelform,  somewhat  exceeding  the  linear  sepals ;  capsule  cylin- 
dric,  6  mm.  long,  nearly  equaling  the  sepals ;  seeds  very  numerous. 

Growing  about  the  borders  of  ponds.  Santa  Monica,  Davidson;  Soldiers 
Home. 

6.  ERIODICTYON  Benth. 

Low  shrubs  or  rarely  herbaceous,  with  alternate  more 
or  less  dentate  leaves,  and  funnelform  or  campanulate 
flowers  in  terminal  panicles  or  scorpioid  cymes.  Sepals 
narrow,  not  dilated  above.  Filaments  more  or  less  adnate 
to  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  little  or  not  at  all  exserted> 
sparsely  hirsute.  Ovary  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  2-celled 
by  the  meeting  of  the  dilated  placentae  in  the  axis. 
Capsule  first  loculicidal  then  septicidal,  thus  4-valved ; 
each  valve  with  a  short  beak  or  acumination  and  closed 
on  one  side  by  the  adherent  dissepiment  or  half-parti- 
tion. 

1.  E.  Californicum  (H.  &  A.)  Greene.  Shrub,  commonly  10-20 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  tapering  below  and  fre- 
quently above,  dentate  at  least  above  the  middle,  very  glutinous. 


328  Boraginaceae 

the  areas  between  the  veins  on  the  under  side  with  a  close  dense 
felt;  calyx  2  mm.  long,  with  linear  lobes;  corolla  white  or  pale 
blue  tubular-funnelform,  8-12  mm.  long;  stamens  and  styles 
included.  (E.  glutinosum  Benth.) 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.  More 
common  on  the  dry  plains  east  of  our  range,  as  well  as  in  the  San  Antonio 
and  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  where  it  extends  up  to  the  pine  belt.  May- 
August. 

2.  E.  tomentosum  Benth.      Shrub,  25-30  dm.  high,  whitish 
tomentose  with  a  more  or  less  dense  coat  of  short  villous  hairs, 
sometimes  rusty-colored,  branches  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  oblong 
or  oval,  rigid,  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long ;  cymes  at  length  broad ;  calyx 
densely  villous,  the  corolla  slightly  so;  corolla  somewhat  salver- 
shaped  and  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Moun- 
tains. April-June. 

3.  E.  Parryi   (Gray)    Greene.     Stems  about  8-18  dm.   high, 
woody  below ;  branches  rather  simple  and  erect,  hirsute  or  vil- 
lous, viscid-glandular  and    strong-scented;    leaves  5  cm.   long, 
1-1.5  cm.  broad  in  the  middle,  tapering  above  to  an  acute  apex 
and  below  to  a  very  short  petiole ;  the  leaves  at  the  base  of  the 
branches  often  much  reduced,  bullate  and  the  margin  strongly 
revolute;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear,  about  4  mm.  long;  corolla 
tubular-funnelform,  about  15  mm.  long,  blue;  stamens  included, 
unequal;  ovary  oval,  about  3  mm.  long;   seeds  4  or  sometimes 
more.     (Nama  Parryi  Gray.) 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 
Occurring  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  in  the  lower  por- 
tions of  the  pine  belt.  June-August. 

Family  82.  BORAGINACEAE.     BORAGE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs  with  mostly  alternate  exstipu- 
late  entire  and  pubescent  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  or 
nearly  so  flowers  in  scorpioid  spikes,  racemes  or  cymes 
or  rarely  scattered.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  5-parted,  usually 
persistent.  Corolla  5-lobed,  sometimes  crested  or  append- 
aged  in  the  throat.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  tube  or 
throat,  alternate  with  the  lobes ;  anthers  2-celled,  lon- 
gitudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  of  2  2-valved 


Borage  Family  329 

carpels,  these  commonly  2-lobed  appearing  as  4  1-ovuled 
carpels  ;  style  simple,  entire  or  2-cleft.  Fruit  mostly  of 
4  1-seeded  nutlets. 

Ovary  not  lobed;  glabrous  perennial.  1.  HELIOTROPIUM. 

Ovary  4-lobed;  hispid  or  pubescent  annuals. 
Flowers  white. 

Nutlets  divergent,  wing-margined  and  bristly,  at  least  at  apex. 

2.  PKCTOCARYA. 
Nutlets  erect. 

Nutlets  inserted  at  the  base;  scar  rounded.         3.  ALLOCARYA. 
Nutlets  laterally  inserted. 

Scar  rounded.  6.  PLAGIOBOTHRYS, 

Scar  linear,  often  bifurcate  at  base. 

Calyx  circumscissile  near  the  middle.          5.  PIPTOCALYX. 
Calyx  not  circumscissile. 

Roots  imparting  a  purple  stain;  spikes  leafy  bracted. 

4.  EREMOCARYA. 
Roots  not  imparting  a  stain;  spikes  naked. 

7.  CRYPTANTHE. 
Flowers  yellow.  8.  AMSINCKIA. 

1.  HELIOTBOPIUM  L.     HELIOTROPE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  mostly  entire  petioled 
leaves,  and  small  blue  or  white  flowers  in  scorpioid 
spikes  or  scattered.  Calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  linear. 
Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnelform,  naked  in  the  throat. 
Stamens  included  ;  filaments  short  or  none.  Style  ter- 
minal, short  or  slender  ;  stigma  conic  or  angular.  Fruit 
2— 4-lobed,  separating  into  4  1-seeded  nutlets  or  into  2 
2-seeded  carpels. 

1.  H.  Curvassavicum  L.  Annual,  fleshy,  glabrous  through- 
out, more  or  less  glaucous,  branched,  diffuse,  the  branches  15-45 
cm.  long;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  sometimes  linear,  2.5-5  cm. 
long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  petioles  or  the  upper  ses- 
sile ;  scorpioid  spikes  densely  flowered,  bractless,  mostly  in  pairs ; 
flowers  about  4  mm.  broad;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acute; 
corolla  white  or  rarely  lavender ;  stigma  annular. 

Common  in  low  saline  places. 

2.  PECTOCARYA  D.  C. 

Low  slender  annuals  with  strigose-hirsute  pubescence, 
small  narrow  leaves,  and  small  white  flowrers  scattered 


330  Boraginaceae 

along  the  stems  and  branches.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft, 
spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit,  persistent.  Corolla  with 
a  circle  of  processes  or  crests  which  almost  close  the 
throat.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  flat,  thin,  radiately 
divergent,  bordered  at  apex  or  all  around  with  a  row  of 
hooked  bristles. 

1.  P.  linearis  (R.  &  P.)  DC.     Stems  slender,  diffusely  branched 
from  the  base,  decumbent  or  ascending,  canescent  throughout 
with  appressed  hairs,  the  leaves  with  spreading  hairs;  nutlets 
oblong,  4  mm.   long,   becoming  recurved,  the  winged  margins 
toothed,  the  teeth  ending  in  an  uncinate  bristle,  the  apex  thickly 
beset  with  slender  uncinate  bristles. 

Frequent  on  the  mesas  in  the  coast  valleys  and  in  moist  places  in  the 
interior  region. 

2.  P.  penicillata  (H.  &  A.)  DC.     Closely  resembling  the  last 
in  habit,  usually  smaller  and  densely  canescent  with  appressed 
hairs  throughout ;  nutlets  oblong,  2  mm.  long,  the  apex  covered 
with  slender  uncinate  bristles,   the  winged  margin  entire,  in- 
curved, somewhat  broader  at  the  base  and  sometimes  bearing  1 
or  2  uncinate  bristles. 

Common  in  all  our  valleys  and  foothills,  mostly  in  dry  ground. 

3.  P.   setosa  Gray.      Stems  erect,   4-6  cm.   high,  yellowish 
green,  canescent  with  appressed  hairs;  calyx  with  a  few  strong 
hispid  hairs ;  nutlets  broad,  about  1  mm.  long,  beset  on  the  mar- 
gins and  inner  surface  with  uncinate  bristles. 

First  collected  on  the  Mojave  Desert.  Common  on  the  desert  slopes  of  the 
San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

3.  ALLOCABYA  Greene. 

Mostly  low  spreading  annuals,  with  linear  entire 
leaves,  the  lowest  opposite,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes.  Pedicels  thickened  at  the  summit 
and  persistent.  Calyx  5-divided,  persistent,  the  seg- 
ments narrow.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  white,  yellow  in 
the  throat.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  4-divided  ;  style 
short.  Nutlets  crustaceous,  smooth  or  rough,  attached 


Borage  Family  331 

at  their  bases  or  below  the  middle  to  the  receptacle,  the 
scar  of  the  attachment  concave  or  raised. 

1.  A.  trachycarpa  (Gray)  Greene.  Stem  branching  from  the 
base,  decumbent,  3  dm.  long  or  less,  rough  with  a  rather  coarse  and 
somewhat  spreading  pubescence ;  racemes  leafy  almost  through- 
out ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear,  widely  spreading ;  corolla  very 
small ;  nutlets  ovate,  straight,  carinate  on  both  sides,  the  dorsal 
keels  and  nearly  straight  transverse  rugse  dentate-interrupted ; 
scar  suborbicular,  nearly  basal. 

In  low  ground  near  Inglewood. 

4.  EREMOCARYA  Greene. 

Hirsute-canescent  low  annuals  with  numerous  leafy- 
bracted  racemose  branches.  Roots  imparting  a  purple 
stain.  Leaves  in  a  basal  rosulate  tuft.  Racemes  dense, 
biserial,  leafy-bracted  ;  pedicels  filiform,  short  and  per- 
sistent with  the  calyx.  Calyx  5-parted  to  the  base, 
campanulate  in  fruit,  its  lobes  nerveless,  not  bristly. 
Corollas  small,  white.  Nutlets  neither  margined  nor  car- 
inate, erect,  attached  for  their  whole  length,  the  groove 
open,  slightly  dilated  and  not  furcate  at  base.  Style 
enlarged  in  fruit  and  persistent. 

1.  E.  micranth.a  (Torr.)  Greene.     Hirsute-canescent  through- 
out; stems  slender,  erect,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  6-12 
cm.  high  ;  leaves  linear,  4-10  mm.  long;  flowers  crowded  ;  corolla 
scarcely  2  mm.  long,  its  lobes  about  1  mm.  long,  obscurely  append- 
aged  at  the  throat;    nutlets  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,   smooth 
or  nearly  so,  about  1  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  dry  washes  in  the  interior  valleys. 

2.  E.  lepida  (Gray)  Greene.     Stems  stouter  than  in  the  last, 
8-15  cm.  high ;   corolla  larger,  its  limb  4-6  mm.  broad,  append- 
ages conspicuous ;  nutlets  nearly  2  mm.  long,  pectinate-scabrous. 

Frequent  in  the  dry  interior  foothills  of  San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino 
Counties. 

5.  PIPTOCAiLYX  Torr. 

Hispid-canescent  low  diffusely  branching  annuals, 
leafy-racemose  throughout.  Calyx  villous-hispid,  5-cleft 


332  Boraginaceae 

to  the  middle,  circumscissile  near  the  middle,  the  lower 
scarious  part  together  with  the  short  pedicel  persistent ; 
the  lobes  herbaceous,  filiform,  hispid-bristly,  nerveless. 
Nutlets  4,  not  carinate,  margined,  scabrous-roughened 
or  smooth  and  shining,  the  ventral  groove  divaricate- 
forked  at  base. 

1.  P.  circumscissus  (H.  &  A.)  Torr.  Strongly  hirsute-canes- 
cent  throughout ;  sterns  much  branched  from  the  base,  forming 
rounded  tufts,  4-6  cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  those  of  the  racemes 
4-5  mm.  long;  flowers  crowded;  corolla  minute,  naked;  nutlets 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  smooth  or  minutely  puncticulate-scabrous. 

Frequent  in  dry  stony  or  sandy  places  in  the  interior  foothills  and  moun- 
tains. Mount  Wilson;  Ly tie  Creek  Canyon;  Bear  Valley. 

6.  PLAGIOBOTHRYS  F.  &  M.     POP-CORN  FLOWER. 

Rather  large  but  slender  annuals  with  most  of  their 
leaves  in  a  close  basal  tuft,  the  elongated  branches  erect 
or  decumbent.  Racemes  spike-like,  elongated,  loose, 
naked  or  leafy-bracted  ;  pedicels  very  short,  filiform,  per- 
sistent. Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  closed  or  campanu- 
late,  often  irregularly  circumscissile  near  the  base.  Nut- 
lets carinate  on  both  sides  toward  the  apex,  usually  with 
well-defined  lateral  margins,  the  back  very  irregularly 
rugose  ;  insertion  almost  medial  on  a  depressed  gymno- 
base  ;  areola  or  scar  rounded,  rarely  stipitate. 

*  Nutlets  not  stipitate. 

1.  P.  canescens  Benth.     Stems  much  branched  from  the  base, 
decumbent  or  ascending,  2-4  dm.  long;   pubescence  pale,  soft- 
villous;  calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  segments  broadly 
lanceolate,  4-6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  nutlets  2  mm.  long,  incurved- 
connivent,  rugose-reticulate,  the  areola  longer  transversely,  the 
lateral  angles  very  distinct. 

Frequent  in  grassy  places  in  our  interior  valleys  and  foothills. 

2.  P.  nothofulvus  Gray.     Stems  1-several  from  the  depressed 
rosulate  tuft  of  leaves,  erect  or  suberect,  3-6  dm.  high,  branching 
mostly  above,  silky-villous,  the  hairs  reddish  when  young,  espe- 


Borage  Family  333 

ciall y  on  the  calyx ;  leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceolate ;  spikes 
leafless ;  calyx  cleft  only  to  the  middle,  3  mm.  long  in  fruit,  cir- 
cumscissile  below  the  middle;  nutlets  with  dot-like  granulations 
between  the  rather  prominent  rugae. 

Frequent  on  rather  moist  grassy  hillsides  about  Los  Angeles  and  on  mesas 
in  the  coast  region. 

**  Nutlets  stipitate. 

3.  P.  Cooperi  Gray.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  base  with 
slender  sparsely-leaved  ascending  flowering  stems,  1.5-3  dm.  long, 
hispidulous ;  leaves  spatulate-linear  to  oblong-lanceolate ;  spikes 
at  length  sparsely-flowered,  sparingly  bracteate  or  above  bract- 
less;  corolla-limb  4-6  mm.  broad;  nutlets  trigonous  and  reticu- 
late-rugose, dentate-muriculate  on  the  reticulations. 

Occasional  on  moist  grassy  slopes  in  the  coast  valleys. 

7.  CRYPT ANTHE  Lehm. 

Mostly  low  erect  branching  setose  or  hispid  annual 
herbs,  with  narrow  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small 
mostly  white  flowers,  in  scorpioid  bractless  or  bracteolate 
spikes.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  at  length  deciduous, 
•erect  or  spreading  in  fruit.  Corolla  small,  funnelform, 
usually  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.  Stamens  in- 
•cluded  ;  filaments  short.  Ovary  4-divided  ;  style  short ; 
stigma  capitate.  Nutlets  erect,  rounded  on  the  back,  the 
margins  obtuse  acute  or  winged,  attached  laterally  to 
the  conic  or  elongated  receptacle,  scar  elongated. 

"*  Nutlets  muriculate. 

1.  C.  muriculata  (A.  DC.)  Greene.  Rather  stout,  branch- 
ing, rough-hirsute  or  hispid,  2-4  dm.  high,  with  well-developed 
irather  dense  spikes,  mostly  in  2's  and  3's  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches;  calyx  about  3  mm.  long,  lanceolate;  corolla  4-6  mm. 
ilong;  nutlets  2  mm.  long,  muricate-papillose  and  somewhat 
rugose  on  the  back;  ventral  groove  and  its  basal  bifurcation 
mostly  closed,  lateral  angles  acutish,  distinct. 

Frequent  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  in  the  pine  belt 
•of  all  our  mountains. 


334  Boraginaceae 

2.  C.  barbigera  (Gray)  Greene.   Rather  stout,  much  branched, 
2-4  dm.  high,  hispid  and  hirsute;  leaves  narrowly  linear;  spikes 
elongated,  the  flowers  becoming  rather  distant;  calyx-lobes  lin- 
ear, attenuate,  6-8  mm.  long  in  fruit,  covered  with  long  shaggy 
bristles,   usually  intermingled   with    long  white  villous  hairs ; 
corolla  often  6  mm.  broad;   nutlets  rarely  acuminate,  about  2 
mm.  long,  grayish,  muricate-papillose ;  scar  open,  dilated  at  base. 

Common  in  open  dry  places  on  the  plains  and  foothills.    March-May. 

3.  C.   intermedia  (Gray)   Greene.      Resembling  the  last  in 
habit;  calyx-lobes  3-5  mm.  long,  armed  with  rather  rigid  and 
pungent,  whitish  or  rusty-yellowish  bristles ;  corolla  usually  less 
than  4  mm.  broad;  nutlets  grayish,  about  2  mm.  long,  oblong- 
ovate,  thickly  rough -muricate;  scar  wholly  or  partly  open,  with 
an  open  areola. 

Frequent  on  dry  open  ridges  and  on  the  plains  in  the  interior  region. 
March-May. 

4.  C.  ambig-ua  (Gray)  Greene.     Stems  rather  slender,  loosely 
branching,  20-25  cm.  high,  sparsely  hispid  and  hirsute;  leaves 
rather  broadly  linear ;  flowers  becoming  scattered ;  calyx-lobes  5-7 
mm.  long,  beset  with  rather  short,  rigid  bristles;  corollas  about 
3  mm.  broad ;  nutlets  deltoid-ovate,  2  mm.  long,  brownish,  sparsely 
and  faintly  muricate. 

Occasional  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  among  the 
pines.    May-July. 

**  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining. 

5.  C.  flaccida   (Lehm.)    Greene.      Slender,   strict,    3-6    dm. 
high,  strigulose  with   minute  close  pubescence;   leaves  linear, 
minutely  more  or  less  strigulose-hispid ;   calyx  erect  in   fruit, 
appressed  to  the  rachis,  4-5  mm.  long;   sepals   filiform-linear, 
thickish  below,  their  bases  very  hispid  with  deflexed  and  strong, 
somewhat  hooked  bristles;   nutlets   solitary,  scarcely  flattened 
ventrally,  the  groove  of  attachment  enlarged  at  base  but  not  fur- 
cate.    (Krynitzkia  oxycarya  Gray.) 

Known  in  our  region  only  from  Chatsworth  Park. 

6.  C.  xnicrostachys  Greene.    Rarely  over  3  dm.  high,  much 
branched  from  the  base,  hispidulous  or  hispid;  calyx  in  fruit 
ascending  or  erect,  but  not  appressed  to  the  rachis,  2-3.5  mm. 
long ;  sepals  linear,  hispid  with  widely  spreading,  but  not  deflexed, 
straight  and  somewhat  pungent  hairs  ;  nutlet  solitary,  somewhat 


Borage  Family  335 

flattened  laterally,  the  groove  of  attachment  divaricately  forked 
and  somewhat  open  at  the  base. 

Frequent  in  sandy  soil  in  the  foothills  throughout  our  range.  Our  plants 
usually  somewhat  canescent,  but  otherwise  not  differing  from  the  northern 
form. 

7.  C.  leiocarpa  (F.  &  M.)  Greene.  Commonly  branched  from 
the  base,  1-3  dm.  high ;  spikes  leafy  bracted,  the  terminal  larger 
and  interrupted,  the  lateral  short  and  glomerate;  sepals  short- 
linear,  hispid  bristly;  nutlets  4,  narrowly  ovate,  acute,  1.5  mm. 
long,  the  ventral  groove  not  forked  or  scarcely  so. 

Frequent  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore. 


8.  AMSINCKIA  Lehm. 

Hispid  annual  herbs  with  erect  or  spreading  branched 
stems,  alternate  linear  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in  elon- 
gated scorpioid  spikes.  Calyx  herbaceous  ;  sepals  5  or  4, 
hy  the  union  of  2  into  1  broader  one.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped,  the  throat  somewhat  funnelform  with  more  or 
less  distinct  folds  but  destitute  of  crests  or  processes. 
Filaments  short.  Style  filiform  ;  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed. 
Nutlets  crustaceous,  erect  or  incurved,  smooth  or  rough, 
triquetrous  or  ovate-triangular. 

1.  A.  spectabilis  F.  &  M.     Stems  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  often 
branched  at  base,  the  branches  spreading  or  decumbent ;  herbage 
sparsely  hispid,  the  hairs  with  very  pustulate  bases ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,    bright  green;    calyx-lobes  lanceolate-linear,   hispid 
with  usually  fulvous  hairs;  corolla  orange-colored,  usually  8-10 
mm.  long,  the  throat  glabrous ;  anthers  unequally  inserted  in  the 
throat;  nutlets  reticulate-rugose  and  granulate,  dark-colored. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  and  apparently  passing  into  the 
next.  These  plants  have  long  been  considered  as  belonging  to  A.  lycopsoides 
Lehm.,  but  that  is  a  small-flowered  species  which  has  a  bearded  throat  It 
belongs  to  the  seaboard  and  ranges  from  San  Francisco  to  Vancouver  Is- 
land. In  applying  the  name  A.  spectabilis 'to  the  narrow-leafed  plant  of  the 
interior  valleys  of  middle  California,  recent  authors  have  clearly  erred; 
for  Fischer  and  Myer's  specimens  came  from  the  seacoast  at  Bodega  Bay, 
"where  the  form  we  have  in  mind  is  common.  February-June. 

2.  A.  intermedia  F.  &  M.      Stems  erect,   in  robust  plants 
much  branched  and  more  or  less  spreading ;  herbage  hirsute  and 


336  Verbenaceae 

hispid  throughout;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  often  canes- 
cent;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  much  exceeding  the  nutlets, 
hispid  with  white  or  somewhat  fulvous  hairs ;  corolla  orange  or 
yellow,  usually  less  than  8  mm.  long,  the  throat  glabrous ;  nut- 
lets reticulate-rugose  and  granulate,  usually  pale. 

A  very  common  weed  in  all  the  valleys  and  foothills.    February-June. 


Family  83.  VERBENACEAE.     VERVAIN  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  usually  opposite  or  verticillate 
leaves,  and  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  flowers  in  ter- 
minal or  axillary  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx 
usually  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  regu- 
lar or  2-lipped,  the  tube  usually  cylindric,  the  limb 
4-5-cleft.  Stamens  usually  4,  didynamous,  rarely  only 
2,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes  ; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  superior,  2-4-celled,  composed  of  2  carpels  with  2 
ovules  ;  style  simple  ;  stigmas  1  or  2.  Fruit  dry,  separ- 
ating at  maturity  into  2  or  4  nutlets,  or  a  drupe  con- 
taining the  2-4  nutlets. 

Corolla  5-lobed,  regular  or  nearly  so;  nutlets  4.  1.  VERBENA. 

Corolla  4-lobed,  2-lipped;  nutlets  2.  2.  LIPPIA. 

1.  VERBENA  L. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  opposite  leaves  and  variously 
colored  bracted  flowers  in  terminal  solitary,  corymbose 
or  panicled  spikes.  Calyx  usually  tubular,  5-angled,. 
more  or  less  unequally  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-shaped 
or  funnelform,  its  limb  spreading,  5-lobed  and  slightly 
2-lipped  or  regular.  Stamens  4,  didynamous  or  rarely 
only  2,  included  ;  connective  of  anthers  unappendaged  or 
sometimes  provided  with  a  gland.  Ovary  4-celled  ;  ovules- 
1  in  each  cell ;  style  usually  stout,  2-lobed,  only  1  of  the 
lobes  stigmatic.  Fruit  dry,  mostly  enclosed  by  the  calyx,, 


Vervain  Family  337 

at  length  separating  into  4  1-seeded,  linear   or   linear- 
oblong,  smooth  or  rough  nutlets. 

*  Bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

•*-  Flowers,  or  at  least  the  fruit,  scattered. 

1.  V.  urticifolia  L.      Stems  minutely   hirsute-pubescent  to 
almost  glabrous,  erect,  10-16  dm.  high;   leaves  thin,  petioled, 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  evenly  or  doubly 
serrate;   spikes  slender-filiform,  panicled;  bracts  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, shorter  than  the  calyx;   corolla  2-4  mm.  long,   white  or 
purplish. 

Occasional  in  marshes. 

2.  V.  polystachya  H.  B.  K.     Scarcely  as  tall  as  the  last, 
scabrous,  sometimes  hirsute  or  hispid,  paniculately  branched; 
leaves  oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  sessile  by  a 
narrowed  base  or  short-petioled,  obtuse  or  acute,  incisely  serrate, 
occasionally  somewhat  lobed ;  spikes  thicker  and  denser  than  in 
the  last. 

Occasional  in  marshes,  less  common  than  the  last. 

•*-  •*-  Fruit  mostly  crowded. 

3.  V.   prostrata  K.  Br.      Soft-villous  to  hirsute,    diffusely 
spreading,  at  length  much  branched,  5-9  dm.  long;  leaves  obo- 
vate  or  oblong,  with  cuneate  base  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole, 
veiny,  acutely  incised  and  serrate,  often  3-5-cleft;  spikes  solitary 
or  somewhat  clustered,  elongated,  hirsute  or  villous;  bracts  sub- 
ulate, shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  violet  or  blue,  4  mm.  long; 
nutlets  oblong. 

Common  on  the  plains  and  in  the  foothills  throughout  our  range. 

**  Bracts  exceeding  the  flowers. 

4.  V.  bracteosa  Michx.     Hirsute,  much  branched  from  the 
base,  the  branches  diffuse  or  decumbent,  2-4  dm.  long;  leaves 
cuneate-obovate,  narrowed  into  a  short-winged  petiole,  pinnately 
incised  or  3-cleft  and  coarsely  dentate;  spikes  thick,  terminating 
the  branches ;  lowest  bracts  often  pinnatifid  or  incised,  the  others 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  rigid,  all  exceeding  the  flowers; 
corolla  purplish  or  blue. 

Occasional  in  low  ground,  especially  in  the  bottoms  of  dried  up  ponds. 
June-September. 


338  Labiatae 

2.  LIPPIA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  sometimes  verticillate 
or  rarely  alternate  leaves,  and  small  bracted  flowers  in 
axillary  or  terminal  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  small,  mem- 
branous, ovoid,  campanulate  or  compressed  and  2-winged, 
2-4-toothed  or  2-4-cleft.  Corolla  cylindric,  the  limb 
oblique  spreading,  somewhat  2-lipped,  4-cleft,  the  lobes 
broad,  often  retuse  or  eroded.  Stamens  4,  didynamous  : 
anthers  not  appendaged,  the  sacs  nearly  parallel.  Ovary 
2-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cell;  style  short ;  stigma 
oblique  or  recurved.  Fruit  dry  with  a  membranous 
exocarp,  at  length  separating  into  2  nutlets. 

1.  I*,  lanceolata  Michx.  Green,  glabrous  or  very  sparingly 
pubescent  with  forked  hairs ;  stems  slender,  weak,  procumbent  or 
ascending,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  simple  or  little  branched , 
3-6  dm.  long;  leaves  thin,  oblong,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
short-petioled,  acute,  sharply  serrate  to  below  the  middle,  nar- 
rowed at  base,  2.5-7  cm.  long ;  peduncles  axillary,  slender,  usually 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  heads  at  first  globose,  becoming  cylindric, 
about  15  mm.  long  in  fruit ;  bracts  acute  ;  calyx  flattened,  2-cleft ; 
corolla  pale  blue,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Occasional  atong  slow-running  streams  in  marshy  places.    June-August. 

Family  84.  LABIATAE.     MINT  FAMILY.      , 

Aromatic  punctate  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  mostly 
4-sided  stems,  simple  opposite  exstipulate  leaves,  and 
irregular  perfect  flowers  variously  clustered.  Calyx 
regular  or  2-lipped,  54oothed  or  5-lobed,  or  rarely 
4-toothed  or  4-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  2-lipped  ; 
upper  lip  usually  3-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
corolla-tube,  generally  4  and  didynamous,  sometimes  2 
with  or  without  staminodia  ;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse  or 
confluently  1-celled.  Ovary  superior,  4-lobed  or  4-parted  ; 
style  2-lobed.  Fruit  of  4  1-seeded  nutlets. 


Mint  Family  339 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils. 

Calyx  gibbous  on  the  upper  side.  2.  SCUTELLARIA. 

Calyx  not  gibbous  on  the  upper  side. 

Trailing  herbs;  flowers  small.  8.  MICROMERIA. 

Shrubby;  flowers  large.  7.  SPHACELE. 

Flowers  not  solitary. 

Calyx  regular  or  its  teeth  nearly  equal. 

Corolla  slender  curved;  stamens  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

l.  TRICHOSTEMA. 
Corolla  nearly  regular. 
Flower-whorls  axillary. 

Stamens  4.  12.  MENTHA. 

Stamens  2.  11.  LYCOPDS. 

Flowers  in  terminal  bracteate  heads.  9.  MONARDELLA. 

Corolla  evidently  bilabiate, 

Stamens  included  in  the  corolla-tube.  3.  MARRUBIUM. 

Stamens  exceeding  the  corolla-tube. 

Lower  pair  of  stamens  the  longer.  4.  STACHYS. 

Stamens  nearly  equal.  10.  KOELI.IA. 

Calyx  bilabiate  or  its  teeth  unequal. 

Upper  corolla-lip  erect;  filaments  short;  the  connective  transverse,  the 

lower  portion  evident.  5   SALVIA. 

Upper  corolla-tip  spreading;  connective  nearly  continuous  with  the 
filament,  the  lower  portion  not  evident  or  indicated  by  a  tooth. 

6.  RAMONA. 

1.  TRICHOSTEMA  L.     BLUE-CURLS. 

Annual  or  perennial  strong-scented  herbs  or  rarely 
shrubby,  with  lanceolate,  oblong  or  linear,  entire  or 
slightly  repand  leaves,  and  small  or  middle-sized,  usu- 
ally blue  or  purple  flowers,  paniculate  or  in  axillary 
loose  or  dense  clusters.  Calyx  campanulate,  very  un- 
equally 5-lobed.  Corolla-tube  slender,  exserted  or  in- 
cluded, the  limb  somewhat  oblique  and  deeply  5-cleft 
into  oblong  more  or  less  declined  segments.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  ascending,  curved,  the  anterior  pair  longer  ; 
filaments  filiform,  spirally  coiled  in.  the  bud,  long 
exserted  ;  anther-sacs  divaricate,  more  or  less  confluent 
at  the  base.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  ;  style  2-cleft  at  the 
summit. 

1.  T.  lanceolatum  Benth.  Strong-scented  annual,  simple  or 
branching  from  near  the  base,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  very  leafy,  herbage 
cinereous  or  villous-pubescent  and  minutely  glandular;  leaves 


340  Labiatae 

lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile  or  the  lowest  subsessile,  with  3-5 
strong,  nearly  parallel  nerves,  2  cm.  long;  cymes  short-peduncled 
or  nearly  sessile;  calyx  villous;  corolla  almost  filiform,  some- 
what pubescent,  blue. 

Frequent  in  dry  fields,  especially  on  the  mesas  in  our  interior  valleys. 
June-September. 

2.  T.  lanatum  Benth.  (ROMERO  or  WOOLLY  BLUE-CURLS.) 
Shrubby,  about  1  m.  high,  very  leafy;  leaves  thickish,  narrowly 
linear  and  with  revolute  margins,  1-nerved,  glabrate  and  shining 
above,  canescent-tomentose  beneath,  sessile,  many  fascicled  in 
the  axils,  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts;  cymes  in  a  naked 
terminal,  interrupted  thyrsus,  whole  inflorescence  clothed  with 
a  dense  violet  or  purple  wool;  corolla  1  cm.  long;  the  filaments 
fully  twice  as  long. 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  on  dry  ridges  in  all  the  mountain  ranges 
and  extending  northward  as  far  as  Monterey  County. 

2.  SCUTELLABIA  L.     SKULLCAP. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  flowers  solitary  or 
2-3  together  in  the  axils  or  in  bracted  racemes  or  spikes. 
Calyx  campanulate,  gibbous,  bilabiate,  the  lips  entire, 
the  upper  with  a  crest  or  protuberance  upon  its  back, 
often  deciduous  in  fruit,  the  lower  persistent.  Corolla 
much  exserted,  dilated  above  into  the  throat,  glabrous 
within,  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  emarginate,  the  lower 
spreading  or  deflexed,  its  lateral  lobes  small  and  some- 
what connected  with  the  upper,  its  middle  lobe  broad, 
sometimes  emarginate,  the  margins  mostly  recurved. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip, 
the  upper  pair  somewhat  shorter  ;  anthers  ciliate,  the 
upper  pair  2-celled,  the  lower  1-celled.  Style  unequally 
2-cleft  at  the  apex ;  ovary  deeply  4-parted.  Nutlets 
subglobose  or  depressed,  papillose  or  tuberculate. 

1.  S.  tuberosa  Benth.  Perennial  by  tuberiferous  rootstocks, 
soft-pubescent  or  villous ;  stems  slender,  often  diffuse,  3-12  cm. 
high,  rather  sparsely  leafy;  leaves  mostly  ovate,  truncate  or 
cuneate  at  the  base,  thin,  coarsely  and  obtusely  few-toothed  or 


Mint  Family  341 

nearly  entire,  1-4  cm.  long,  nearly  all  petioled;  floral  about 
equaling  or  longer  than  the  flowers;  corolla  narrow,  about  15 
mm.  long,  blue. 

Occasional  in  shady  places  in  all  the  hills  and  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the 
mountains.  April-June. 

2.  S.  Bolanderi  Gray.  Perennial  by  filiform  rootstocks,  pubes- 
cent; stems  slender,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  about  3 
dm.  high,  very  leafy  to  the  summit;  leaves  ovate-elliptic,  very 
obtuse,  closely  sessile  by  somewhat  cordate  base,  2.5  cm.  long  or 
less;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  seldom  equaling  the  leaf;  corolla 
yellowish,  throat  inflated,  villous  within. 

Moist  woods,  El  Monte,  Davidson. 

3.  MABBUBIUM  L.     HOARHOUND. 

Perennial,  mostly  woolly  herbs,  with  dentate  rugose 
leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  axillary  clusters. 
Calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved,  regularly  5- 10- toothed,  the 
teeth  acute  or  aristate,  spreading  or  recurved  in  fruit. 
Corolla-limb  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emar- 
ginate,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its  broader  middle 
lobe  commonly  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
included,  the  posterior  pair  the  shorter  ;  anthers  2-celled, 
the  sacs  divergent.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  summit,  the  lobes 
short.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

1.  M.  vulgare  L.  Stems  stout,  tufted,  erect,  white-woolly, 
3-10  dm.  high;  leaves  roundish  crenate,  except  at  the  cuneate, 
truncate  or  subcordate  base,  petioled,  white-woolly  beneath, 
green  above,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  whitish  ;x  calyx-teeth  usually 
10,  subulate. 

Common  in  waste  places.    Flowering  nearly  all  the  year. 

4.  STACHYS  L.     HEDGE-NETTLE. 

Annual  or  perennial,  commonly  pubescent  or  hispid 
herbs,  with  mostly  purplish  flowers  loosely  clustered  in 
terminal  dense  or  interrupted  spikes.  Calyx  mostly 
campanulate,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  nearly  equal,  erect  or 
spreading,  pointed.  Corolla-tube  not  dilated  at  the 


342  Labiatae 

throat,  narrow;  the  limb  strongly  2-lipped,  the  upper 
lip  erect  or  slightly  turned  back,  overarched  or  concave, 
entire  or  emarginate,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  the 
middle  lobe  broader  than  the  often  deflexed  lateral  ones, 
sometimes  2-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending 
under  the  upper  lip,  the  anterior  pair  the  longer,  some- 
times deflexed  or  twisted  after  anthesis  ;  anthers  con- 
tiguous in  pairs.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  ;  style  2-cleft, 
the  lobes  subulate.  Nutlets  ovoid  or  oblong. 

1.  S.  ajugoides  Benth.  Villous  with  very  soft  white  hairs,  1.5-3 
drn.  high  ;  leaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  crenately  serrate,  2. 5-7  cm. 
long,  roundish  or  acutish  at  base,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  floral  as  long  as  the  subtended  flowers;  flower-clus- 
ters mainly  distant;  calyx  short-campanulate  or  becoming  tur- 
binate  in  fruit,  very  slightly  villous,  the  teeth  triangular-ovate, 
aristate-acuminate,   nearly  equaling    the    corolla-tube ;    corolla 
whitish,  its  lips  4-6  mm.  long,  the  upper  woolly  on  the  back. 

Frequent  along  streams  in  the  valleys  and  in  the  lower  altitudes  of  the 
mountains  below  the  pine  belt.    April-August. 

2.  S.  albens  Gray.     Soft-tomentose  or  lanate  with  white  wool, 
3-15  dm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  usually  with  a  more 
or  less  cordate  base,  acutish  at  apex,  5-8  cm.  long,  the  lower 
short-petioled,  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  the  floral  mostly  shorter 
than  the  dense  interrupted  capitate  clusters  of  the  virgate  spikes; 
calyx  turbinate-campanulate,   the    teeth    triangular,   aristulate, 
nearly  equaling  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  as  in  the  last. 

Frequent  along  marshes  and  streams  in  the  valleys  and  extending  into 
the  pine  belt  of  all  our  mountains.    May-August. 

3.  S.  Californica  Benth.     Stems  rather  slender,  simple  from 
the  base  or  branched,  4-8  dm.  high,  sparsely  retrorsely  hispid, 
especially  on  the  angles,  and  more  or  less  glandular  with  sessile 
glands;  leaves  ovate-oblong,. subcordate  at  the  base,  the  lowest 
rather  long-petioled,   sparsely  villous-hispid,   crenate;     flowers 
about  6  in  the  whorls,  these  rather  remote;  calyx  campanulate- 
turbinate,  the  teeth  triangular,  cuspidate,  spreading  in  age;  co- 
rolla purple,  its  tube  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  with  a 
horizontal  hairy  ring  at  its  base  within. 

Frequent  on  shaded  slopes  and  in  canyons  in  all  the  mountains  and  foot- 
hills.   April-July. 


Mint  Family  343 

5.  SAL VI A  L. 

Herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  aromatic  and  bitter, 
with  clustered  usually  showy  flowers.  Calyx  bilabiate, 
its  upper  lip  usually  3-toothed  or  entire,  the  lower 
3-cleft.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  erect,  entire,  emargi- 
nate  or  2-lobed,  usually  concave,  the  lower  spreading, 
its  middle  lobe  often  emarginate.  Anther-bearing  sta- 
mens 2,  the  posterior  pair  wanting  or  rudimentary  ;  fila- 
ments usually  short ;  connective  of  the  anthers  trans- 
verse, linear  or  filiform,  bearing  a  perfect  anther-sac  on 
its  upper  end,  its  lower  end  dilated,  capitate  or  some- 
times bearing  a  small  or  rudimentary  anther-sac.  Ovary 
deeply  4-parted  ;  style  2-cleft.  Nutlets  smooth,  usually 
developing  mucilage  and  spiral  tubes  when  wetted. 

1.  S.  carduacea  Benth.     (THISTLE-SAGE.)     Rather  stout  erect 
annual,  2-5  dm.  high;   stem  with  a  cluster  of  ample  sinuate- 
pinnatifid  spinulose-toothed  leaves  at  base,  these  and  the  whole 
plant  white-woolly  and  thistle-like;  flowers  in  1-4  dense  head- 
like  verticillate  clusters,  these  2-3  cm.  broad,  equalled  or  sur- 
passed  by  the  ovate-lanceolate  pectinate-toothed   bracts;   calyx 
long-woolly,  many-nerved  ;  corolla  light  blue,  2.5  cm.  long ;  upper 
lip  erose-denticulate  and  cleft;  lower  with  a  large  flabelliform 
fimbriately  many-cleft  middle  lobe ;  filaments  very  short ;  lower 
arm  of  the  long  filiform  connective  bearing  a  polleniferous  anther- 
cell. 

Occasional  in  sandy  soil  in  all  the  valleys  and  in  the  foothills.  March- 
May. 

2.  S.  Columbariae  Benth.     (CniA  or  SAGE.)     Slender  annual, 
branching  and  leafy  below,  2-5  dm.  high,  naked  and  peduncle- 
like  above,  more  or  less  grayish  pubescent  with  rather  short  re- 
flexed  hairs  ;  leaves  rugulose,  1-2-pinnatifid  into  toothed  or  incised 
divisions ;  flowers  in  1-several  dense  verticillate  clusters,  these 
about  1  5-2  cm.  broad,  scarcely  equalled  by  the  rounded  bracts; 
bracts  tipped  with  a  slender  awn,  sparsely  ciliate  on  the  margins; 
calyx-lobes  purplish  tipped,  the  upper  lip  large,  arched,  tipped 
with  a  pair  of  partly  connate  short-awned  teeth ;  corolla  deep 
blue,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  small,  notched, 


344  Labiatae 

the  lower  with  small  lateral  lobes  and  a  large  unguiculate  trans- 
versely oval  2-lobed  middle  one. 

Frequent  throughout  our  range  in  the  foothills  and  on  the  plains.  March- 
May. 

6.  BAMONA  Greene. 

Perennial  aromatic  herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with 
rugose  veiny  mostly  crenulate  leaves,  and  rather  showy 
flowers,  capitate-glomerate  or  sometimes  more  open  and 
paniculate.  Calyx  bilabiate,  mostly  deeply  cleft  on  the 
lower  side  as  if  spathaceous.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  spreading,  2-lobed  or  emarginate.  Anther- 
bearing  stamens  2  ;  filaments  slender,  exserted,  appar- 
ently simple  and  bearing  a  linear  1-celled  anther,  or  with 
an  articulation  showing  that  the  portion  above  it  answers 
to  a  filiform  connective,  the  lower  end  of  which  some- 
times projects  into  a  subulate  point.  Otherwise  as  in 
Salvia.  (Audibertia  Benth.) 

1.  R.  grandiflora  (Benth.)  Briquet.     Herbaceous,  very  villous 
and  glandular,  aromatic;  stems  stout,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  lowest  leaves 
hastate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  8-20  cm.  long,  on  margined  petioles, 
the  upper  oblong,  sessile,  all  very  rugose,  sinuate-crenate,  white- 
tomentose  beneath;  flowers  densely  capitate-glomerate  in  large 
interrupted  spicate  heads ;   bracts  broadly  ovate,  entire ;   calyx 
spathaceous,  the  orifice  oblique,  2  lower  teeth  very  short ;  corolla 
crimson,  3  cm.  long. 

Frequent  on  shaded  banks  in  all  the  mountains.    March-May. 

2.  K.  nivea   (Benth.)  Briquet.     Shrubby   below,  9-12  dm. 
high,  hoary  white  throughout  with  a  close  tomentum ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  ovate,  obtuse;   the  upper  with 
truncate  base,  very  short-petioled ;  flowers  in  dense  verticillate 
glomerules  and  interrupted  spicate,  much  bracteate ;  bracts  her- 
baceous oval,  or  oblong,  obtuse  and   muticous;   calyx  splitting 
down  anteriorly,  at  length  emarginate  posteriorly,  its  teeth  obtuse 
and  muticous;   corolla  light  purple,  about  1  cm.  long,  its  tube 
scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx ;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted ; 
connective  almost  continuous  with  the  filament. 

Occasional  in  the  foothills  of  the  Santa  Monica  and  San  Fernando  Moun- 
tains. April-July. 


Mint  Family  345 

3.  R.  stachyoides( Benth.)  Briquet.  (BLACK  SAGE.)  Cinereous- 
tomentose  or  glabrate,  shrubby,  1  m.  high  or  more,  branching 
and  leafy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base  or  short- 
petioled,  crenate,  green  and  rugose  above,  cinereous-tomentose 
beneath ;   flowers  in  interrupted   spicate  heads  or  whorls ;   the 
floral  leaves  much  reduced,  these  and  the  ovate  or  oblong  bracts 
as  well  as  the  calyx-teeth  of  the  bilabiate  calyx  cuspidate-acumi- 
nate or  spinulose-aristulate ;  corolla  white  or  lilac-tinged,  about 
1  cm.  long,  the  tube  longer  than  the  limb;  style,  and  especially 
the  stamens,  little  exserted ;  subulate  appendages  of  the  connect- 
ive often  manifest. 

Common  on  the  low  hills  throughout  our  range.    April-June. 

4.  B.  polystachya  (Benth.)  Greene.    (WHITE  SAGE.)    Shrubby 
below,  1   in.  high  or  more,  minutely  tomentose-canescent,  the 
branches  virgate;  leaves  mostly  very  white  on  both  surfaces, 
oblong-lanceolate,  minutely  rugose  and  crenulate,  5-8  cm.  long; 
inflorescence  thyrsoid-paniculate,  3-6  dm.  long;  the  floral  leaves, 
bracts  and  bractlets  small  and  loose,  at  length  reflexed,  lanceolate 
or  subulate,  cuspidate-tipped ;  flowers  sessile,  loose ;  upper  lip  of 
calyx  truncate  or  3-toothed,  at  length  concave  or  galeate,  longer 
than  the  triangular-subulate  lower  lip;  corolla  white  or  nearly 
so,  the  lower  lip  much  enlarged,  the  middle  lobe  rounded,  emar- 
ginate  at  apex,  unguiculate,  the  upper  lip  short;  tube  very  short ; 
style  and  divergent  stamens  long-exserted ;   filiform  connective 
continuous  with  the  filament,  its  lower  end  usually  indicated  by 
a  minute  tooth. 

Very  common  on  the  dry  plains  toward  the  foothills  and  ascending  these 
to  about  3000  feet.  April-July. 

7.  SPHACEL.E  Benth. 

Shrubby  or  suffrutescent  aromatic  plants  with  the 
floral  leaves  gradually  reduced  with  rather  large  flowers 
solitary  in  their  axils,  forming  a  leafy  raceme.  Calyx 
campanulate,  deeply  and  nearly  equally  5-toothed, 
membranous  in  fruit,  naked  within.  Corolla  with  a 
broad  tube,  with  a  hairy  ring  at  its  base  within,  and  5 
broad  or  roundish  and  plane,  rather  erect  lobes.  Stamens 
4,  distant,  somewhat  ascending;  filaments  naked  ;  anther- 
sacs  divergent. 


346  Labiatae 

1.  S.  calycina  Wallace!  Gray.  Shrubby  at  base,  6-9  dm. 
high,  copiously  villous,  the  branches  leafy ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
obtuse  at  apex,  truncate  or  hastate-subcordate  at  base,  petioled, 
crenate,  obtusely  serrate  or  entire,  rugose-veiny,  2.5-5  cm.  long; 
the  uppermost  and  bracts  sessile ;  calyx-lobes  attenuate-lanceolate 
from  a  rather  narrow  base,  over  1  cm.  long;  corolla  purplish, 
about  2.5  cm.  long. 

Occasional  in  all  our  mountains,  mostly  in  the  upper  portion's  of  the 
chaparral  belt,  on  shaded  slopes.  May-June. 

8.  MICBOMEBIA  Benth. 

Erect  branching  or  trailing  perennial  aromatic  herbs, 
with  small  pedicelled  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves.  Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  about  equally  5-toothed 
and  12-15-nerved.  Corolla  distinctly  bilabiate,  naked 
within,  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emarginate  ;  the  lower 
spreading,  3-parted.  Stamens  4 ;  filaments  arcuate- 
ascending  ;  the  upper  pair  longer  ;  anthers  2-celled. 

1.  M.  Chamissonis  (Benth.)  Greene.  (YERBABUENA.)  Stems 
slender,  trailing  or  creeping,  3  dm.  long  or  more,  herbage  slightly 
pubescent;  leaves  round-ovate,  crenate,  glandular-punctate,  2.5 
cm.  long  or  less;  petioles  4-6  mm.  long;  flowers  about  8  mm. 
long;  calyx  minutely  hispidulous;  corolla  pubescent  without. 
(Af.  Douglasii  Benth.) 

Santa  Monica  Mountains  in  shady  places,  not  common.    May-June. 

9.  MONABDELLA  Benth. 

Annual  or  perennial  aromatic  herbs,  with  flowers  in 
terminal  heads  which  are  subtended  by  broad  often 
more  or  less  colored  involucral  bracts.  Calyx  tubular, 
narrow,  5-toothed,  15-nerved.  Corolla  glabrous  within, 
the  upper  lip  erect,  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-parted,  all  the 
lobes  linear  or  narrowly  oblong.  Stamens  4,  distinct, 
strongly  or  moderately  unequal,  exserted,  straight  ;  an- 
thers often  divergent  or  divaricate. 

1.  M.  lanceolata  Gray.  Annual,  green  and  glabrous  or  the 
stems  puberulent,  brachiately  branched,  3-6  dm.  high ;  leaves 


Mint  Family  347 

rather  few,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  taper- 
ing below  into  a  slender  petiole^  the  upper  acute,  all  with  entire 
and  even  margins  ;  bracts  foliaceous  or  nearly  so,  ovate  or  oblong, 
mostly  acute  with  many  cross  veinlets  between  the  ascending  or 
parallel  veins ;  calyx-teeth  densely  hirsute  within,  sparsely  if  at 
all  so  without,  inconspicuously  nerved;  corolla  bright  rose  color 
or  purple,  sometimes  with  darker  spots. 

Frequent  in  dry  ground  in  the  interior  region  both  in  the  valleys  and 
mountains.  June-August. 

10.  KOEI/LIA  Moench. 

Perennial  erect  herbs  with  small  flowers  in  terminal 
or  sometimes  also  axillary  capitate  or  cymose  clusters. 
Calyx  ovoid,  oblong  or  tubular,  equally  or  more  or  less 
unequally  5-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
emarginate  or  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  nearly  equal  or  the  lower  pair  a  little  the 
longer  ;  anther-sacs  parallel.  Ovary  deeply  4-parted  ; 
style  slender.  Nutlets  smooth,  pubescent  or  roughened. 

1.  K.  Californica  (Torr.)  Kuntze.  Aromatic,  herbage  whitish 
with  a  very  fine  and  close  soft  pubescence;  stem  erect,  simple  or 
with  a  few  terminal  branches,  5-9  dm.  high;  leaves  ovate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  by  an  obtuse  or  subcordate  base,  entire 
or  denticulate,  3-9  cm.  long;  heads  terminal  and  compact;  calyx 
pubescent,  the  tips  of  the  teeth  very  woolly  exteriorly ;  corolla 
white,  resin-dotted.  (Pycnanthernum  Californicum  Torr.) 

Occasional  in  the  canyons  of  all  our  mountains.    April-July. 

11.  LYCOPUS  L.     WATER-HOARHOUND. 

Herbs,  perennial  by  slender  stolons  or  suckers,  with 
erect  or  diffuse  stems,  and  small  white  or  purple  flowers, 
bracted  and  verticillate  in  dense  axillary  clusters.  Calyx 
campanulate,  regular  or  nearly  so,  4-5-toothed,  naked  in 
the  throat.  Corolla  funnelform-campanulate  to  cylindric, 
equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  limb  nearly  equally 
4-cleft,  or  1  of  the  lobes  broader  and  emarginate.  Per- 
fect stamens  2,  anterior,  the  posterior  pair  rudimentary 


348  Labiatae 

or  wanting  ;  anther-sacs  parallel.  Ovary  deeply  4-parted  ; 
style  slender,  2-cleft.  Nutlets  truncate  at  the  summit, 
narrowed  below,  trigonous,  smooth. 

1.  L.  lucidus  Turcx.  Pubescent  or  glabrate,  perennial  by 
stolons;  stem  usually  stout,  erect,  strict,  leafy,  simple  or  some- 
times branched,  3-9  dm.  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
5-15  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate-subulate, the  outer  ones  often  as  long  as  the  flowers; 
calyx-teeth  5,  subulate-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube ; 
corolla  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx ;  rudimentary  stamens  slen- 
der, thickened  at  the  apex  ;  nutlets  much  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Occasional  along  stream  banks  in  the  San  Bernardino  Valley,  Parish. 

12.  MENTHA  L. 

Erect  or  diffuse  aromatic  herbs  with  simple  mostly 
punctate  leaves,  and  small  whorled  flowers,  the  whorls 
axillary  or  in  terminal  dense  or  interrupted  spikes. 
Calyx  campanulate  to  tubular,  10-nerved,  regular  or 
slightly  bilabiate,  5-toothed.  Corolla-tube  shorter  than 
the  calyx,  the  limb  4-cleft,  somewhat  regular,  the  pos- 
terior lobe  usually  somewhat  broader  than  the  others, 
entire  or  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  equal,  erect,  included 
or  exserted  ;  filaments  glabrous  ;  anthers  2-celled,  the 
sacs  parallel.  Ovary  4-parted ;  style  2-cleft.  Nutlets 
ovoid,  smooth. 

1.  M.  piperita  L.  (PEPPERMINT.)  Perennial  by  subterranean 
suckers;  stems  glabrous  or  sparsely  puberulent,  mostly  erect, 
branched,  3-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  petioled,  acute  at  the  apex, 
sharply  serrate,  glabrous  except  the  veins  beneath;  whorls  of 
flowers  in  terminal,  dense  or  interrupted  spikes,  2.5-7  cm.  long  in 
fruit;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  its  teeth  subulate,  ciliate,  half 
as  long  as  the  tube  or  more;  corolla  glabrous. 

Occasional  along  streams  about  Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Ana.  August- 
December. 


Solanaceae  349 

2.  M.  spicata  L.  (SPEARMINT.)  Perennial  by  leafy  stolons; 
herbage  glabrous;  stems  branched,  3-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, short-petioled  or  sessile ;  whorls  of  flowers  in  terminal  nar- 
row, acute,  usually  interrupted  spikes,  these  becoming  5-10  cm., 
long  in  fruit;  calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  hirsute  or  glabrater 
subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  glabrous.  (M. 
viridis  L.) 

Frequent  in  low  ground  along  streams.    August-December. 


Family  85.  SOLANACEAE.     POTATO  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  rarely  trees,  with  alternate  or 
rarely  opposite  exstipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  or 
nearly  regular  cymose  flowers.  Calyx  mostly  5-lobed. 
Corolla  varying  from  rotate  to  salver-shaped,  mostly 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  induplicate-valvate  or  plicate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted 
on  the  tube  alternate  with  them,  equal  (4  and  didynamous 
in  Petunia,  the  fifth  being  smaller  or  obsolete) ;  anthers 
2-celled  apically  or  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
entire,  3-5-celled,  usually  2-celled  ;  ovules  numerous  on 
the  axillary  placentae  ;  style  slender,  simple  ;  stigma  ter- 
minal. Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 

Fruit  a  pulpy  berry. 

Anthers  not  connivent ;  fruiting-calyx  inflated.  1.  PHYSALIS. 

Anthers  connivent;  calyx  not  becoming  inflated.  2.  SOLANUM. 

Fruit  a  nearly  dry  berry;  shrubby.  3.  LYCIUM. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

Capsule  prickly;  flowers  large,  showy.  4.  DATURA. 
Capsule  not  prickly. 

Flowers  paniculate  or  racemose.  5.  NICOTIANA. 

Flowers  solitary.  6.  PETUNIA. 

1.  PHYSALIS  L.     GROUND-CHERRY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  entire  or  sinuately 
toothed  leaves.  Peduncles  in  ours  solitary  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  in  fruit 
enlarged  and  bladdery-inflated,  membranous,  5-angled 


350  Solanaceae 

or  prominently  10-ribbed  and  reticulate,  wholly  inclos- 
ing the  pulpy  berry,  its  teeth  mostly  corinivent.  Co- 
rolla open-campanulate,  or  rarely  nearly  rotate,  plicate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  co- 
rolla ;  anthers  oblong,  opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit. 
Style  slender ;  stigma  minutely  2-cleft.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, reniform,  finely  pitted. 

1.  P.   ixocarpa  Brot.    Annual,    at  first  erect,  later  widely 
spreading,  much  branched ;  stem  angled,  glabrous  or  the  young 
parts  sparingly  hairy ;  leaves  cordate  to  ovate,  with  a  cuneate, 
somewhat  oblique  base,  sinuately  dentate  or  entire,  2.5-6  cm. 
long;  peduncles  2-5  mm.  long;  calyx  sparingly  hairy,  its  lobes 
short,  triangular;  corolla  bright  yellow,  with  purple  throat,  10-15 
mm.  broad ;    fruiting  calyx  round-ovoid,   obscurely   10-angled ; 
berry  purple.     (P.  aequata  Jacq.  f.) 

Frequent  in  cultivated  fields.    June-September. 

2.  P.   Greenei  Rose.     Annual,  erect-spreading,  the  flexuose 
branches  angular,  2-3  dm.  long ;  herbage  viscid-pubescent  through- 
out; leaves  ovate  or  rhombic,  acutish,  entire  or  with  few  shallow 
teeth,  2-3  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  of  about  the  same  length  ; 
corolla  greenish  yellow,  12-15  mm.  broad;  fruiting  calyx  10-15 
mm.  long,  pendulous  on  the  slender  peduncle,  which  exceeds  it 
in  length.     (P.  pedunculata  Greene.) 

San  Joaquin  Hills,  Orange  County;  Santa  Margarita  Ranch,  San  Diego 
County.  First  collected  on  Cedros  Island.  April-July. 

2.  SCXLANUM  L.     NIGHTSHADE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  stellate-pubescent.  Flowers 
cymose,  paniculate  or  racemose,  white,  blue,  purple  or 
yellow.  Calyx  campanulate  or  rotate,  mostly  5-toothed 
or  5-cleft.  Corolla  rotate,  the  limb  plaited  in  the  bud, 
5-angled  or  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  corolla  ;  filaments  short  ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong, 
acute  or  acuminate,  connate  or  connivent  into  a  cone; 
the  anther-sacs  dehiscent  by  a  terminal  pore  or  by  a 
short  introrse  terminal  slit,  or  longitudinally.  Ovary 


Potato  Family  351 

usually  2-celled  ;  stigma  small.     Fruit  a  several-seeded 
berry. 

1.  S.  villosum  Lam.     Rather  low  and  mostly  spreading  annual, 
villous  and  more  or  less  viscid;  leaves  conspicuously  angulate- 
dentate;  filaments  somewhat  pubescent;  berries  yellow. 

2.  S.  Douglasii  Dunal.    Usually   somewhat  woody,   1-2  in, 
high  ;  stems  angular,  the  angles  somewhat  denticulate-scabrous, 
otherwise  more  or  less  puberulent;   leaves  variously  angular- 
dentate,  or  some  nearly  entire ;  umbels  nearly  opposite  the  leaves, 
several-flowered  ;  flowers  white  or  pale  purplish,  8-14  mm.  broad, 
pubescent  without,  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate;  anthers 
yellow,  4-5  mm.  long;  filaments  about  1  mm.  long,  stout,  hairy, 
nearly  equaling  the  slender  style;  fruit  black. 

A  common  plant  both  in  the  valleys  and  mountains  at  lower  altitudes. 
Often  appearing  as  an  introduced  plant  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

3.  S.  Xanti  Gray.     Stems  woody,  3-10  dm.  high,  the  younger 
angled,  moderately  villous  with  many-celled  unbranched,  mostly 
gland-tipped  hairs ;  leaves  ovate,  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, the  largest  4-6  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  the 
margins  entire;  corolla  1-2  cm.  broad,  usually  deep  violet,  angu- 
lately  5-lobed ;  berry  greenish. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains. 

4.  S.  Xanti  intermedium  Parish.      Stems  woody,  lax,  2  m. 
high  or  less,  viscid;  leaves  cordate  to  oblong,  at  least  obtuse  at 
base,  often  with  lateral  lobes  near  the  base,  3-15  cm.  long ;  corolla 
2-4  cm.  broad. 

Common  in  all  our  low  hills  and  in  the  mountains. 

5.  S.   Xanti    glabrescens    Parish.      Stems  woody,   slender, 
10-15  dm.  high,  glabrate  or  above  hirsutulous  with  short,  mostly 
1-celled  hairs ;  leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  mostly  atten- 
uate or  acute  at  the  base,  2-6  cm.  long;  corolla  2  cm.  broad. 

Occasional  in  the  valleys  and  foothills,  mostly  in  dry  and  rather  exposed 
places. 

6.  S.  Wallace!  (Gray)   Parish.     Stems  woody,   about  1   m. 
high,  densely  tawny  with  long  many-celled   glandular,  mostly 
simple  hairs;  leaves  thickish,  usually  smoother  than  the  stems, 
crenate,  the  lower  ample,  cordate,  the  upper  ovate,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  base;  calyx  narrowly  funnelform,  deeply  cleft  or 


352  Solanaceae 

less  so  and  broader;  corolla  2-4  cm.  broad,  deep  violet;  style 
glabrate  or  villous  below ;  fruit  dark  purple. 
Santa  Catalina  Island. 

7.  S.  rostratum  Dunal.  Annual,  erect,  branching,  1-3  dm. 
high,  pubescent  with  long  yellowish  stellate  hairs  and  armed 
with  long  straight  prickles;  leaves  pinnatifid;  calyx  densely 
prickly,  its  lobes  narrow,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  corolla  and 
enclosing  the  fruit;  corolla  about  2  cm.  broad,  yellow;  anthers 
linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  much  longer  and  larger,  with  an 
incurved  beak. 

Occasional  in  waste  places  and  along  roadsides.  Inglewood;  Soldiers 
Home;  Santa  Monica.  Native  of  Texas. 

3.  LYCIUM  L.     BOX-THORN. 

Shrubby,  often  spiny  plants,  with  small  alternate 
entire  leaves,  and  white,  greenish  or  purple  axillary  or 
terminal  solitary  or  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  campanu- 
late,  3-5-lobed  or  3-5-toothed,  not  enlarged  in  fruit,  per- 
sistent at  the  base  of  the  berry.  Corolla  funnelform, 
salver-shaped  or  campanulate,  the  limb  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  5  ;  filaments  filiform,  sometimes 
dilated  at  the  base  ;  anther-sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  2-celled ;  style  filiform ;  stigma  capitate  or 
2-lobed.  Berry  globose  to  oblong. 

1.  Ii.   Californicum  Nutt.     Glabrous;   stems   slender,  much 
branched,  about  6-12  dm.  high;  leaves  thickish,  2-6  mm.  long, 
obovate  or  spatulate  to  nearly  linear ;  pedicels  often  nearly  obso- 
lete; corolla  white,  its  tube  about  3  mm.  long,  included  in  the 
campanulate  4-toothed  calyx,  its  limb  rotate,  4-parted,  scarcely 
4  mm.  broad. 

On  bluffs  near  the  sea.  Redondo;  Long  Beach;  Laguna.  First  collected 
by  Nuttall  at  San  Diego. 

2.  Ii.  Richii  Gray.     Stem  slender ;  leaves  narrowly  spatulate, 
2-4  cm.  long;    flowers  short-pedicelled,  8-10  mm.  long;  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate,  nearly  or  quite  equaling  the  corolla-tube ;  corolla- 
lobes  oval,  slightly  exceeding  the  tube. 

A  Mexican  species  reported  from  Santa  Catalina  Island. 


Potato  Family  353 

3.  L.  Parishii  Gray.  Puberulent,  branches  slender;  leaves 
spatulate  and  lanceolate,  about  6  mm.  long;  pedicels  4-6  mm. 
long;  calyx  about  3  mm.  long,  its  limb  shortly  5-lobed ;  corolla 
narrowly  funnelform,  about  10  mm.  long,  its  lobes  2  mm.  long, 
ovate',  obtuse,  at  length  equaled  by  the  stamens. 

Dry  mesas  in  the  San  Bernardino  Valley,  Parish. 

4.  DATURA  L.     THORN-APPLE. 

Annual  or  perennial  erect  branching  narcotic  herbs, 
with  alternate  petioled  entire  or  sinuate-dentate  leaves, 
and  large  showy  solitary  short-peduncled  flowers.  Calyx 
elongated-tubular  or  prismatic,  5-cleft  or  spathe-like, 
circumscissile  near  the  base.  Corolla  funnelform,  the 
limb  plaited,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate.  Sta- 
mens inserted  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  corolla  ;  fila- 
ments filiform,  elongated.  Ovary  2-celled  or  falsely 
4-celled ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Cap- 
sule 4-valved  from  the  top  or  bursting  irregularly,  ovoid 
or  globose,  prickly. 

1.  D.    Stramonium  L.      (STRAMONIUM  or  JAMESTOWN- WEED.) 
Annual,  green,  glabrous,  3-10  dm.  high;   leaves   sinuately  and 
laciniately  angled  and  toothed ;   calyx  prismatic ;  corolla  white, 
about  8  cm.  long;  capsule  erect,  thickly  armed  with  short  stout 
prickles. 

Introduced  at  Ballona,  Davidson. 

2.  D.  meteiloides  DC.   Prunose-glaucescent,  erect,  branching, 
6-10  dm.  high  from  a  perennial  root ;  leaves  unequally  ovate,  more 
or  less  coarsely  repandodentate  or  nearly  entire;  calyx  cylindric, 
about  8  cm.  long;  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  violet,  15-20  cm. 
long,  the  limb  about  10  cm.  broad,  with  5  slender  subulate  teeth ; 
capsule  drooping  in  fruit,  5  cm.  in  diameter,  densely  prickly. 

Frequent  in  sandy  soil  throughout  our  range.    July-September. 

5.  NICOTIANA  L.     TOBACCO. 

Annual  or  perennial  viscid-pubescent  or  rarely  gla- 
brous narcotic  herbs,  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate 
entire  or  slightly  undulate  leaves,  and  medium-sized 


354  Solanaceae 

often  yellowish  or  greenish  flowers,  in  terminal  often 
bracted  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  tubular-campanu- 
late  or  ovoid,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnelform,  salver-shaped 
or  nearly  tubular,  the  tube  usually  elongated,  the.  limb 
5-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of 
the  corolla;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  4-celled,  style 
slender  ;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-valved  or  some- 
times 4-valved  at  the  summit,  smooth.  Seeds  numerous, 
small. 

*  Herbs. 

1.  N.  Cleveland!  Gray.     Viscid-pubescent  or  the  stem  villous, 
2-6  dm.  high;    leaves  ovate  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  5-8 
cm.  long,  the  lower  obtuse  and  with  margined  petiole  not  dilated 
at  base,  the  upper  subsessile  and  gradually  narrowing  from  a 
broad  and  rounded  or  truncate  base  into  an  acuminate  apex; 
bracts  lanceolate ;  flowers  paniculate-racemose ;  calyx-lobes  linear, 
unequal ;  the  longer  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  tube,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla;  corolla  greenish- white,  tinged  with 
violet,  almost  glabrous,  2.5  cm.  long,  salver-shaped,  the  somewhat 
5-lobed  limb  1  cm.  broad  ;  filaments  slender,  equally  inserted  low 
down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Sand-dunes  along  the  seashore  near  Port  Ballona. 

2.  N.  Bigelovii  Wats.    Viscid-pubescent ;  stems  3-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  12-18  cm. 
long,  with  tapering  base,  the  upper  4-8  cm.  long,  more  acuminate, 
with  acute  or  some  with  broader  and  clasping  base ;  inflorescence 
loosely  racemiform;    the  upper  flowers   bractless;    calyx-teeth 
unequal,  linear-subulate,  about  equaling  the  tube ;  corolla  white, 
its  tube  3-5  cm.  long,  narrow,  with  a  gradually  expanded  throat, 
the  limb  5-angulate-lobed,  15-25  mm.  broad;  filaments  somewhat 
unequally  inserted  high  up  on  the  corolla-tube. 

Occasional  in  dry  washes  about  Los  Angeles. 

**  Trees. 

3.  N.  glauca  Graham.     Arborescent,  3-6  m.  high,  glaucous 
and  glabrous;   leaves   long-petioled,  ovate,  subcordate;   flowers 
loosely  paniculate;  corolla  greenish-yellow,  3-5  cm.  long,  tubular, 
contracted  at  the  throat,  its  limb  erect,  5-crenate. 

A   well-established    introduced   plant;    rather   common  along  streams. 
Flowering  all  the  year. 


Scrophulariaceae  355 

6.  PETUNIA  Juss.     PETUNIA. 

Viscid-pubescent  annual  or  perennial  branching  herbs, 
with  entire  leaves  and  axillary  or  terminal  solitary 
flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  the  segments 
narrow.  Corolla  funnel  form  or  salver-shaped,  its  limb 
plicate  spreading,  slightly  irregular.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  4  of  them  didynamous,  per- 
fect, the  fifth  smaller,  obsolete  ;  filaments  slender.  Ovary 
2-celled  ;  style  filiform ;  stigma  2-lamellate.  Capsule 
2-celled,  2-valved. 

1.  P.  parviflora  (Lehm.)  Juss.  Small,  prostrate  or  diffusely 
spreading,  more  or  less  pubescent,  annual ;  leaves  oblong-linear 
or  spatulate,  rather  fleshy,  nearly  sessile,.  12  cm.  long  or  less; 
peduncles  very  short;  calyx-lobes  resembling  the  smaller  leaves; 
corolla  purple,  the  tube  pale  or  yellowish,  8  mm.  long,  funnel- 
form,  its  lobes  short,  retuse,  slightly  unequal;  capsule  small, 
ovoid. 

Occasional  on  margins  of  ponds  and  along  streams,  especially  in  subsaline 
places.  June-August. 

Family  86.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.     FIGWORT 
FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  alternate  exstipu- 
late  leaves  and  perfect  irregular  flowers.  Calyx  per- 
sistent, 4-5-toothed  or  4-5-divided.  Corolla  2-lipped  or 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  2,  4  or  5,  didynamous  or 
nearly  equal,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes  ;  anthers  2-celled  or  confidently  1-celled, 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled  or 
rarely  1-celled  ;  ovules  mostly  numerous,  borne  on  the 
axillary  placentae ;  style  simple ;  stigma  entire  or 
2-lobed.  Fruit  mostly  capsular  and  septicidally  or  locu- 
licidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  often  reticulated  or  striate. 


356  Scrophulariaceae 

Leaves  alternate. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  5.  1.  VERBASCUM. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Calyx-tubular,  2-cleft,  the  segments  entire  or  toothed. 

11.  CASTILLEJA. 

Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  4-cleft.  12.  ORTHOCARPUS. 

Calyx  spathe-like,  of  2  distinct  bract-like  divisions,  or  the  anterior 

division  wanting.  13.  ADENOSTEGIA. 

Calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  2-5-toothed;  leaves  pinnately  divided. 

14.  PEDICULARIS. 
Leaves  opposite  or  the  upper  sometimes  alternate. 

Corolla-tube  with  a  sac  at  the  base.  3.  ANTIRRHINUM. 

Corolla-tube  with  a  spur  at  the  base.  2.  LINARIA. 

Coralla-tube  without  a  sac  or  spur  at  the  base. 

Stamens  with  anthers  4,  the  fifth  represented  by  a  scale  adnate  to  the 
upper  side  of  the  corolla.  4.  SCROPHULARIA. 

Stamens  with  anthers  4,  the  fifth  represented  by  a  sterile  filament. 

5.  PENTSTEMON. 
Stamens  with  anthers  4,  the  fifth  represented  by  a  gland  at  the  base  of 

the  corolla.  6.  COLLINSIA. 

Stamens  with  anthers  4,  the  fifth  stamen  wholly  wanting. 

Shrubs ;  calyx  prismatic.  7.  DIPLACUS. 

Herbs;  calyx  prismatic.  8.  MIMULUS. 

Stamens  4,  2  sterile.  9.  MIMETANTHE. 

Stamens  2;  corolla  nearly  regular.  10.  VERONICA. 


1.  VERBASCUM  L.     MULLEN. 

Biennial  or  rarely  perennial,  mostly  tall  and  erect 
herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  rather  large  showy 
flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx 
5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  slightly  un- 
equal. Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla, 
unequal  ;  filaments  of  the  3  upper  or  of  all  pilose ; 
anther-sacs  confluent  into  1.  Ovules  numerous ;  styles 
dilated  and  flattened  at  the  summit.  Capsule  globose 
to  oblong,  septicidally  2-valved  ;  the  valves  usually 
2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Seeds  numerous,  rugose. 

1.  V.  virgatum  With.  Stems  about  1  m.  high,  stout,  pubescent 
and  glandular  throughout ;  lowest  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  oblong-ovate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  crenate,  the  upper  similar  but  smaller  and 
decurrent  on  the  stems ;  raceme  narrow,  spike-like,  5  dm.  long  or 
more ;  flowers  somewhat  clustered  or  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
much  reduced  bract-like  leaves,  nearly  sessile  or  short-pedicelled  -f 


Figwort  Family  357 

calyx  ovate,  5-6  mm.  long;  corolla  yellow,  about  15  mm.  broad ; 
filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  woolly  hairs ;  capsule  subglo- 
bose,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Frequent  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places,  especially  in  the  interior 
valleys.  San  Gabriel;  El  Monte;  Lordsburg;  Pomona.  May-August. 

2.  LINARIA  Juss. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  or  the  lower  opposite  or 
verticillate,  and  regular  flowers  in  terminal  bracted 
racemes  or  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  imbri- 
cated. Corolla  spurred  at  the  base  or  the  spur  rarely 
obsolete,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-lobed,  its  base  produced  into  a  palate  often 
nearly  closing  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
ascending,  included  ;  filaments  and  style  filiform.  Cap- 
sule ovoid  or  globose,  opening  by  usually  3-toothed  pores 
or  slits  below  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous,  rugose, 
angled  or  sometimes  winged. 

1.  L.  Canadensis  (L.)  Dumont.  (WILD  TOAD-FLAX.)  Bien- 
nial or  annual,  glabrous;  flowering  stem  erect  or  ascending,  very 
slender,  simple  or  branched,  2-7  dm.  high,  the  sterile  shoots 
spreading  or  procumbent  leafy;  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
1-5  cm.  long,  entire,  sessile;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long  in  slender 
long  racemes;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long,  erect  and  appressed  in 
fruit,  minutely  bracted  at  the  base ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  about 
equaling  the  capsule;  spur  of  the  corolla  filiform,  curved,  as  long 
as  the  tube  or  longer;  palate  white,  corolla  otherwise  blue. 

Occasional  in  cultivated  fields,  especially  in  sandy  soil. 

3.  ANTIRRHINUM  L.     SNAP-DRAGON. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  or 
the  lower  opposite,  and  mostly  rather  large  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes  or  solitary  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx 
5-parted.  Corolla  irregular  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the 
base,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-lobed,  its  base  produced  into  a  palate  nearly 


358  Scrophulariaceae 

or  quite  closing  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  in- 
cluded ;  filaments  filiform  or  dilated  above.  Style  fili- 
form. Capsule  obovoid  or  globose,  opening  by  chinks  or 
pores  below  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  A.  glandulosum  Lindl.     Stems  stout,  erect,  1-1.5  m.high, 
glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  throughout,  destitute  of  prehen- 
sile  branches,   leafy ;    leaves   lanceolate,   mostly   sessile  above, 
gradually  passing  into  bracts  of  the  leafy  dense  spike  or  raceme ; 
sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  unequal,  the  longer  equaling  the  cap- 
sule; corolla  rose-colored;  filaments  somewhat  dilated  above. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains  in  the  chaparral  belt. 

2.  A.  Nuttallianum  Benth.      Stems  branched  from  the  base, 
the   branches   mostly   procumbent,   5-10    dm.   long,   glandular- 
pubescent  throughout;   leaves  ovate  or  subcordate,  the  largest 
about  2.5  cm.  long,  nearly  all  distinctly  petioled  ;  peduncles,  at 
least  the  lowest  ones,  longer  than  the  flowers,  sometimes  disposed 
to  be  tortile ;  sepals  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  violet  corolla ; 
corolla  about  8  mm.  long,  the  lobes  nearly  equal ;  palate  very 
prominent;  seeds  almost  alately  costate. 

Occasional  in  sandy  soil,  especially  toward  the  coast. 

3.  A.  subsessile  Gray.     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  less  dif- 
fuse and  erect,  strongly  glandular-pilose;  leaves  ovate,  all  sessile 
or  nearly  so ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  somewhat  larger  flowers ; 
lower  lip  of  the  corolla  larger  in  proportion. 

Reported  from  Santa  Catalina  Island.    Rather  frequent  on  the  mainland 
about  San  Diego. 

4.  A.  Coulterianum  Benth.      Stem  5-10  dm.  high,  erect,  or 
gaining  support  by  its  filiform  tortile  branches  acting  as  tendrils, 
glabrous,   except  the  inflorescence    which  is  villous-pubescent 
with  viscid  and  often  glandular  hairs ;  leaves  distant,  linear  to 
oval ;  spike  virgate,  5-20  cm.   long ;   pedicels   shorter  than  the 
calyx;   sepals  linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  all  shorter  than  the 
oval  or  ovate-oblong  glandular-pubescent  capsule ;  corolla  violet- 
purple  or  usually  white  with  yellowish  palate,  the  lower  lip  large, 
the  tube  about  6  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains 
and  occurring  on  the  fans  at  the  base  of  the  mountains. 

5.  A.  strictum  (H.  &  A.)  Gray.     Erect,  nearly  simple,  3-6  dm. 
high,  the  tortile  branches  none;  lowest  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 


Figwort  Family  359 

the  upper  ones  linear  or  the  floral  filiform,  much  shorter  than 
the  tortile  racemose  peduncles ;  corolla  violet-purple,  about  1  cm. 
long,  with  hairy  palate  and  gibbous  base ;  capsule  crustaceous, 
globose,  strongly  exceeding  the  calyx,  tipped  with  the  straight 
style  of  equal  length. 

Occasional  at  lower  altitudes  in  all  our  mountains  and  foothills. 

4.  SCBOPHULABIA  L.     FIGWORT. 

Perennial  strong-smelling  herbs,  with  mostly  opposite 
large  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  panicled  cymes 
or  thyrses.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  mostly  obtuse. 
Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  globose  or  oblong,  not  gibbous 
or  spurred  at  the  base,  the  limb  5-lobed,  the  2  upper 
lobes  longer  erect,  the  lateral  ones  ascending,  the  lower 
spreading  or  reflexed.  Stamens  5,  4  of  them  anther- 
bearing,  didynamous,  declined,  the  fifth  sterile  and  re- 
duced to  a  scale  on  the  roof  of  the  corolla-tube  ;  anther- 
sacs  confluent  into  1.  Style  filiform  ;  stigma  capitate 
or  truncate.  Capsule  ovoid,  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
rugose. 

1.  S.  Californica  Cham.  Stems  erect,  1-2  m.  high,  glabrous 
below,  above  finely  glandular-pubescent;  leaves  ovate,  cordate 
at  base,  serrate  or  incised-serrate,  6-18  cm.  long;  flowers  about  8 
mm.  long;  corolla  dull  red. 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  and  mountains  below  the  pine  belt.  March- 
June. 

5.  PENTSTEMON  Soland. 

Perennial  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  with  opposite 
or  rarely  verticillate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes,  panicles  or  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  irregular,  tubular  and  often  inflated,  the  limb 
2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  included,  4  antheriferous  and  didynamous, 
the  fifth  sterile,  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  others;  anther- 
sacs  divergent  or  connivent.  Style  filiform  ;  stigma 


360  Scrophulariaceae 

capitate.     Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent.     Seeds  numer- 
ous, mostly  angled. 

*  Anther-cells  dehiscent  for  their  whole  length  or  nearly  so. 
•*-  Corolla-tube  not  dilated. 

1.  P.  cordifolms  Benth.     Somewhat  scandent  over  shrubs  by 
long  sarrnentose  branches,  very  leafy,  scabrous-puberulent  and 
the  inflorescence  somewhat  glandular ;  leaves  subcordate  or  ovate 
with  truncate  base,  acutely  serrate  or  dentate,  2.5  cm.  long  or 
less ;  thyrsus  short  and  leafy ;  peduncles  several-flowered ;  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate ;  corolla  scarlet,  the  tube  about  2.5  cm.  long,  the 
lips  about  15  mm.  long,  the  upper  lip  erect,  the  lower  more  or 
less  spreading ;  sterile  filament  bearded  down  one  side ;  anthers 
dehiscent  through  the  apex. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains.    April-July. 

2.  P.  ternatus  Torr.     Glabrous  and  the  long  virgate  flowering 
branches  glaucous,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rigid, 
15-35  mm.  long,  acutely  serrate  or  denticulate  with  salient  teeth, 
the  upper  ternately  verticillate ;  flowers  in  a  long  racemiform 
thyrsus;   sepals  ovate-acuminate;   corolla  pale  scarlet,  2.5  cm. 
long,  the  lobes  about  6  mm.  long;  stamens  as  in  the  last. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 
May-August. 

3.  P.  labrosus  Hook.  f.     Glabrous;  stems  herbaceous,  slen- 
der, erect,  simple,  4-5  dm.  high ;    leaves  all  entire,  the  lowest 
oblanceolate,  5-6  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  broad,  the  upper  linear- 
lanceolate,  reduced;  bracts  minute;  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme; 
pedicels  1-2  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acuminate,  4  mm.  long; 
corolla  scarlet,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  destitute  of  beard  ;  tube  narrow ; 
upper  lip  erect,  the  3  lobes  of  the  lower  one  equaling  the  upper 
one  in  length,  reflexed,  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  tube; 
sterile  filament  glabrous;  anthers  closed  toward  the  apex. 

Frequent  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains  in  open 
places  among  the  pines.    June-August. 

4.  P.  centrantliifolius  Benth.     Glaucous,  strict  and  virgate, 
4-8  dm.  high;  leaves  all  entire,  the  lower  lanceolate,  the  upper 
clasping,  ovate-lanceolate;  panicle  narrow,  usually  3  dm.  long  or 
more ;  pedicels  slender ;  corolla  deep  scarlet,  narrow,  tubular  and 
obscurely  bilabiate;  the  short  oblong  lobes  alike,  except  that  the 


Figwort  Family  361 

posterior  are  united  higher;   anthers  opening  widely,  splitting 
through  the  apex. 

Common  in  the  foothills  and  mountains  mostly  below  the  pine  belt 
throughout  our  range.  April-July. 

•*-  Corolla-tube  dilated. 

"5.  P.  spectabilis  Thurber.  Pale  or  glaucescent  and  glabrous 
throughout,  6-12  dm.  high;  leaves  thinnish-coriaceous,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong,  acute,  the  upper  pairs  acu- 
minate and  their  broad  bases  connate-perfoliate,  spinulosely  den- 
tate or  denticulate;  thyrsus  many-flowered,  elongated  pyramidal 
or  sometimes  virgate,  3-6  dm.  long;  peduncles  and  pedicels  slen- 
der; corolla  rose-purple  or  lilac  with  the  ample  limb  blue,  2.5cm. 
long ;  the  narrow  proper  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  short  ovate 
calyx-lobes,  then  abruptly  dilated  into  the  campanulate-ventricose 
or  broadly  funnelform  throat,  somewhat  bilabiate,  the  oval  or 
roundish  lobes  6-8  mm.  long;  sterile  filament  glabrous;  anthers 
dehiscent  from  the  base  toward  but  not  to  the  apex. 

Frequent  on  dry  hillsides.    May-July. 

6.  P.  Parishii  Gray.     Size  and  habit  of  the  last ;  leaves  entire 
or  minutely  denticulate ;  upper  clasping  by  subcordate  base  but 
not  connate;  corolla  red,  more  dilated. 

Not  known  within  our  limits.    Cucamonga ;  San  Bernardino. 

7.  P.  Palmeri  Gray.     Stems  6-9  dm.  high ;  glabrous  except 
inflorescence,  that  glandular  or  primose-puberulent ;  leaves  cori- 
aceous, glaucous,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  from  sharply  dentate 
to  nearly  entire,  upper  from  closely  sessile  to  completely  con- 
nate-perfoliate ;  thyrsus  elongated  pyramidal,  racemiform ;  corolla 
cream-white,  suffused  with  pink;  the  short  narrow  proper  tube 
hardly  surpassing  the  ovate    appressed  sepals,  very   abruptly 
dilated  into  the  ventricose-campanulate  throat,  about  2  cm.  long 
and  as  broad  at  orifice;  the  lips  broad,  the  upper  erect,  2-lobed, 
lower  3-lobed,  widely  spreading,  sparingly  bearded  at  base ;  sterile 
filament  densely  bearded  above  with  long  yellowish  hairs. 

Occasional  above  5000  feet  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Moun- 
tains. 

**  Anther-cells  remaining  closed  below  and  saccate. 

8.  P.  heterophyllus  Lindl.     Green,  seldom  glaucescent,  gla- 
brous throughout  or  rarely  primose-puberulent ;  stems  or  branches 


362  Scrophulariaceae 

slender,  6-15  dm.  high,  from  a  woody  base;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  base ; 
thyrsus  virgate,  loose,  usually  elongated;  sepals  ovate;  corolla 
2.5  cm.  long  or  more,  the  narrow  tube  rose-colored  or  pink,  some- 
times changing  to  violet,  ventricose  f unnelform ;  the  bud  often 
yellowish  ;  sterile  filament  glabrous. 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt.  Santa  Monica  Mountains;  Verdugo 
Hills;  Santa  Anita  Canyon. 

6.  COLLINSIA  Nutt. 

Annuals  with  simple  verticillate  or  opposite  leaves, 
and  irregular  flowers  in  whorls  forming  racemes,  or  soli- 
tary in  the  axils.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla 
declined,  the  proper  tube  very  short,  the  abruptly  ex- 
panded and  gibbous  throat  forming  an  angle  with  it, 
deeply  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  erect,  2-cleft  ;  the  lower 
lip  larger,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading  or  droop- 
ing, flat,  the  middle  one  conduplicate,  keel-like,  enclosing 
the  4  declined  stamens  and  the  filiform  style.  Stamens 
didynamous  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  anther-sacs  confluent 
at  the  apex.  The  fifth  stamen  represented  by  a  gland 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla-tube  near  the  base. 
Stigma  small,  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid  or  glo- 
bose, septicidally  2-valved,  the  valves  2-cleft.  Seeds  few, 
large,  peltate,  concave  on  the  inner  side. 

*  Flowers  verticillate,  showy;  upper  pair  of  filaments  bearded  at 
base. 

1.  C.  bicolor  Benth.  Simple  or  branched  above,  1.5-4  dm. 
high,  glabrous  or  finely  pubescent  and  often  viscid  above;  leaves 
broadly  oblong  or  the  upper  narrowed  from  the  broad  base  to  the 
apex,  serrulate,  5  cm.  long  or  less ;  flowers  crowded  in  whorl-like 
clusters,  the  lowest  subtended  by  leaves,  the  others  by  bracts ; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  calyx-lobes  ;  corolla 
about  2  cm.  long;  the  lower  lip  usually  rose-purple ;  the  upper 
lilac  or  white,  its  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  those  of  the  lower; 
throat  saccate,  bristly  within;  gland  conic. 

Common  in  open  places  in  the  hills  and  mountains,  mostly  below  2000  feet 
altitude.  April-May. 


Figwort  Family  363 

2.  C.  tinctoria  Hartweg.     Resembling  slender  forms  of  the 
preceding  in   habit;    herbage  nearly  or  quite  glabrous   below, 
strongly  viscid  above  and  giving  off  a  brownish  stain  ;  calyx-lobes 
linear  or  oblong-linear,  obtuse;  corolla  pale  purplish  or  nearly 
white  and  streaked  with  purple,  12-15  mm.  long,  the  lobes  of  the 
upper  lip  very  short,  reflexed. 

Frequent  on  shady  slopes  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  of 
the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.  April-June. 

**  Flowers  usually  scattered,  small;  filaments  glabrous. 

3.  C.  Paryi  Gray.     Stems   puberulent  throughout,  simple  or 
more  or  less  branched,   1.5-2.5  dm.  high;  leaves  thinnish,  the 
lower  oblong,  crenate,  petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate-linear,  ob- 
tuse, mostly  entire  and  closely  sessile,  2-4  crn.  long;    pedicels 
solitary  or  the  upper  in  2's  or  3's,  as  long  as  or  the  lowest  exceed- 
ing the  flowers;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse;   corolla  deep  blue, 
6-8  mm.  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  lips  about  equal 
in  length,  not  longer  than  the  throat;  capsule  about  equaling  the 
calyx. 

Occasional  in  dry  ground  in  the  chaparral  belt.    Verdugo  Hills. 

4.  C.  callosa  Parish.     Stems  dichotomously  branched,    10-30 
cm.  high,  glabrous  except  the  slightly  glandular   pedicels  and 
calyces;  leaves  opposite  or  ternate,  oblong  to  acutely  ovate,  2  cm. 
long  or  less,  the  upper  much  reduced,  sessile,  entire,  rather  thick, 
the  margins  somewhat  revolute ;  calyx-lobes  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute;  corolla  light  blue,  5-8  mm.  long;  the  lips  about  equaling 
the  moderately  gibbous  throat,  their  lobes  entire,  equal  in  length  ; 
capsule  globose,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

First  collected  in  Swartout  Canyon,  San  Antonio  Mountains,  Hall;  Mt. 
Gleason,  Elmer. 

7.  DIPLACUS  Nutt. 

Low  evergreen  glutinous  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves 
which  are  revolute  in  the  bud,  and  large  red,  orange  or 
salmon-colored  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils.  Galyx  tub- 
ular, 5-angled  and  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  funnelform 
tube  and  rather  broad  bilabiate  limb.  Stamens  4. 
Stigma  of  2  flat  lobes  closing  together  when  irritated. 


364  Scrophulariaceae 

Capsule  firm,  coriaceous,  opening  down  the  upper  suture 
only,  the  valves  spreading  out  nearly  flat. 

1.  D.  longiflorus  Nutt.     Low,  suffrutescent,  5-10  dm.   high, 
more  or  less  branched  throughout,  viscid- pubescent  or  the  in- 
florescence and  growing  parts  villous  and  somewhat  glandular; 
leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate,  more  or  less  acute,  3-7  cm. 
long,  rather  thin,  the  margins  often  revolute,  denticulate  or  den- 
tate ;  calyx  about  2.5  cm.  long  and  about  8  mm.  broad ;  the  lobes 
5-7  mm.  long,  the  upper  a  little  longer,  villous  with  viscid  hairs; 
corolla  about  5  cm.  long;  the  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  shallowly 
2-lobed,  their  margins  wavy  or  erose;  those  of  the  lower  lip  usu- 
ally truncate,  more  or  less  deeply  crenately  toothed. 

Common  on  all  the  foothills  and  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  mountains. 
We  have  seen  no  specimens  with  the  strongly  arachnoid  pubescence  which 
is  found  on  the  plants  about  Santa  Barbara,  the  type-locality  of  this  species. 
Two  quite  different  forms  occur  with  us:  the  one  from  which  the  above 
description  is  drawn  occurs  in  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains,  and  is  nearest 
the  type;  but  about  Los  Angeles  and  Pasadena  the  plants  are  usually  less 
villous  and  have  a  slender  (about  5  mm.  broad)  calyx,  and  narrower  corolla- 
throat  which  tapers  gradually  to  the  slender  tube. 

2.  D.  puniceus  Nutt.     Resembling  the  last  in  habit;  leaves 
usually  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  margins  strongly  revolute ;  calyx 
15-20  mm.  long,  5  mm.  broad,  viscid,  not  at  all  woolly,  its  lobes 
4-5  mm.  long;  corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long,  scarlet,  the  lobes  of  the 
lower  lips  rather  narrow,  emarginate  or  retuse. 

Common  on  dry  hillsides  about  San  Diego  and  ranging  northward  to  the 
Santa  Margarita  River,  where  it  seems  to  intergrade  with  D.  longiflorm. 

8.  MIMULUS  L.     MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  mostly  showy  yellow 
or  red  flowers  solitary  and  axillary  or  in  a  terminal 
raceme.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled  and  5-toothed.  Co- 
rolla from  tubular  to  funnelform  with  strongly  bilabiate 
limb  or  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  a  pair  of  bearded  ridges 
extending  down  the  lower  side  of  the  throat.  Stamens 
4,  the  fifth  entirely  wanting.  Stigma  mostly  of  2  flat 
lobes  closing  together  when  irritated.  Capsule  dehiscent 
by  both  sutures  or  on  one  side  only,  or  cartilaginous  and 
indehiscent.  Seeds  many. 


Figwort  Family  365 

*  Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so;  style  pubescent  or  glandular. 

1.  M.  Bigelovii  Gray.     Low  annual  branching  from  the  base, 
glandular  pubescent;   leaves  oblong,  the  upper  ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate;  calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  very  acutely  subulate  from 
a  broad  campanulate  tube;  corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long,  the  limb 
rotate,   crimson  with  yellow  center;    the  throat  cylindraceous; 
capsule  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx,  valves 
membranaceous. 

Occasional  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.     June-August. 

2.  M.  Fremont!  (Benth.)  Gray.     Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
the  lowest  spatulate,  obtuse ;  calyx-teeth  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
less  than  a  quarter  the  length  of  the  tube;   corolla  crimson; 
otherwise  as  in  the  last. 

Frequent  in  sandy  places  in  the  interior  valleys.    April-May. 

3.  M.  brevipes  Benth.     Stem  simple  or  branched,  3-6  dm. 
high,  very  viscid-pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  3-10  cm. 
long,  entire  or  commonly  denticulate;  calyx-teeth  very  unequal, 
acuminate,  the  posterior  fully  half  the  length  of  the  broadly  cam- 
panulate   tube;    corolla  yellow,   2.5-4  cm.  long,  the  expanded 
limb  nearly  as  broad,  campanulate,  with  ample  rounded  lobes; 
capsule  ovate-acuminate,  firm-coriaceous. 

Common  on  the  dry  plains  and  in  the  foothills.    March-June. 

**  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels ;  styles  glabrous. 
-*-  Herbage  viscid-pubescent. 

4.  M.  cardinalis  Dougl.     Perennial,  8  dm.   high ;    branched 
from  the  base,  with  ascending  branches,  viscid-pubescent ;  leaves 
elliptic-ovate,  5  cm.   long  or  more,   dentate,   sessile;    pedicels 
longer  than  the  flowers ;  calyx  with  equal  triangular  teeth ;  co- 
rolla scarlet,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  throat  yellowish  with  crimson 
lines,  the  tube  little  exserted,  upper  lip  erect,  deeply  2-lobed,  the 
sides  turned  back  until  they  meet,  lower  lip  deeply  3-lobed,  the 
lateral  lobes  reflexed,  the  middle  lobe  spreading. 

Frequent  along  streams  in  the  foothills  and  mountains  below  the  pine 
belt.    May-August. 

5.  M.  moschatus  Dougl.     Soft-villous  and  very  viscid,  musk- 
scented  ;  stems  weak  and  reclining,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  2-6  dm. 
long,  from  perennial  creeping  rootstocks ;   leaves   oblong-ovate, 
about  2.5  cm.   long,   remotely  dentate,   petiolate;    calyx-teeth 


366  Scrophulariaceae 

somewhat  unequal,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube ;  corolla 
yellow,  1.5  cm.  long;  capsule  ovate,  acute. 

Occasional  along  streams  about  Los  Angeles.    May-July. 

M,  MOSCHATUS  SESSILIFOLIUS  Gray.      Stems  ascending,  corolla 
2.5  cm.  long;  otherwise  as  in  the  type. 

Frequent  in  all  the  mountains  in  the  pine  belt  and  often  extending  along1 
the  streams  down  into  the  chaparral  belt> 

6.  M.  floribundus  Dougl.     Annual,  slender,  diffuse,  1-3  dm. 
high,  villous  and  very  slimy,  musk-scented;  leaves  ovate,  1-2.5 
cm.  long,  dentate,  short-petioled ;  pedicels  mostly  longer  than 
the  leaves;    calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  4-6  mm,   long;   the 
teeth  nearly  equal,   1  mm.  long;   corolla  light  yellow,  mostly 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  capsule  globose-ovate,  obtuse. 

Frequent  along  streams,  especially  in  the  foothills  and  mountains.  April- 
August. 

7.  M.  Parish.il  Greene.     Annual,  erect,  rather  stout,  3-6  dm. 
high,  very  villous  and  slimy;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  sessile, 
2.5-5  cm.  long,  dentate  or  denticulate ;  pedicels  mostly  rather 
short;  calyx  cylindraceous,  10-12  mm.  long  in  fruit;   its  teeth 
short-triangular;  corolla  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx- teeth,  light 
rose  color. 

Occasional  along  streams.    April-July. 

•*-  -*-  Herbage  not  viscid-pubescent. 

8.  M.  Langsdorfii  grandis  Greene.     Perennial  from  stolon- 
iferous  or  creeping  basal  branches,  glabrous  .or  sparsely  pubes- 
cent; stems  stout,  fistulous,  often  6-8  dm.  high;  leaves  mostly 
elliptic,  often  6-8  cm.  long,  irregularly  dentate,  the  lower  petioled, 
the  upper  sessile ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme ;  calyx  in  an  the- 
sis 8-12  mm.  long,  in  fruit  somewhat  longer  and  nearly  twice  as 
broad ;  upper  calyx-teeth  somewhat  longer ;  corolla  yellow  with 
purple  or  brown  dots  in  the  throat,  2.5-5  cm.  long.     (J/.  luteus  in 
part  of  recent  authors,  not  of  L.) 

Frequent  along  streams  and  variable.    March-June. 

9.  M.  nasutus  Greene.     Annual,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubes- 
cent, decumbent  at  base,  2-4  dm.  high;  leaves  mostly  subbasal, 
ovate-cordate    to    reniform-cordate,   acute,   coarsely   toothed  or 
lobed,  the  lowest  on  broad  petioles,  the  floral  reduced  to  bracts; 
peduncles  hardly  exceeding  the  mature  calyx  or  the  lower  much 


Figwort  Family  367 

elongated;  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  its  teeth  acute,  very 
unequal,  the  upper  one  twice  the  length  of  the  others ;  corolla 
about  1.5  cm.  long,  little  surpassing  the  calyx,  deep  yellow,  with 
or  without  a  large  purple  blotch  on  the  lower  lip. 

Common  along  streams  in  the  mountains  and  foothills  below  the  pine 
"belt.  April-August. 

10.  M.  micropliyllus  Benth.  Annual,  glabrous  below,  some- 
what pubescent  above ;  stems  terete,  slender,  with  ascending 
branches  or  commonly  simple,  1-3  dm.  high;  flowers  in  short 
racemes  or  in  depauperate  forms,  solitary  ;  leaves  ovate  to  orbicu- 
lar, often  cordate  at  the  base,  denticulate  or  coarsely  toothed ; 
peduncles  slender;  calyx  often  dotted,  oblique  at  the  orifice;  the 
teeth  obscure  or  prominent,  the  upper  one  largest;  corolla  1-2 
cm.  long,  throat  rather  narrow,  the  limb  broad,  usually  without 
purple  dots. 

Occasional  along  streams  in  the  pine  belt  of  all  our  mountains.  June- 
August. 

9.  MIMETANTHE  Greene. 

Erect  branching  annual,  with  long  villous  white  hairs, 
opposite  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  short- 
campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft,  its  tube  slightly  5-sulcate, 
not  prismatic  angled.  Corolla  obscurely  bilabiate,  its 
lobes  plane.  Stamens  4,  2-fertile.  Capsule  pointed, 
loculiciclal,  dehiscent  the  whole  length  of  the  upper 
side  and  on  the  lower  side  along  the  apical  attenuation. 

1.  M.  pilosa  (Benth.)  Greene.  At  length  much  branched, 
leafy,  flowering  from  near  the  base,  1-3  dm.  high,  herbage  glan- 
dular-viscid ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong-ovate,  entire, 
sessile;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels;  the  upper  tooth  of  calyx 
much  longer  than  the  others,  equaling  the  tube ;  corolla  yellow, 
the  lower  lobes  usually  with  brown  spots,  slightly  exceeding  the 
calyx,  6-8  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong-ovate, attenuate.  (Mimulus 
exilis  Durand.) 

Frequent  along  streams  in  the  valleys  and  in  the  mountains.  May- 
August. 

10.  VERONICA  L.     SPEEDWELL. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  and  alter- 
nate, rarely  verticillate  leaves,  and  mostly  small  terminal 


368  Scrophulariaceae 

or  axillary  racemose  spicate  or  solitary  flowers.  Calyx 
mostly  4-parted,  sometimes  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate, 
its  lobes  very  short,  deeply  and  more  or  less  unequally 
4-lobed  or  rarely  5-lobed.  Stamens  2,  divergent,  insert- 
ed on  either  side  at  the  base  of  the  upper  corolla-lobe. 
Anther-sacs  confluent  at  the  apex.  Ovary  2-celled  ; 
style  slender  ;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  more  or  less 
compressed,  emarginate,  obcordate  or  2-lobed,  loculicid- 
ally  dehiscent. 

1.  V.  peregrina  L.     Annual,  glabrous  or  somewhat  glandular- 
puberulent;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  simple  or  branched,  1-3 
dm.  high;  leaves  oblong,  oval,  linear  or  slightly  spatulate,  6-20 
mm.  long,  the  lowest  opposite,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  broader 
than  the  upper  and  mostly  entire,  each  with  a  short-pedicelled 
flower  in  its  axil ;  flowers  nearly  white,  about  2  mm.  broad  ;  cap- 
sule nearly  orbicular,  obcordate,  2-3  mm.  high. 

Occasional  along  the  margins  of  streams  and  in  the  dry  beds  of  winter 
pools.  April-July. 

2.  V.  Byzantina  (S.  &  S.)  B.  S.  B.   Annual,  pubescent;  stems 
diffusely  branched,  spreading  or  ascending,  1.5-4  dm.  long;  leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  short-petioled,  crenate-dentate  or  somewhat  incised, 
8-24  mm.  long,  the  lowest  opposite,  the  upper  alternate,  each 
with  a  slender-peduncled   flower  in  its  axil;    pedicels  filiform, 
equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves;  corolla  6-8  mm.  broad,  blue; 
capsule  6  mm.  broad,  half  as  high,  shallowly  and  broadly  emar- 
ginate.    ( V.  Buxbaumii  Tenore.) 

Occasional  about  Los  Angeles,  Davidson. 

11.  CASTILLEJA  Mutis. 

Herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  alternate  sessile 
leaves  and  red  or  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  leafy- 
bracted  spikes,  the  bracts  and  calyx  often  brightly 
colored.  Calyx  tubular,  cleft  in  front  or  behind  or 
commonly  'both,  the  lobes  entire  or  2-toothed.  Corolla 
very  irregular,  its  tube  about  equaling  the  calyx,  the 
limb  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  (galea)  arched,  elongated, 


Figwort  Family  369 

concave  or  keeled,  laterally  compressed,  entire,  enclosing 
the  4  didynamous  stamens  ;  lower  lip  short,  3-lobed. 
Anther-sacs  oblong  or  linear,  unequal,  the  outer  one 
attached  to  the  filament  by  its  middle,  the  inner  one 
pendulous  from  its  apex.  Style  filiform  ;  stigma  entire 
or  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  loculicidally  dehis- 
cent, many-seeded.  Seeds  reticulated. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  C.  stenanthe  Gray.     Stems  mostly  simple,  erect,  3-6  dm. 
high,  pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid  throughout;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire,  the  upper  with  red  linear  tips  which  become 
spirally  coiled ;  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  raceme,  short-pedi- 
celled  ;  calyx  wholly  green,  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind 
to  near  the  middle;  the  segments  lanceolate  and  acute  or  acutely 
2-cleft  at  the  apex ;  corolla  about  3  cm.  long;  galea  usually  red- 
dish, slightly  falcate,  a  half  longer  than  the  tube ;  capsule  oblong. 

Frequent  in  all  our  mountains  along  streams  in  moist  places.    May- 
August. 

**  Perennials. 

2.  C.  Martini  Abrams.     Stem  rather  slender,  branching  from 
near  the  somewhat  woody  base,  decumbent  at  base,  the  branches 
ascending,  villous  and  viscid  throughout ;  lower  leaves  linear  or 
broadly-linear,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  the  upper  mostly  somewhat  broader, 
divided   to   near   the  middle  into  3   lobes,  the  2  lateral  lobes 
spreading,  narrower  than  the  middle  one ;  bracts  similarly  lobed, 
somewhat  dilated,  scarlet-tipped;    racemes  narrow  and  rather 
loose,  1-2  dm.  long;  calyx  14-16  mm.  long,  cleft  nearly  to  the 
middle  behind,  scarcely  as  deep  in  front,  the  segments  broadly 
lanceolate,  2-toothed,  the  teeth  less  than  2  mm.  long,  the  ante- 
rior one  much  the  shorter;  galea  reddish  in  front,  1  cm.  long, 
equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  tube ;  capsule  acute,  1  cm.  long. 

Common  on  dry  ridges  and  slopes  in  all  our  mountains,  confined  mostly  to 
the  chaparral  belt.    April-August. 

3.  C.  Californica  Abrams.     Stems  slender,  fragile,  branched 
from  a  scarcely  woody  base,  erect,  more  or  less  branched  above, 
4-5  dm.  high,  sparsely  and  minutely  puberulent;  upper  cauline 


370  Scrophulariaceae 

leaves  linear,  remotely  and  ^obscurely  denticulate  or  entire,  2-4 
cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  broad,  obtuse,  with  short  slender  leafy  branch- 
lets  in  their  axils;  inflorescence  at  first  viscid-pubescent,  becom- 
ing nearly  glabrous,  1-2  dm.  long ;  bracts  red  or  red-tipped,  about 

2  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  broad,  entire  or  rarely  with  1  or  2  very  short 
lateral  teeth  toward  the  apex ;  calyx  about  2.5cm.  long,  cleft  about 
equally  before  and  behind;  the  lobes  1  cm.  long,  cleft  at  the  apex, 
the  teeth  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long,  acute;  corolla  2.5-3  cm.  long, 
galea  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  tube,  green  on  the 
back,  the  face  bright  red,  the  tube  greenish-yellow. 

Occasional  in  dry  washes  and  fans  in  the  interior  valleys. 

4.  C.  foliolosa  H.  &  A.  Suffrutescent  with  many  stems  from 
the  base,  3-4  dm.  high,  white  woolly  throughout;  leaves  linear 
and  entire,  rather  crowded  below  and  fascicled  in  the  lower  axils, 

3  cm.  long  or  less;  the  uppermost  and  bracts  3-parted  into  linear 
lobes;  bracts  with  lobes  spatulate-dilated  at  apex,  the  middle 
lobe  largest,   shallowly  3-lobed ;   spikes  rather  dense ;    flowers 
about   18  mm.  long,  galea  only   slightly  exceeding  the  calyx, 
shorter  than  or  as  long  as  the  tube ;  calyx-lobes  truncate  or  retuse ; 
capsule  about  1.5  cm.  long. 

Frequent  on  dry  hillsides  in  the  foothills. 

12.  OBTHOCABPUS  Nutt. 

Annual  or  rarely  perennial  herbs,  mostly  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  yellow  white  or  purple  flowers  in  bracted 
usually  dense  spikes,  the  bracts  sometimes  brightly 
colored.  Calyx  tubular,  4-cleft  or  sometimes  split  down 
both  sides.  Corolla  very  irregular,  the  tube  slender,  the 
limb  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  but  little  exceeding  the  inflated 
3-plaited  or  3-saccate  lower  one.  Otherwise  as  in  Castil- 
leja. 

*  Filaments  pubescent;  galea  bearded  on  the  back. 

1.  O.  purpurascens  Benth.  (OWL-CLOVER.)  Annual,  erect, 
rather  stout,  at  length  much  branched  from  the  base,  1.5-5  dm. 
high,  villous-pubescent ;  leaves  with  lanceolate  base  or  body,  and 
laciniately  1-2-pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  or  filiform 


Figwort  Family  371 

lobes,  or  the  upper  palmately  cleft ;  spike  thick  and  dense ;  bracts 
equaling  the  flowers,  somewhat  dilated,  their  lobes  crimson- 
colored,  as  are  also  the  calyx  and  corolla;  corolla  2.5-3  cm.  long, 
the  lip  moderately  saccate,  white-tipped,  with  yellow  and  purple 
markings;  galea  densely  purple-bearded  on  the  back,  incurved 
at  tip;  filaments  hairy. 

Common  in  sandy  soils  in  the  valleys  and  hills. 

**  Filaments  glabrous;  galea  not  bearded. 

2.  O.  densiflorus  Benth.     Annual,  erect,  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base,  1-3  dm.  high,  soft-pubescent  above;  leaves  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  with  a  few  slender  lobes;  spike 
dense,  the  lowest  flowers  sometimes  distant ;  bracts  about  equal- 
ing the  flowers,  3-cleft  into  linear  purple  lobes  ;  corolla  18-20  mm. 
long,  purple ;  lip  moderately  ventricose  and  somewhat  3-saccate 
for  its  whole  length,  the  teeth  or  lobes  conspicuous,  erect,  oblong- 
linear;  galea  narrow,  puberulent  or  nearly  smooth. 

Hills  near  Los  Angeles,  Greata. 

3.  O.  Parishii  Gray.     Annual,  nearly  glabrous,  about  2  dm. 
high ;  leaves  3-5-cleft  into  linear-filiform  divisions,  or  the  lower 
entire;  floral  ones  similar,  the  lobes  purple-tipped;  spikes  dense 
and  short;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  obtuse,  half  the  length  of  the 
tube;  corolla  rose-purple,  little  pubescent  in  the  throat;  lip  con- 
spicuously 3-saccate ;  the  sacs  as  broad  as  long,  the  teeth  very 
short;  galea  lanceolate,  obtuse,  puberulent. 

Near  Garvanza,  Davidson. 

13.  ADENOSTEGIA  Benth. 

Annuals  with  alternate  narrow  entire  or  3-5-parted 
leaves,  and  irregular  flowers  scattered  along  the  usually 
many  branches  or  in  terminal  clusters  or  heads.  Bracts 
and  calyx  never  colored.  Calyx  spathe-like,  consisting 
of  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  leaf -like  division  or  the 
anterior  division  wanting.  Corolla  tubular,  somewhat 
enlarged  above ;  its  lips  about  equal  in  length,  the 
lower  obtusely  3-toothed.  Stamens  4  or  2,  anther-cells 


372  Scrophulariaceae 

unequal,  ciliate  or  minutely  bearded.   Capsule  flattened  ; 
seeds  with  a  loose  coat,  pointed  at  one  end. 

1.  A.  filifolia  (Nutt.)-    Stems  erect,  branched,  3-6  dm.  high; 
leaves  all  filiform,  3-parted  to  near  the  base ;  herbage  pubescent 
with  short  reflexed  hairs  intermingled  with  scattered  spreading 
hispid  hairs;  heads  several-flowered,  terminating  the  branches; 
bracts  3-lobed  to  near  the  base,  the  entire  portion  about  1  mm. 
broad,  strongly  3-nerved  ;  the  lobes  all  filiform  and  usually  nearly 
equal,  the  outer  surface  very  hispid  with  stout  spreading  hairs 
rising  from  postulate  bases,  the  inner  surface  concave,  pubescent, 
slightly  elongated  at  the  apex  and  tipped  with  a  blackish,  more 
or  less  retuse  gland;  corolla  purplish,  12-15  mm.  long.     (Cordy- 
lanthus  filifolius  Nutt.) 

Common  on  dry  ridges  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  the  mountains.  Aden- 
ostegia  rigida  Benth.,  to  which  our  southern  plants  have  been  referred,  has 
broader  leaves  and  bracts  which  are  less  hispid. 

2.  A.  maritima  (Nutt.)  Greene.     Cory mbosely  branched,  1-3 
dm.  high ;  herbage  glaucous  and  more  or  less  hoary-pubescent, 
often  tinged  with  purple ;  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  about 
2  cm.  long,  entire;  flowers  in  short  spikes;  bracts  oblong-lanceo- 
late, entire  or  commonly  3-toothed,  the  2  lateral  teeth  much  the 
smaller ;  flowers  purple,  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  bracts. 

Occasional  in  salt  marshes  near  the  sea.    June-September. 

14.  PEDICULABIS  L. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  opposite  or  rarely 
verticillate  pinnately  lobed  cleft  or  pinnatifid  leaves, 
and  irregular  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  spike-like 
racemes.  Calyx  2-5-cleft,  corolla  tubular,  strongly 
bilabiate  ;  galea  arched  and  compressed  ;  lower  lip  of  3 
small  rounded  lobes  or  teeth.  Stamens  4 ;  anthers 
approximate  in  pairs,  their  sacs  transverse,  equal.  Cap- 
sule flattened,  oblique  at  apex,  loculicidally  2-valved. 

1.  P.  densiflora  Benth.  Stems  simple,  erect,  2-3  dm.  high, 
commonly  several  from  the  scaly  caudex ;  herbage  nearly  gla- 
brous or  somewhat  soft-pubescent;  leaves  pinnately  divided  or 


Orobanchaceae  373 

parted,  the  segments  oblong,  doubly  serrate-toothed  or  incised ; 
spike  terminal,  dense  or  at  length  loose;  bracts  linear,  ciliate  or 
serrulate  toward  the  apex,  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  calyx 
5-angled,  equally  or  unequally  5-toothed,  6-8  mm.  long;  corolla 
crimson,  2.5  cm.  long  or  more;  galea  large,  somewhat  broader 
above,  strongly  arched,  lower  lip  small,  of  3  rounded  teeth ;  fila- 
ments glabrous. 

Laurel  Canyon,  Santa  Monica  Mountains,  Davidson.    February. 

2.  P.  semibarbata  Gray.  Nearly  acaulescent,  depressed,  more 
or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  in  a  basal  tuft,  15-20  cm.  long,  on  petioles 
mostly  exceeding  the  irregular  sessile  spikes,  2-pinnately  parted 
or  nearly  so,  the  oblong  lobes  laciniately  few-toothed;  corolla 
yellowish,  tinged  with  purple,  pubescent  without,  about  2  cm. 
long;  galea  nearly  straight;  filaments  villous  above. 

Frequent  on  dry  ridges  in  the  open  pine  forests  of  all  our  mountains. 
May-July. 


Family  87.  OROBANCHACEAE.     BROOM-RAPE 
FAMILY. 

Erect  simple  or  branched,  brown,  yellow,  purplish  or 
nearly  white  root-parasites.  Leaves  reduced  to  alternate 
appressed  scales.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular,  sessile  in 
terminal  bracted  spikes,  or  solitary  and  peduncled  in  the 
axils  of  the  scales.  Calyx  4-5-toothed  or  4-5-cleft,  or 
split  on  one  or  both  sides  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base. 
Corolla  more  or  less  oblique,  the  limb  2-lipped,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  alternate  with  the  lobes,  a  fifth  rudimentary  one 
sometimes  present.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  4 
parietal  placentae  ;  ovules  numerous  ;  style  slender ; 
stigma  discoid,  2-lobed  or  4-lobed.  Capsule  1-celled, 
2-valved. 

Flowers  bractless,  nearly  regular.  1.  THALESIA. 

Flowers  bracteate,  strongly  2-lipped.  2.  OBOBANCHE. 


374  Qrobanchaceae 


1.  THALESIA  Raf. 

Glandular  or  viscid-pubescent  simple-stemmed  herbs, 
parasitic  on  the  roots  of  various  plants,  with  scattered 
scales,  and  long-peduncled  yellowish,  white  or  violet  per- 
fect bractless  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate  or  hemi- 
spheric, nearly  equally  5-cleft,  the  lobes  acute  or  acumi- 
nate. Corolla  oblique  ;  the  tube  elongated,  curved  ;  the 
limb  slightly  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  erect-spreading, 
2-lobed  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  all 
nearly  equal.  Stamens  included  ;  anther-sacs  mucro- 
nate  at  the  base.  Ovary  ovoid  ;  style  slender,  decidu- 
ous ;  stigma  peltate  or  slightly  2-lobed. 

1.  T.  fasciculata  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Stem  erect,  5-10  cm.  high, 
densely  glandular-pubescent,  bearing  several  scales  and  3-15  naked 
1-flowered  peduncles,  2.5-10  cm.  long;  calyx  broadly  campanu- 
late, 6-10  mm.  long,  its  lobes  triangular-lanceolate  or  triangular- 
ovate,  acute,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  about  2 
cm.  long,  purplish-yellow,  puberulent  within;  the  curved  tube  3 
times  as  long  as  the  limb;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse.  (Aphyllon 
fasciculatum  Gray. ) 

Occasional  in  rather  dry  ground  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Moun- 
tains; growing  on  the  roots  of  various  shrubs.  May-July. 

2.  OBOBANCHE  L. 

Glandular-pubescent,  erect,  simple  or  branched  herbs, 
parasitic  on  the  roots  of  various  plants,  with  scattered 
scales,  and  spicate  or  racemose  perfect  bracted  and  some- 
times bracteolate  flowers.  Calyx  split  both  above  and 
below,  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  the  divisions  2-cleft 
or  rarely  entire,  or  more  or  less  unequally  2-5-toothed. 
Corolla  oblique,  strongly  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  emar- 
ginate  or  2-lobed  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens 
included  ;  anther-sacs  mostly  mucronate  at  the  base. 


Plantaginaceae  375 

Ovary  ovoid  ;  style  slender,  commonly  persistent ;  stigma 
peltate  to  funnelform,  entire  or  slightly  2-lobed. 

1.  O.  Californicum  C.  &  8.     Viscid-pubescent;   stems  stout, 
usually  simple,   5-15    cm.   high ;    flowers    crowded  in   a  dense 
raceme;  pedicels  2-4  or  the  lower  sometimes  10  cm.  long;  bract- 
lets  close  to  the  calyx;  calyx-segments  linear-lanceolate,  about 
equaling  the  yellowish  or  purplish  corolla,  this  2-2.5  cm.  long; 
anthers  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy. 

Elysian  Park,  Davidson. 

2.  O.  tuberosa  (Gray)  Heller.     Pruinose-puberulent ;   stems 
stout,  with  a  thickened  tuber-like  base,  15   cm.  high   or  less ; 
spikes  dense,  corymbose-glomerate  at  the  summit  of  the  thickened 
stem  ;  flowers  subsessile  or  on  short  pedicels ;  calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late, equaling  the  corolla-tube;   corolla  yellowish,  about  10-15 
mm.  long;  anthers  glabrous. 

Echo  Mountain  among  shrubs,  McClatchie. 


Family  88.  PLANTAGINACEAE.     PLANTAIN 
FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  mostly  acaulescent  rarely  stolon- 
iferous  herbs,  with  basal,  in  the  caulescent  species  oppo- 
site or'  alternate,  leaves,  and  small  perfect,  polygamous 
or  monoecious  flowers,  bracteolate  in  dense  terminal 
long-scaped  spikes  or  heads,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx 
persistent,.  4-parted.  Corolla  hypogynous,  scarious  or 
membranous,  mostly  marcescent,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4  or 
2,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube  or  throat ;  filaments  fili- 
form ;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehis- 
cent. Ovary  superior,  1-2-celled  or  falsely  3-4-celled. 
Style  filiform,  simple,  mostly  longitudinally  stigmatic. 
Ovules  1-several  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  membranous  or 
coriaceous  capsule,  circumscissile  at  or  below  the  middle. 
Seeds  peltate. 


376  Plantaginaceae 

1.  PLANTAGO  L.     PLANTAIN. 
Characters  of  the  family. 

*  Corolla  closed  over  the  mature  capsule,  forming  a  beak. 

1.  P.  hirtella  H.  B.  K.     Perennial  from  a  thick  root,  hirsute, 
especially  the  scape  and  leaves;   leaves  oblong-oblanceolate  to 
narrowly  oblong,  5  dm.  long  or  less,  tapering  below  to  a  short 
petiole,  sparsely  dentate ;  scape  usually  longer  than  the  leaves, 
stout,  erect;  spike  15-30  cm.  long,  dense,  except  at  base;  corolla 
persistent,  its  lobes  closed  over  the  capsule;  seeds  3. 

Occasional  in  low  ground  in  the  coast  valleys. 

**  Corolla  remaining  expanded  over  the  mature  capsule. 
•*-  Perennials. 

2.  P.  lanceolata  L.     More  or  less  villous  with  tufts  of  brown- 
ish hairs  at  the  base  of  the  leaves;  leaves  erect  or  spreading, 
oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  slender  petiole,  strongly 
3-5-ribbed,  3  dm.  long  or  less,  entire;  scapes  exceeding  the  leaves, 
channeled,  slender;  spike  very  dense,  becoming  cylindric,  10  cm. 
long  or  less  ;  sepals  ovate,  with  green  midrib  and  scarious  margins ; 
pyxis  oblong;  ovary  obtuse,  2-seeded,  circurnscissile  at  about  the 
middle. 

Common  in  low  ground  throughout  our  range. 

3.  P.  major  L.     Glabrous  or  sometimes  sparsely  pubescent; 
leaves  spreading,  long-petioled,  mostly  ovate,  narrowed  or  round- 
ed at  base,  entire  or  coarsely  dentate,  2  dm.  long  or  less ;  scapes 
exceeding  the  leaves,  erect,  3  dm.  long  or  less;  spikes  2  dm.  long 
or  less;   pyxis  ovoid,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle,  5-16- 
seeded. 

Frequent  in  low  ground. 

•*-  •«-  Annuals. 

4.  P.  erecta  Morris.     Annual,  silky  pubescent,  6-15  cm.  high; 
leaves  erect,  narrowly  linear  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  about  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  scapes  or  nearly  equaling  the  shorter  ones ; 
scapes  1  or  few ;  spikes  few-many-flowered,  capitate  or  oblong,  15 
cm.  long  or  usually  less;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  scarious-margined 


Rubiaceae  377 

with  brownish  midrib;  pyxis  ovate,  truncate,  purplish  above, 
circumscissile  at  the  lower  third ;  seeds  2. 

Very  common  on  dry  plains  and  in  the  foothills  throughout  our  range. 

5.  P.  erecta  obversa  (Morris).  A  more  robust  form  ;  leaves  with 
few  to  several  callous  denticulations ;  scapes  usually  numerous ; 
spikes  15-40  cm.  long;  capsule  circumscissile  near  the  middle. 
(P.  obversa  Morris.) 

Occasional  in  sandy  soil  toward  the  coast,  also  on  Catalina  Island.  In 
our  opinion  not  a  good  species  and  scarcely  worthy  of  varietal  distinction. 

6.  P.  Bigelovii  Gray.     Very  slender,  annual,  1  dm.  high  or 
ess;   leaves  very  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  glabrous;    scapes 

very  slender,  slightly  pubescent  above ;  spikes  slender,  about  15 
mm.  long  and  4  mm.  broad,  often  much  shorter  and  reduced  to 
4-5  flowers;  calyx  broadly  scarious-margined ;  pyxis  oblong-ovate, 
much  exceeding  the  calyx,  circumscissile  at  the  lower  third. 

Known  within  our  limits  only  from  Inglewood,  where  it  occurs  in  low  ex- 
siccated places. 

Family  89.  RUBIACEAE.     MADDER  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  woody  plants  with  simple,  opposite  or  verti- 
cillate,  mostly  stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect,  often  dimor- 
phous or  trimorphous  regular  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  its  limb  various.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  often 
pubescent  within.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  its  tube  or 
throat  ;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehis- 
cent. Ovary  inferior,  2-5-celled  ;  style  simple  or  lobed  ; 
ovules  1-many  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry. 
Seeds  various. 

1.  GALIUM  L.     BEDSTRAW. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  rarely  suffrutescent, 
with  4-angled  slender  stems  and  branches,  apparently 
verticillate  leaves,  and  small  white  green  yellow  or 
purple  flowers,  mostly  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes  or 
panicles.  Flowers  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious.  Calyx- 


378  Rubiaceae 

tube  ovoid  or  globose,  the  limb  minutely  toothed  or 
wanting.  Corolla  rotate,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4,  alternate 
with  the  corolla-lobes  ;  filaments  short.  Ovary  2-celled  ; 
ovules  1  in  each  cavity.  Styles  2,  short ;  stigmas  capi- 
tate. Fruit  biglobular,  dry  or  fleshy,  smooth,  tubercu- 
late  or  hispid,  separating  into  2  indehiscent  carpels. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  G.  Aparine  L.      Diffuse,  weak,  climbing  over  herbaceous 
plants,  setulose  or  hispidulous-roughened ;  leaves  in  whorls  of 
7-8,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  mucronate, 
tapering  to  a  rather  narrow  base,  15-45  mm.  long ;  flowers  white 
or  whitish ;  fruit  thickly  beset  with  whitish  hooked  hairs. 

Frequent  on  grassy  hillsides  in  shady  places.    March-April. 

**  Perennials. 

•*-  Fruit  dry,  smooth;  flowers  perfect. 

2.  G.  trifidum  subbiflorum  Wiegand.     Perennial  with  slender 
rootstock  and  slender  weak  wholly  herbaceous  ascending  stems, 
4  dm.  high  or  less,  much  branched  and  intermangled,  sharply 
4-angled,  somewhat  scabrous ;  leaves  in  4's,  linear-spatulate,  very 
unequal,  8-10  mm.  long,  obtuse,  cuneate  at  the  base,  flaccid  and 
nearly  smooth;   pedicels  capillary,  equaling  the  leaves,  nearly 
glabrous,  rarely  2-3-flowered ;   corolla  minute,  white,  its  lobes 
trifid,  very  obtuse;  fruit  glabrdus. 

Occasional  in  shady  places,  mostly  in  the  interior  valleys. 

•*-•*-  Fruit  dry,  hispid. 

3.  G.   angustifolium  Nutt.     Suffrutescent   at  base,  3-8  dm. 
high,  with  rigid  virgate  branches,  glabrous  or  minutely  scabrous; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,   1-nerved,   12-20  mm.  long ;   dioecious ; 
cymes  small,  in  narrow  panicles,  the  fertile  ones  more  or  less 
condensed  ;  corolla  dull  white,  about  3  mm.  broad ;  bristles  of  the 
fruit  about  the  length  of  the  body. 

Frequent  on  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore,  and  in  the  foothills,  often 
ascending  to  4000  feet  altitude. 

4.  G.    siccatum    Wight.      Somewhat    suffrutescent    below, 
branched  and  bushy,  sometimes  reclining,  the  whole  plant  ciner- 
eous-puberulent ;  leaves  linear,  8-16  mm.  long,  not  rigid,  barely 


Madder  Family  379 

mucronulate;  inflorescence  cymose-paniculate;  flowers  polyga- 
mous, greenish-yellow;  fruit  2  mm.  broad,  densely  hispid  with 
straight  hairs. 

Wilson's  Peak,  McClatchie;  Santa  Monica  Mountains. 

-«--«--*-  Fruit  fleshy  or  berry-like,  hispid,  pubescent  or  smooth. 

5.  G.  grande  McClatchie.    Suffrutescent,  evergreen,  the  woody 
steins  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  10-24  dm.  long,  erect  or  reclining  on 
bushes  ;  herbaceous  branches  and  leaves  cinereous-hirsute  or  his- 
pidulous ;  leaves  in  4's,  elliptic-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  6-12 
mm.  long ;  flowers  numerous,  polygamous,  greenish-yellow,  termi- 
nal or  sometimes  axillary,  1-5  on  a  peduncle,  2-5  mm.  broad ; 
ovary  densely  hirsute;  mature  fruit  baccate,  clothed  with  stiff 
hairs,  at  first  white,  becoming  black,  about  4  mm.  broad. 

Frequent  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel 
Mountains. 

6.  G.  Californicum  H.  &  A.     Wholly  herbaceous,  from  slen- 
der creeping  rootstocks,  often  in  low  tufts,  8-30  mm.  high,  hirsute 
throughout;  stems  slender;  leaves  in  4's,  thin,  ovate  to  elliptic, 
acute  or  acuminate,  6-12  mm.  long;   flowers  polygamous,  few, 
terminal,  yellowish-white;  fruit  baccate,  clothed  with  scattered 
hairs,   pearly  white,  changing  to  black  in  drying,  2-3  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Frequent  in  all  the  mountains,  mostly  above  3000  feet  altitude. 

7.  G.  Nuttallii  Gray.     Suffrutescent  below,   often  climbing, 
6-15  dm.  high,  the  angles  of  the  stems  and  margins  of  the  leaves 
roughened  or  hispidulous,   otherwise  glabrous ;    leaves  in  4's, 
thickish,  oval  to  linear-oblong,  mucronulate  or  obtuse,  3-6  mm. 
long;  fruit  glabrous,  purple,  4  mm.  broad. 

Common  in  the  foothills  throughout  our  range. 

8.  G.  Andrews!!  Gray.     Densely  matted,  the  prostrate  stems 
rooting  at  the  joints,  5-10  cm.  long,  grayish,  sparsely  scabrous  or 
smooth  ;  leaves  crowded,  acerose-subulate,  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers 
dioecious,  male  slender-pedicelled  in  few-flowered  terminal  cymes, 
female  solitary,  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  leaves  which  are  longer 
than   the  at  length  reflexed  pedicel;   berry  whitish,  becoming 
dark-colored. 

On  dry  ridges  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  extending 
into  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel,  San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca  Moun- 
tains. 


380  Caprifoliaceae 

Family  90.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     HONEYSUCKLE 
FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  vines  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite 
simple  or  pinnate  leaves,  and  perfect,  regular  or  irregu- 
lar, mostly  cymose  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  3-5-toothed  or  3-5-lobed.  Corolla  5-lobed, 
sometimes  2-lipped.  Stamens  5,  rarely  4,  inserted  on  the 
corolla-tube  and  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  anthers  versa- 
tile, 2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  inferior, 
1-6-celled  ;  style  slender  ;  stigma  capitate  or  2-5-lobed  ; 
ovules  1-several  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe 
or  capsule. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound;  flowers  rotate.  1.  SAMBDCUS. 

Leaves  simple. 

Berry  white;  corolla  short  campanulate.  2.  SYMPHOBICABPCS. 

Berry  red  or  black;  corolla  tubular,  somewhat  irregular. 

3.  LONICERA. 

1.  SAMBUCUS  L.     ELDER. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  pinnate  leaves,  serrate 
or  laciniate  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  pinkish  flowers 
in  compound  depressed  or  thyrsoid  cymes.  Calyx-tube 
ovoid  or  turbinate,  3-5-toothed  or  3-5-lobed.  Corolla 
rotate  or  slightly  campanulate,  regular,  3-5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  ;  filaments 
slender.  Ovary  3-5-celled  ;  style  3-parted  ;  ovules  1  in 
each  cell,  pendulous.  Drupe  berry-like,  containing  3-5 
1-seeded  nutlets. 

1.  S.  glauca  Nutt.  Bushy  or  arborescent,  2-5  m.  high,  the 
largest  specimens  tree-like ;  leaves  coriaceous,  glabrous ;  leaflets 
5-7,  lanceolate,  ovate  or  obovate,  mostly  abruptly  acuminate,  ser- 
rate except  at  the  acuminate  apex,  2.5-8  cm.  long;  inflorescence 
5-rayed,  each  ray  again  1-3  times  5-rayed,  forming  a  flat-topped 
cyme,  8-15  cm.  broad;  flowers  white,  7  mm.  broad;  fruit  blue 
beneath  the  white  bloom. 

Frequent  on  low  hills  and  in  washes  in  all  the  valleys.    May-June. 


Honeysuckle  Family  381 

2.  SYMPHOBICABPUS  Juss.     SNOWBERRY. 

Shrubs  with  opposite  deciduous  short-petioled  simple 
leaves,  and  small  white  or  pink  perfect  flowers  in  axil- 
lary or  terminal  clusters.  Calyx-tube  nearly  globular, 
the  limb  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  campanulate  or  salver- 
shaped,  regular  or  sometimes  gibbous  at  the  base,  4-5- 
lobed.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Ovary 
4-celled,  2  of  the  cells  containing  several  abortive  ovules, 
the  others  each  with  a  single  suspended  ovule  ;  style 
filiform  ;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or 
globose  4-celled  2-seeded  berry. 

1.  S.  mollis  Nutt.  Low,  much  branched  shrub,  about  3  dm. 
high,  the  branches  mostly  erect;  leaves  oval  or  elliptic,  mostly  1 
cm.  long,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  or  more  so  on  the  lower  sur- 
face; corolla  rose-red,  barely  pubescent  within;  berry  globose, 
8-12  mm.  in  diameter,  pulp  snowy. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  the  mountains  and  foothills. 

3.  LONICEBA  L.    HONEYSUCKLE. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves, 
and  usually  somewhat  irregular  spicate,  capitate  or  gem- 
inate flowers.  Calyx- tube  ovoid  or  nearly  globular,  the 
limb  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  funnelform  or 
campanulate,  often  gibbous  at  base,  the  limb  5-toothed, 
more  or  less  oblique  or  2-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-3-celled  ;  ovules  numer- 
ous in  each  cell,  pendulous ;  style  slender ;  stigma  cap- 
itate. Berry  fleshy,  usually  2-3-celled,  few-seeded. 

1.  L.  subspicata  H.  &  A.  Bushy,  more  or  less  pubescent  or 
glandular  above,  1-1.5  m.  high;  leaves  rounded  to  elliptic,  2  cm. 
long  or  less,  all  distinct  and  petioled,  coriaceous,  pale  beneath ; 
inflorescence  in  rather  short  interrupted  spikes,  terminating  leafy 
branches;  flowers  yellow,  glandular-pubescent  without;  corolla- 
tube  4-5  mm.  long ;  limb  equaling  the  tube,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
with  4  short  rounded  lobes,  the  lower  narrow,  entire,  somewhat 
gibbous  at  base;  anthers  4  mm.  long;  filaments  pubescent  below. 

Frequent  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  the  hills  and  mountains. 


382  Valerianaceae 


Family  91.  VALERIANACEAE.     VALERIAN 
FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  opposite  exstipulate  leaves,  and  usually 
small  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers,  in  corymbed, 
panicled  or  capitate  cymes.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  its  limb  inconspicuous  or  none  in  flower, 
becoming  prominent  in  fruit.  Corolla  epigynous,  some- 
what irregular,  its  tube  narrow,  sometimes  gibbous  or 
spurred  at  base  ;  limb  spreading,  mostly  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 1-4,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
its  lobes.  Ovary  inferior,  1-3-celled,  1  of  the  cells 
containing  a  single  suspended  ovule,  the  others  empty. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  dry,  containing  a  single  suspended 
seed. 

1.  PLECTBITIS  DC. 

Annual  herbs  with  simple  or  rarely  with  very  slen- 
der branches  and  usually  entire  leaves,  the  cauline 
commonly  sessile.  Flowers  small,  borne  in  glomerules 
at  the  end  of  the  stem  or  branches,  or  the  glomerules 
in  interrupted  or  dense  spikes.  Calyx-limb  obsolete. 
Corolla  usually  pink,  more  or  less  bilabiate,  spurred 
or  gibbous  at  base.  Wings  of  the  fruit  commonly  in- 
curved and  forming  a  circular  hollow  or  cavity  on  the 
side. 

1.  P.  minor  (Hook.).  Slender,  1-2  dm.  high;  leaves  linear 
or  narrowly  oblong;  corolla  about  2  mm.  long  ;  the  spur 
longer  than  the  tube ;  fruit  more  or  less  hispid,  dorsally  carinate ; 
the  carina  2-grooved ;  lateral  wings  broad,  each  with  a  more  or 
less  obvious  lobe  at  apex,  spreading  or  incurved.  ( Valerianella 
macrocera  Gray;  P.  congesta  minor  Hook.) 

Occasional  on  shady  hillsides.    March. 


Dipsaceae  383 


Family  92.  DIPSACEAE.     TEASEL  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  opposite  or  verticillate  exstipulate  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  borne  on  an  elongated  or  globose  recep- 
tacle, bracted  and  involucrate.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  its  limb  cup-shaped  or  disk-shaped,  or  divided 
into  spreading  bristles.  Corolla  epigynous,  the  limb 
2-5-lobed.  Stamens  2-4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  filaments  distinct. 
Ovary  inferior,  1-celled  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  undi- 
vided, terminal  or  lateral ;  ovule  1,  pendulous.  Fruit 
an  achene,  its  apex  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx- 
lobes. 

1.  DIPSACUS  L. 

Rough-hairy  or  prickly,  tall  erect  biennial  or  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  opposite  dentate  or  pinnatifid,  usu- 
ally large  leaves,  and  blue  or  lilac  flowers  in  dense 
terminal  peduncled  oblong  heads.  Bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre and  scales  of  the  receptacle  rigid  or  spiny-toothed. 
Calyx-limb  cup-shaped,  4-toothed  or  4-lobed.  Corolla 
oblique  or  2-lipped,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4.  Stigmas 
oblique  or  lateral.  Achene  free  or  adnate  to  the  in- 
volucel. 

1.  D.  fullonum  L.  (FULLER'S-TEASEL.)  Biennial,  stout,  with 
numerous  short  prickles  on  the  stem,  branches,  midribs  of  the 
leaves  and  involucre,  otherwise  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1-2  m. 
high ;  leaves  sessile  or  the  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate,  lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  entire,  the  lower  obtuse,  crenate;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  spreading  or  reflexed,  shorter  than  the  head;  heads 
ovoid,  becoming  cylindric,  6-10  cm.  long;  scales  of  the  receptacle 
with  hooked  tips,  about  equaling  the  flowers;  flowers  lilac,  8-12 
mm.  long. 

Occasional  in  moist  places  about  Los  Angeles.    Native  of  Europe. 


384  Cucurbitaceae 

Family  93.  CUCURBITACEAE.     GOURD  FAMILY. 

Herbaceous  vines,  climbing  or  trailing  by  means  of 
tendrils,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  or 
racemose  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  usually  5-lobed.  Petals 
usually  5,  inserted  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx,  separate  or 
united.  Stamens  mostly  3,  2  of  them  with  2-celled 
anthers,  the  other  with  a  1-celled  anther  ;  filaments 
short,  often  somewhat  united.  Ovary  1-3-celled  ;  style 
simple  or  lobed  ;  ovules  few  or  numerous.  Fruit  a  pepo, 
indehiscent  or  rarely  dehiscent  at  the  summit,  or  burst- 
ing irregularly.  Seeds  usually  flat. 

Flowers  yellow,  large;  fruit  indehiscent,  smooth.  1.  CUCURBITA. 

Flowers  white  or  greenish,  small;  fruit  dehiscent  at  summit,  prickly. 

2.  MlCRAMPELIS. 

1.  CUCURBITA  L. 

Rough  prostrate  vines,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  with 
branched  tendrils,  usually  lobed  leaves  which  are  often 
cordate  at  the  base,  and  large  yellow  axillary  monoecious 
flowers.  Calyx-tube  campanulate,  usually  5-lobed.  Co- 
rolla campanulate,  5-lobed  to  about  the  middle,  the 
lobes  recurving.  Staminate  flowers  with  3  stamens,  the 
anthers  linear,  more  or  less  united.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  1  pistil ;  ovary  oblong,  with  3-5  many-ovuled  pla- 
centae ;  style  short,  thick  ;  stigmas  3—5,  each  2-lobed, 
papillose  ;  staminodia  3.  Fruit  large  fleshy,  with  a 
thick  rind,  many-seeded,  indehiscent. 

1.  C.  foetidissima  H.  B.  K.  (CALABAZILLA  or  MOCK-ORANGE.) 
Stems  stout,  rough,  hirsute,  trailing  to  a  length  of  2-5  m. ;  root 
very  large,  carrot-shaped;  leaves  ovate-triangular,  cordate  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  1-3  dm.  long,  denticulate, 
usually  slightly  3-5-lobed,  rough  above,  canescent  beneath,  on 
stout  petioles,  8-15  cm.  long;  peduncles  2.5-5  cm.  long;  flowers 
mostly  solitary;  corolla  7-10  cm.  long;  pepo  globose,  5-10  cm.  in 
diameter,  smooth. 

Frequent  on  dry  sandy  soil  throughout  our  range. 


Campanulaceae  385 

2.  MICBAMPELIS  Raf. 

Mostly  climbing  herbs,  with  branched  tendrils,  lobed 
divided  or  angled  leaves,  and  small  white  or  greenish- 
white  monoecious  flowers.  Calyx-tube  campanulate, 
5-6-toothed.  Corolla  very  deeply  5-6-parted.  Stamens 
3  in  the  staminate.  flowers ;  the  anthers  more  or  lese 
coherent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  2-4-celled  ovary  ; 
style  very  short ;  stigma  hemispheric  or  lobed.  Fruit 
fleshy  or  dry  at  maturity,  densely  spiny,  1-2-celled, 
dehiscent  at  the  summit, 

1.  M.  macrocarpa  Greene.  Nearly  glabrous;  stems  much 
branched,  climbing  over  shrubs,  from  a  very  large  fusiform  root; 
leaves  about  1-1.5  dm.  "broad,  with  a  closed  sinus,  5-cleft  to  the 
middle  or  below  it,  the  divisions  slightly  3-5-lobed,  mucronate; 
fruit  ovoid-oblong,  8-12  cm.  long,  usually  densely  echinate  with 
stout  but  rather  soft  spines,  the  longest  often  5  cm.  long,  usually 
12-14-seeded ;  seed  ovoid,  18  mm.  long,  light  brown,  encircled  by 
a  dark  marginal  line. 

Frequent  in  the  hills  and  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  the  mountains. 
February-May.  Commonly  called  chilicothe  or  wild  cucumber. 

Family  94.  CAMPANULACEAE.     BELLFLOWER 
FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  alternate  exstipulate  entire  dentate  or 
rarely  lobed  leaves,  acrid  and  usually  milky  juice,  and 
racemose,  spicate,  paniculate  or  solitary  perfect  flowers. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  mostly  5-lobed 
or  5-parted.  Corolla  regular  or  irregular,  its  limb  5-lobed, 
regular  or  more  or  less  2-lipped,  or  corolla  rarely  divided 
into  separate  petals.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
corolla-lobes,  inserted  with  the  corolla  on  the  calyx 
where  it  becomes  free  from  the  ovary  ;  filaments  separate 
or  connate  ;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  separate  or  united. 
Ovary  2-5-celled  or  rarely  6-10-celled,  the  placentae  pro- 
jecting from  the  axis  or  with  2  parietal  placentae  ;  style 


386  Campanulaceae 

simple  ;  stigma  mostly  2-5-lobed.  Fruit  a  capsule  or 
berry.  Seeds  numerous  and  small ;  embryo  minute, 
straight;  endosperm  fleshy.  (Including  the  family 
Lobeliaceae  of  some  authors.) 

Corolla  regular;  stamens  separate. 

Capsule  opening  on  the  side  by  2-3  valves,  which  leave  small  round  per- 
forations. 1.  LEGOUZIA. 
Capsule  opening  by  a  hole  left  by  the  falling  away  of  the  base  of  the  style. 

2.  GlTHOPSIS. 

Corolla  irregular;  stamens  more  or  less  united. 

Anthers  free,  filaments  more  or  less  united ;  flowers  minute. 

3.  NEMACLADUS. 
Anthers  connate. 

Corolla-tube  open  to  the  base  on  1  side.  4.  LOBELIA. 

Corolla-tube  closed.  5.  PALMERELLA. 

1.  LEGOUZIA  Durand. 

Annual  herbs  with  long  slender  stems  and  branches, 
alternate  toothed  or  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  2-bracted 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.  The  earlier  flowers  small, 
cleistogamous,  the  latter  with  a  blue  or  purple,  nearly 
rotate  corolla.  Calyx-tube  narrow,  the  lobes  in  the 
earlier  flowers  3-4,  in  the  latter  4-5.  Corolla  5-lobed  or 
5-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Filaments 
flat ;  anthers  separate,  linear.,  Ovary  3-celled  or  rarely 
2-celled  or  4-celled  ;  stigma  usually  3-lobed.  Capsule 
opening  by  lateral  valves. 

1.  L.  biflora  (R.  &  P.)  Britton.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  stem 
simple  or  branched,  roughish  on  the  angles,  15-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  or 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  crenate  with  few  teeth  or  entire,  8  20  mm. 
long;  the  calyx-lobes  of  the  earlier  flowers  ovate  to  lanceolate,  of 
the  later  lanceolate-subulate ;  capsule  oblpng-cylindric,  6-10  mm. 
long,  opening  by  valves  close  under  the  calyx-teeth.  (Specularia 
biflora  Gray.) 

Occasional  on  grassy  slopes. 

2.  GlTHOPSIS  Nutt. 

Slender  annuals  with  rather  small  linear-oblong  coarse- 
ly toothed  sessile  leaves.  iFlowers  simply  terminating 


Bellflower  Family  387 

the  branches  or  becoming  lateral,  erect,  all  alike.  Calyx- 
tube  club-shaped,  ,strongly  10-ribbed,  adnate  to  the  sum- 
mit of  the  ovary,  its  limb  of  5  long  and  linear  foliaceous 
lobes.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate,  5-lobed.  Fila- 
ments short,  dilated  at  the  base  ;  anthers  long,  linear. 
Ovary  3-celled  ;  stigma  3-lobed,  Capsule  club-shaped, 
coriaceous,  crowned  with  the  rigid  calyx-lobes  of  its  own 
length,  strongly  striate-ribbed,  many-seeded,opening  when 
the  somewhat  persistent  base  of  the  style  falls  away 
by  a  round  hole  in  its  place.  Seeds  fusiform-oblong. 

1.  G.  specularioides  Nutt.  Stems  simple  or  with  1-2  prolifer- 
ous branches,  5-20  cm.  high,  hirsute  or  glabrate;  leaves  linear- 
oblong,  6-10  mm.  long,  the  lower  obovate,  2-4  mm.  long,  all 
sharply  few-toothed;  calyx-lobes  6-18  mm.  long,  shorter  than  or 
much  exceeding  the  corolla;  corolla  purplish,  its  lobes  shorter 
than  the  tube ;  capsule  turgid,  tapering  into  a  very  short  peduncle. 

Hills  about  Soldiers  Home,  Basse. 

3.  NEMACLADUS  Nutt. 

Low  and  diffusely  branched  annuals,  with  numerous 
capillary  branches,  cauline  leaves  minute,  sessile,  sub- 
tending the  dichotomous  branches.  Flowers  minute  on 
rather  long  capillary  pedicels.  Calyx  partly  or  wholly 
free.  Corolla  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed  or  2-parted, 
the  lower  3-lobed  or  3-parted.  Filaments  monadelphous 
to  near  the  base  ;  anthers  oval,  glabrous.  Style  incurved 
at  the  tip  ;  stigmas  capitate,  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled, 
2-valved  from  the  tip,  7-40-seeded. 

1.  N.  ramosissimus  montanus  (Greene)  Gray.  Glabrous 
throughout  or  sparsely  puberulent  below  and  occasionally  with 
some  villous  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels  ;  stems  diffusely  and 
diehotomously  branched,  very  slender,  1-2  dm.  high ;  basal  leaves 
obovate,  denticulate,  1  cm.  long;  pedicels  1-1.5  cm.  long,  curved 
upward;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long,  the  lobes  equaling  the  tube; 
corolla  white,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx;  capsule  7-12-seeded; 
seeds  favose-reticulated,  ovate-oblong. 

Frequent  in  open  pine  forests  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains. 


388  Campanulaceae 

2.  N.  raxnosissimus  pinnatifidus  (Greene)  Gray.  Much  re- 
sembling the  last;  basal  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1-2-pinnatifid, 
the  cauline  toothed ;  capsule  15-25-seeded ;  seeds  short-oblong. 

San  Gabriel  Mountains,  Allen. 

4.  LOBELIA  L. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  racemose, 
spicate  or  paniculate,  often  leafy-bracted  flowers.  Calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Corolla-tube  straight,  oblique 
or  incurved,  divided  to  the  base  on  1  side,  2-lobed  ;  the 
lobe  on  each  side  of  the  cleft  erect  or  recurved,  turned 
away  from  the  other  3,  which  are  somewhat  united. 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla-tube,  monadelphous  at 
least  above  ;  2  or  all  the  5  anthers  with  a  tuft  of  hairs 
at  the  tip,  all  united.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  the  2  parietal 
placentae  many-ovuled  ;  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Cap- 
sule loculicidally  2-valved. 

1.  L.  splendens  Willd.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect, 
commonly  simple,  4-8  dm.  high ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  almost 
linear,  glandular-denticulate,  all  but  the  lower  sessile,  10  cm. 
long  or  less;  flowers  in  a  rather  close  often  elongated  raceme; 
calyx-tube  hemispheric,  4  mm.  long,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate, 
8  mm.  long;  corolla  bright  red,  2  cm.  long,  the  tube  narrow,  the 
lobes  about  8  mm.  long;  seeds  oblong,  somewhat  rugose-tubercu- 
late. 

Along  streams  in  wet  places  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt 
of  the  San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

5.  PALMERELLA  Gray. 

Slender  erect  or  spreading  herbs,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  with  mostly  lanceolate  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  and 
blue  flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes.  Calyx-tube  tur- 
binate,  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla-tube  elongated,  linear 
and  straight,  not  at  all  dilated  at  the  throat  ;  the  short 
limb  abruptly  spreading  ;  2  lobes  small,  spatulate-linear 
and  recurving,  the  3  larger  obovate  or  oblong,  slightly 
united  at  the  base.  Filaments  more  or  less  adnate  to 


Compositae  389 

the  corolla  up  to  near  the  throat,  then  monadelphous 
and  free,  or  adnate  on  1  side  only  ;  anthers  oblong,  the 
3  larger  naked,  the  2  shorter  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  very 
short  bristles.  Ovary  and  capsule  as  in  Lobelia. 

1.  L.  debilis  serrata  Gray.  Stems  simple  or  rarely  branched 
above,  2-6  dm.  high,  very  leafy,  glabrous  except  the  inflorescence, 
this  puberulent ;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate-linear  or  lanceolate, 
the  lower  broader,  spatulate  to  obovate,  all  sharply  serrate, 
the  uppermost  passing  into  slender  bracts ;  racemes  few-many- 
flowered ;  pedicels  slender ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly-subulate,  twice 
the  length  of  the  tube,  and  nearly  equaling  the  corolla ;  corolla- 
tube  slender,  2  cm.  long,  in  age  splitting  up  from  the  base  as  in 
Lobelia,  pale  blue ;  the  larger  lobes  deep  violet,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  moist  places  in  the  canyons  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa 
Ana  Mountains. 

Family  95.  COMPOSITAE.     SUNFLOWER  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  or 
opposite  leaves.  Flowers  in  heads,  borne  on  the  enlarged 
summit  of  the  peduncle  (receptacle)  and  surrounded  by 
the  bracts  of  the  involucre.  Receptacle  naked  or  with 
bracts  subtending  the  flowers  or  with  bristles  among  the 
flowers.  Calyx-tube  united  with  the  ovary,  the  limb 
when  present  called  pappus,  and  consisting  of  awns, 
hairs,  bristles,  scales  or  paleae.  Corolla  tubular  and 
5-toothed  or  5-lobed,  or  the  limb  strap-shaped  (ligulate) 
and  toothed  or  entire  at  the  apex,  those  of  a  head  all 
tubular,  all  ligulate  or  of  both  kinds.  When  both  kinds 
are  present  the  marginal  ones  are  ligulate  and  are  called 
ray-flowers,  the  inner  are  tubular  and  are  called  disk- 
flowers.  Stamens  5  ;  filaments  free  ;  anthers  united  and 
forming  a  tube,  or  nearly  or  quite  free  in  Ambrosiae  and 
the  filaments  more  or  less  cohering.  Styles  2-lobed,  the 
lobes  stigmatic  on  the  inner  surface.  Ovary  1-celled, 
becoming  an  achene  in  fruit.  Pappus  commonly  per- 
sistent. 


390  Eupatorieae 


KEY    TO    THE    TRIBES. 

Heads  all  alike,  composed  of  both  ray-  and  disk-flowers  or  of  disk-flowers  only. 
Anthers  not  caudate  at  base. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  well-imbricated. 

Style-branches   stigmatic  only  below  the  middle;  flowers  never 
yellow;  rays  none.  l.  EDPATORIEAE. 

Style-branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  stigmatic  to  or  above  the 
middle,  the  upper  sterile  portion  forming  a  flattened  ap- 
pendage. 2.  ASTEBEAE. 
Style -branches  stigmatic  up  to  the  truncate  apex. 

Bracts  herbaceous ;  herbage  not  aromatic.     7.  HELENIEAE. 
Bracts  with  soarious  margins;  herbage  aromatic  or  strong- 
scented.  8.  ANTHEMIDEAE. 
Bracts  usually  in  1  series;  pappus  generally  capillary. 

9.  SENECIONEAE. 

Receptacle  fimbrillate.  7.  HELENIEAE. 

Receptacle  chaffy. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  scarious. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  series,  more  or  less  enclosing 

the  ray-achenes.  6.  MADIEAB. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2  or  more  series  not  enfolding  the  ray- 
achenes.  5.  HELIANTHEAE. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  scarious,  at  least  on  the  margins. 

8.  ANTHEMIDEAE. 
Anthers  caudate  at  base. 

Anthers  not  appendaged  at  apex;  involucre  usually  scarious. 

3.   INULEAE. 

Anthers  appendaged  at  apex;  bracts  usually  spinescent. 

Corollas  regular,  all  tubular.  10.  CYNAREAE. 

Corollas  2-lipped;  rays  wanting.  11.  MDTISIEAE. 

Heads  of  2  kinds :  staminate  heads  clustered  above  the  pistillate,  anthers 
more  or  less  free  ;  pistillate  heads  few-flowered,  flowers  completely 
enclosed  in  the  prickly  involucre.  4.  AMBROSIEAE. 

Heads  all  alike,  composed  of  ligulate  flowers  only.  12.  CICHORIEAE. 


Tribe  1.  EUPATORIEAE.     EUPATORY  TRIBE. 

Ours  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  white  or  flesh- 
colored  perfect  disk-flowers  and  no  rays.  Receptacle 
naked.  Anthers  not  caudate  at  base.  Style-branches 
stigmatic  only  below  the  middle. 

Achenes  5-angled.  1.  EUPATORIUM. 

Achenes  10-ribbed.  2.  COLEOSANTHUS. 

1.  EUPATORIUM  L. 

Erect  mostly  branching  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite 
verticillate  or  alternate  often  punctate  leaves,  and 
cymose-paniculate  discoid  heads  of  white  blue  or  purple 


Eupatory  Tribe  391 

flowers.  Involucre  oblong  to  hemispheric,  its  bracts  im- 
bricated in  2-several  series.  Receptacle  flat,  convex  or 
conic,  naked.  Corolla  regular,  its  lobes  slender,  5-lobed 
or  5-toothed.  Style-branches  flattened  above,  stigma  tic 
at  the  base.  Achenes  5-angled,  truncate.  Pappus  of 
numerous  capillary  usually  scabrous  bristles,  arranged 
in  a  single  row. 

1.  E.  Pasadense  Parish.  Stems  slender  and  apparently  her- 
baceous, glandular-puberulent ;  upper  leaves  opposite,  short- 
petioled,  ovate-deltoid,  acute  at  apex,  cordate  at  base,  serrate, 
thin,  minutely  atomiferous  beneath;  cymes  rather  compact,  on 
dichotomous  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  1  cm. 
long,  with  2-3  linear  bracts;  heads  20-30-flowered ;  involucral 
bracts  lanceolate,  firm,  4  mm.  long,  prominently  2-ribbed,  the 
acute  tips  softer;  corolla  4-5  mm.  long,  glabrous,  white,  the  fili- 
form tube  twice  the  length  of  the  abrubtly  expanded  throat ; 
pappus  scabrous,  equaling  the  corolla,  early  deciduous;  achenes 
smooth,  5-angled,  slightly  arcuate,  1.5  mm.  long;-  receptacle 
somewhat  rounded. 

Wet  bank  of  a  pool  in  a  canyon  south  of  Pasadena,  McClatchie. 

2.  COLEOSANTHUS  Cass. 

Herbaceous  perennial  or  partly  shrubby  plants,  with 
opposite  or  alternate  leaves  and  discoid  heads  of  whitish 
or  pink  flowers  in  panicles  or  cymes.  Involucral  bracts 
well-imbricated  in  several  series,  striate.  Receptacle 
flat  or  convex.  Achenes  10-striate  or  -ribbed.  Pappus  a 
single  row  of  numerous  rough  or  serrate  bristles. 

1.  C.  Californicus  (T.  &  G.)  Kuntze.  Shrubby  at  base,  6-9 
dm.  high,  paniculately  branched;  herbage  somewhat  glandular- 
puberulent;  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  somewhat  triangular  or 
slightly  cordate,  obtuse,  irregularly  crenate- toothed,  3-ribbed 
from  the  base,  veiny,  roughish,  2-4  cm.  long,  short-petioled ; 
heads  spicate  or  racemose  along  leafy  branches,  about  1  cm.  high, 
10-15-flowered ;  involucral  bracts  with  thinnish,  mostly  obtuse 
straight  tips.  (Brickellia  Calif ornica  Gray.) 

Occasional  in  the  canyons  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 


392  Astereae 

2.  C.  Nevinii  (Gray)  Kuntze.      Herbage  white-woolly ;  leaves 
repandodentate ;  heads  30-40-flowered ;  otherwise  as  in  the  last. 
Newhall,  Nevin. 


Tribe  2.  ASTEREAE.     ASTER  TRIBE. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  usu- 
ally scentless  herbage  and  alternate  leaves.  Receptacle 
naked.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  commonly  well-imbri- 
cated. Disk-flowers  commonly  yellow.  Rays  present  or 
wanting.  Anthers  not  caudate.  Pappus  of  bristles  or 
awrns.  Pollen  grains  echinate. 

Pappus  of  several  caducous  awns;  heads  large.  3.  GRINDELIA. 

Pappus  of  several  short  scales;  heads  small.  4.  GUTIERREZIA. 

Pappus  of  a  few  persistent  slender  bristles.  5.  PENTACHAETA. 

Pappus  of  many  persistent  slender  bristles. 
Rays  present,  yellow. 

Rays  without  pappus.  6.  HETEROTHECA. 

Rays  with  pappus  like  that  of  disk-flowers. 

Pappus  of  2  kinds,  the  outer  short  and  scale-like. 

7.  CHRYSOPSIS. 
Pappus  of  1  kind  only. 

Perennial  glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs. 

Heads  small,  in  scorpioid  racemes.  8.  SOLIDAGO. 

Heads  small  in  corymbose  panicles.  9.  EDTHAMIA. 

Evergreen  woody  plants  with  punctate,  flat  or  terete  leaves. 

10.  CHRYSOMA 
Rays  present,  not  yellow. 

Pappus  rusty-brown;  anthers  with  slender  appendages  at  apex. 

14.   CORETHROGYNE. 

Pappus  dull  white. 

Bracts  in  more  than  2  series.  15.  ASTER. 

Bracts  in  1-2  series. 

Rays  exceeding  the  disk.  16.  ERIGERON. 

Rays  inconspicuous,  shorter  than  the  disk.      17.  LEPTILON. 
Rays  none. 

Outer  flowers  enlarged  and  more  deeply  cleft  on  the  inner  side. 

13.  LESSINGIA. 
Outer  flowers  not  enlarged. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Herbage  glandular  and  glutinous.  12.  HAZARDIA. 

Herbage  pubescent.  11.  ISOCOMA. 

Flowers  not  yellow. 

Outer  flowers  pistillate,  truncate;  inner  hermaphrodite. 

18.  CONYZA. 
Dioecious  shrubs  or  perennial  herbs.  19.  BACCHARIS. 


Aster  Tribe  393 


3.  GRINDELIA  Willd. 

Coarse  perennial  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  with 
sessile  rigid  mostly  serrate  leaves  and  rather  large  hemi- 
spheric heads  terminating  corymbose  branches.  Invo- 
lucral  bracts  with  usually  narrow  herbaceous  squarrose- 
recurved  tips.  Flowers  of  both  ray  and  disk  many, 
permanently  yellow.  Style-appendages  lanceolate  or 
linear.  Achenes  short,  thick,  compressed  or  turgid, 
truncate,  glabrous.  Pappus  of  2-8  deciduous  stout  awns 
or  bristles. 

1.  G.  camporum  Greene.     Herbaceous;  stems  white  and  shin- 
ing, tufted  from  a  perennial  root,  about  6  dm.  high,  glabrousr 
very  leafy  up  to  the  loosely  corymbose  heads,  even  the  branches 
of  the  corymb  conspicuously  leafy-bracted ;  basal  leaves  almost 
wanting ;  stem  leaves  oblanceolate-spatulate,  sessile  and  clasping, 
5  cm.  long,  saliently  serrate-toothed;  bracts  of  flowering  branches 
nearly  entire,  spreading;  involucre  12-20  mm.  wide,  its  bracts 
with   long  linear  recurved  tips;  ray-achenes   obscurely  3-sided 
with  3  or  more  pappus  awns ;  disk-achenes  compressed,  obliquely 
biauriculate  or  unidentate  at  the  summit. 

Adobe  mesas  near  Wiseburn.    June-August. 

2.  G.  robusta  Nutt.     Stems  herbaceous,  stout,  ascending  from 
a  perennial  root,  about  5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  broadly  cordate-oblong, 
obtuse,  coarsely  serrate,  about  3.5  cm.  long,  often  2.5  cm.  broad, 
subcoriaceous,  pubescent  on  the  margins,  otherwise  glabrous; 
heads  very  few,  large,  corymbosely  disposed;   outer  bracts  of 
involucre  rather  leafy,  the  others  narrow  and  squarrose ;  pappus 
awns  2. 

Open  grounds  about  Los  Angeles  and  toward  the  coast.  First  collected 
at  San  Pedro  by  Nuttall.  May-July. 

3.  G.  cuneifolia  Nutt.     Bushy  and  suffrutescent,   6-12  dm. 
high,  glabrous;  leaves  thickish  and  rather  fleshy,  7-10  cm.  long, 
cuneate-spatulate  to  linear-oblong,  entire  or  sparsely  dentate, 
clasping  at  the  broad  base ;  involucre  about  12  mm.  high,  glutin- 
ous, its  bracts  all  with  squarrose  green  tips;  pappus  awns  usually 
several,  compressed  barbellulate. 

Borders  of  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.    September-November. 


394  Astereae 

4.  GUTIERREZIA  Lag, 

Herbaceous  or  suffrutescent,  freely  branching,  some- 
what resiniferous,  nearly  glabrous  plants,  with  alternate 
linear  entire  leaves,  and  numerous  small  heads  corym- 
bosely  arranged  at'  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucral 
bracts  coriaceous,  the  outer  successively  shorter.  Ray- 
and  disk-flowers  yellow.  Achenes  angled  or  striate, 
mostly  silky.  Pappus  paleaceous. 

1.  G.  divergens  Greene.  Suffrutescent,  4-7  dm.  high,  gla- 
brous or  merely  granular-scaberulous,  the  panicled  branches 
nearly  destitute  of  foliage  at  flowering  time;  involucres  6  mm. 
high,  obovate-turbinate,  their  obovate  obtuse  bracts  well-imbri- 
cated and  with  blunt  green  tips;  disk-flowers  5-7;  rays  about  5; 
pale£e  of  the  pappus  9-12,  very  unequal,  narrow  and  acute. 

Common  on  the  interior  plains  and  foothills,  especially  common  on  the 
fans  at  the  base  of  the  mountains.  July-August. 

5.  PENTACHAETA  Nutt. 

Small  slender  nearly  glabrous  annuals,  with  alternate 
linear  entire  leaves,  and  mostly  small  heads  solitary  or 
somewhat  clustered  at  the  ends -of  more  or  less  naked 
branches.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  campanulate,  its 
bracts  in  2  series,  scarious-margined,  appressed,  mucro- 
nate.  Ray-flowers  white,  yellow  or  wanting.  Disk-flowers 
yellow,  very  slender.  Style-appendages  filiform-subulate, 
hispid.  Achenes  pubescent.  Pappus  of  3-5  slender 
bristles. 

1.  P.  aurea  Nutt.  Diffusely  branching,  1-3  dm.  high,  some- 
what villous-pubescent ;  heads  about  10-15  mm.  broad,  many- 
flowered  ;  flowers  all  yellow ;  rays  obtuse,  20  or  more ;  involucral 
bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  setaceously  acuminate,  with  green 
middle  portion  and  scarious  margins ;  achenes  somewhat  villous- 
pubescent  ;  pappus  bristles  5-8. 

Arroyo  Seco,  Davidson.  Frequent  in  the  Santa  Ana  Mountains  and  com- 
mon throughout  the  coast  slope  of  San  Diego  County. 


Aster  Tribe  395 

2.  P.  Lyoni  Gray.  Hirsute,  at  least  the  margins  of  the  plane 
linear  or  spatulate-linear  leaves,  1-1.5  dm.  high,  with  the  sparing 
ascending  branches  leafy  up  to  the  head  or  short  peduncle ;  in- 
volucre hirsute ;  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate  and  of  nearly  equal 
length,  green,  with  narrow  scarious  margins  ;  pappus-bristles  9-11 
or  commonly  12. 

San  Pedro;  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Lyon.  Not  seen  by  us.  The  above  is  a 
copy  of  the  original  description. 

6.  HETEROTHECA  Nutt. 

Annual  or  biennial  hirsute  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves 
and  a  terminal  corymbose  panicle  of  middle-sized  heads. 
Involucre  ovate,  its  bracts  closely  imbricated  in  many 
series,  without  spreading  tips.  .  Flowers  yellow,  those  of 
the  ray  pistillate,  of  the  disk  perfect.  Style-appendages 
of  the  disk-flowers  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Achenes  com- 
pressed, pubescent,  those  of  the  ray  thin-triquetrous, 
with  caducous  pappus  or  none.  Pappus  of  disk-achenes 
of  an  outer  series  of  sparse  short  bristles  and  an  inner 
series  of  copious  longer  ones. 

1.  H.  grandifolia  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  1-2  m.  high, 
hirsute,  the  inflorescence  viscid  and  strong-scented ;  stem  leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  partly  vertical  by  a  twist  in  the 
petiole,  this  bearing  at  base  2  stipuliform  lobes;  involucre  about 
1  cm.  high  ;  ray-achenes  without  pappus;  those  of  the  disk  with 
but  faint  traces  of  the  outer  and  shorter  bristles. 

Frequent  in  waste  places  in  sandy  soil.  June-November,  or  in  favored 
places  flowering  throughout  the  year. 

7.  CHRYSOPSIS  Ell. 

Low  perennial  herbs  or  somewhat  suffrutescent,  with 
sessile  usually  entire  leaves,  and  middle-sized  heads  ter- 
minating corymbose  or  fastigiate  branches.  Involucre 
ovate  or  broader,  its  bracts  narrow,  regularly  imbricated 
in  several  series.  Flowers  yellow.  Style-appendages 
linear-filiform  to  slender-subulate.  Achenes  compressed, 
obovate  to  linear-fusiform.  Pappus  brownish,  of  many 


396  Astereae 

capillary  scabrous  bristles,   with   or   without   an   outer 
series  of  short  bristles  of  paleae. 

1.  C.  sessilifolia  Nutt.     Slender,  sparsely  pilose-hispid,  viscid- 
glandular  ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  sharply  pointed,  the  longest  often 
3-4  cm.  long;  corymbose  branches  ending  in  about  3  subsessile 
heads;  these  about  12  mm.  high,  leaf y-bracted  at  base;  involu- 
cral    bracts  viscid-glandular;    achenes    slender-fusiform,   silky- 
pubescent;  outer  pappus  slenderly  squamellate. 

Along  the  coast,  Davidson. 

2.  C.  fastigiata  Greene.     Stems  several,  ascending,  3-6  dm. 
high,  rigid  and  brittle,  densely  clothed  with  small  ascending,  erect 
leaves ;  these  strongly  crisped,  12  mm.  long  or  less,  sessile,  acute, 
densely  silky-tomentose  on  both  sides;  heads  narrow,  numerous, 
in  a  fastigiate  corymb  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  bracts  of  the 
narrow  turbinate  involucre  rather  softly  strigose-pubescent ;  rays 
few,  short  and  inconspicuous;  achenes  silky- villous  ;  outer  series 
of  pappus  wanting. 

Frequent  on  dry  plains  and  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt. 

8.  SOIiIDAGO  Vail.     GOLDENEOD. 

Strict  simple-stemmed  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate 
more  or  less  serrate  leaves,  and  many  small  heads  in  ter- 
minal clusters  which  are  usually  in  scorpioid  racemes 
and  forming  a  panicle.  Involucre  narrow,  its  bracts  in 
2  or  more  series,  neither  herbaceous-tipped  nor  glutinous. 
Flowers  all  permanently  yellow,  the  outer  and  ligulate 
shorter,  the  inner  narrow-funnelform.  Style-appendages 
lanceolate.  Achenes  terete  or  prismatic,  5— 10-nerved, 
glabrous  or  pubescent.  Pappus  a  series  of  unequal  sca- 
brous permanently  white  bristles. 

1.  S.  confinis  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence  some- 
times minutely  pubescent,  4-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the 
stem  leaves  shorter,  about  5-8  cm.  long,  the  basal  often  oblanceo- 
late or  obovate,  heads  about  4  mm.  long,  crowded  in  a  dense 
oblong  panicle,  not  secund ;  rays  not  surpassing  the  disk-flowers ; 
achenes  canescently  pubescent. 

Occasional  in  low  marshy  places.  Cienega;  San  Bernardino.  July-Octo- 
ber. 


Aster  Tribe  397 

2.  S.  Californica  Nutt.  Roughish  with  an  almost  cinereous 
short  pubescence,  6-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  larger  and  more  numer- 
ous below,  passing  from  obovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  and  from 
obtuse  to  acute,  the  lower  and  broader  more  or  less  serrate; 
panicle  virgate,  rather  loose,  the  racemiform  clusters  secund ; 
heads  6  mm.  high ;  bracts  lanceolate-oblong  or  oblong-linear, 
obtusish  ;  rays  7-12 ;  achenes  pubescent. 

Frequent  in  open  places  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  in  the 
San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Ranges.  June-October. 


9.  EUTHAMIA  Cass. 

Erect  glabrous  perennial  very  leafy  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly corymbose  branched  herbs,  with  narrow  entire 
pellucid -punctate  leaves,  and  small  heads  clustered  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucral  bracts  firm,  im- 
bricated, glutinous.  Ray-flowers  about  twice  as  many 
as  disk-flowers,  all  permanently  yellow.  Achenes  short, 
turbinate,  villous-pubescent. 

1.  E.  occidentalis  Nutt.  Somewhat  paniculately  branching, 
1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  obscurely  3-nerved  ;  involu- 
cral  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ;  rays  16-30 ;  disk-flowers  8-14, 
their  style-tips  obtuse. 

Frequent  in  low  ground  and  along  streams  in  our  valleys  and  foothills. 
August-November. 

10.  CHRYSOMA  Nutt. 

Low  evergreen  shrubs  with  mostly  narrow  subterete 
punctate  leaves  and  terminal  cymose  or  corymbose 
clusters  of  small  heads.  Involucre  turbinate,  its  bracts 
mostly  lanceolate,  very  regularly  imbricated,  margins 
subscarious.  Flowers  permanently  yellow.  Disk-flowers 
slender  with  subcampanulate  throat  and  deeply  cleft 
limb.  Style-appendages  filiform,  acuminate,  hirsutulous. 
Achenes  more  or  less  distinctly  prismatic.  Pappus  of 
scabrous  slender  bristles,  dull-white  or  yellowish,  becom- 
ing reddish. 


398  Astereae 

*  Leaves  flat. 

1.  C.  Parishii  Greene.   Arborescent,  2-4  m.  high ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, 3-5  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide,  acute,  subcoriaceous,  strongly 
punctate,  glutinous ;  heads  numerous  in  crowded  corymbs,  termi- 
nating the  erect  branches,  small,  10-12-flowered ;  involucre  tur- 
binate ;  the  bracts  few,  irregularly  imbricated,  lanceolate,  acute, 
with  a  green  midrib ;  achenes  turbinate,  minutely  silky.     (Bige- 
lovia  Parishii  Greene.) 

Occasional  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel, 
San  Bernardino  and  Santa  Ana  Ranges.    August-October. 

2.  C.  cuneata  (Gray)  Greene.     Freely  branching  and  spread- 
ing,  about  3  dm.  high;  leaves  coriaceous,   cuneate-obovate  or 
spatulate-obovate,  often  retuse,  10-14  mm. long,  resinous-punctate, 
glutinous;  heads  about  12  mm.  high,  in  a  terminal  fasciculate 
corymb;  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear,  obtusish  ;  rays  1-5  or  none  ; 
achenes  pubescent.     (Aplopappus  cuneatus  Gray.) 

On  rocky  ledges  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains . 

**  Leaves  very  narrow  and  subterete. 

3.  C.  ericoides  (Less.)  Greene.     Diffusely  branching,   8  dm. 
high  or  less,  the  branches  fastigiate-corymbose,  very  leafy  through- 
out ;  leaves  linear,  terete,  those  of  the  branches  about  1  cm.  long,, 
deflexed,  bearing  in  their  axils  very  short  branchlets  hidden  by 
2-ranked  closely  imbricated  shorter  ones;  involucres  turbinate, 
about  6  mm.  high;  bracts  tomentose-ciliate,  all  erect,  the  outer 
successively  shorter,  becoming  greenish  and  passing  into  the 
very  short  leaves;    rays  about  3-5,   short;    achenes   glabrous, 
(Ericameria  microphylla  Nutt.) 

Frequent  on  bluffs  and  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore. 

4.  C.  Palmeri  (Gray)  Greene.     Paniculately  much  branched r 
about  1  m.  high  or  less;  leaves  all  filiform  terete,  those  of  the 
branches  about  2  cm.  long;  lower  bracts  of  the  involucre  green- 
ish-tipped ;  rays  3-4;  achenes  pubescent.     (Aplopappus  Palmeri 
Gray.) 

Occasional  in  the  foothills  about  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego. 

5.  C.   pinifolia   (Gray)   Greene.      Rather  stout,   with  rigid, 
erect  branches,  15  dm.  high  or  less;  stem-leaves  filiform,  2.5  cm. 
long  or  more,  mucronate ;  heads  rather  few  in  a  contracted  panicle, 
or  scattered,  campanulate ;  proper  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly 


Aster  Tribe  399 

lanceolate  and  with  a  greenish  midrib,  the  loose  outer  ones  subu- 
late, shorter  than  the  inner  and  passing  into  the  small  leaves  of 
the  flowering  branchlets ;  rays  usually  6-10;  achenes  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.  (Aplopappus  pinifolius  Gray.) 

Frequent  in  the  foothills  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains  in  the  lower  alti 
tudes  of  the  chaparral  belt.  August-November. 

11.  ISOCOMA  Xutt. 

Rather  rigid  tufted  erect  suffrutescent  plants,  with 
thick  leaves  and  a  corymbose  terminal  cluster  of  rather 
small  rayless  heads.  Involucral  bracts  coriaceous,  closely 
imbricated,  the  tips  herbaceous,  appressed.  Corollas 
permanently  yellow  ;  tube  slender  ;  limb  ventricose,  its 
segments  more  or  less  connivent  about  the  style.  Style- 
appendages  ovate  or  somewhat  narrower,  pubescent. 
Achenes  short,  compressed  or  subterete,  silky-pubescent. 
Pappus-bristles  numerous,  unequal,  the  inner  longest 
and  often  flattened  and  awn-like,  faintly  scabrous. 

1.  I.  vernonioides  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  commonly  loosely 
pubescent,  6-12  dm.  high,  erect;  leaves  oblanceolate,  more  or 
less  serrate,  2-4  cm.  long,  often  with  many  fascicled  ones  in  their 
axils;  heads  8  mm.  high,  campanulate;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
obtusish;  pappus-bristles  stout,  none  very  perceptibly  flattened. 
(Bigelovia  veneta  Gray.) 

Common  on  dry  hillsides  and  plains.  Santa  Monica;  Los  Angeles;  Santa 
Ana  Mountains ;  San  Joaquin  Hills.  July-November. 

12.  HAZABDIA  Greene. 

Low  shrubs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  with  subcoriaceous 
more  or  less  persistent  toothed  or  serrate  leaves,  and 
spicate  or  somewhat  thyrsoidly  congested  heads.  Invo- 
lucre oblong  or  obconic,  its  numerous  bracts  in  many 
series,  often  with  squarrqse-spreading  tips.  Heads  20-40- 
flowered.  Rays  yellow  or  none.  Disk-corollas  narrow, 
merely  5-toothed,  yellow,  changing  to  red  or  brown. 
Style-tips  linear-subulate.  Achenes  fusiform,  slightly 
compressed,  few-nerved.  Pappus  reddish. 


400  Astereae 

1.  H.  squarrosa  (H.  &  A.)  Greene.  Suffrutescent,  erect, 
6-10  dm.  high,  glandular  and  glutinous;  leaves  oblong,  about  2 
cm.  long,  spinulose-dentate ;  heads  many,  spicately  thyrsoid 
toward  the  summit  of  the  branches,  1  cm.  long;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  rigid,  appressed,  in  many  series,  their  tips  abruptly 
spreading;  rays  none;  achenes  sparsely  pubescent.  (Aplopappus 
squarrosus  H.  &  A.) 

Occasional  on  dry  hillsides  throughout  our  range.    November. 

13.  LESSINGIA  Cham. 

More  or  less  floccose-woolly  and  sometimes  glandular 
annuals,  with  alternate  more  or  less  serrate  leaves,  and 
small  cymosely  panicled  heads.  Flowers  yellow  or  often 
whitish  or  purplish,  all  perfect.  Corollas  with  slender 
tube  and  long  narrow  lobes,  the  outer  ones  more  deeply 
cleft  on  one  side  and  imitating  a  palmatifid  ligule.  In- 
volucre campanulate  or  turbinate,  its  bracts  much  imbri- 
cated, appressed,  herbaceous  tipped.  Anthers  with 
slender  subulate  appendages.  Style-appendages  obtuse 
or  truncate,  densely  hispid,  often  with  a  setiform  cusp 
among  the  hairs.  Achenes  turbinate  or  cuneiform, 
silky-villous.  Pappus-bristles  rigid,  scabrous,  red  or 
brownish. 

1.  L.  glandulifera  Gray.  Stems  diffusely  branched  from  a 
short  erect  stem,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  glabrous  or  glabrate  above; 
basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  lower  stem  leaves 
spinulose-dentate,  those  of  the  branches  5  mm.  long  or  less,  thick 
and  rigid,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  margins  commonly 
beset  with  yellowish  tack-shaped  glands ;  involucre  campanulate 
or  turbinate,  its  bracts  appressed,  some  or  all  glanduliferous ; 
flowers  yellow. 

Common  on  the  dry  interior  plains  of  our  region.    June-September. 

14.  CQRETHBOGYNE  DC. 

Perennial  herbs  covered  with  a  white  woolly  tomentum 
at  least  when  young.  Inflorescence  glandular.  Leaves 
alternate  entire  or  serrate,  heads  middle-sized,  solitary, 


Aster  Tribe  401 

corymbose  or  panicled.  Involucre  hemispheric  to  turbi- 
nate,  its  bracts  much  imbricated,  scar  ions  except  the 
herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  pitted.  Ray-flowers  sterile. 
Anthers  appendaged  at  the  apex.  Style-appendages 
comose  or  with  a  bearded  tuft. 

1.  C.  virgata  Benth.     Stems  erect,  often  1  m.  high;  herbage 
floccose-woolly ;  leaves  narrowly  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  serrate- 
toothed  above;  inflorescence  a  large  virgate  panicle,  viscid  with 
short-stalked  glands,   usually    bearing  many   heads;    involucre 
turbinate-campanulate,  10-12  mm.  broad ;  bracts  rather  broadly 
linear,  their  tips  usually  somewhat  reflexed. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  near  the  coast.    June-August. 

2.  C.  virgata  Bernardina.     Stems  erect  or  ascending,   6-8 
dm.  high;  herbage  densely  floccose-woolly;  leaves  oblanceolate 
or  oblong,  serrate-toothed  above ;  inflorescence  somewhat  virgate- 
branched ;   heads  not  numerous,  only  the  involucres  and  the 
uppermost  portion  of  the  peduncles  glandular ;  involucres  turbi- 
nate-campanulate, 6-8  mm.  broad;  bracts  narrowly  linear,  their 
tips  somewhat  recurved. 

Common  on  the  dry  plains  of  the  interior  valleys,  especially  in  the  San 
Bernardino  Valley.  The  type  of  this  variety  is  the  author's  no.  2931,  collected 
at  Mentone. 

15.  ASTER,  L. 

Leafy  stemmed  autumnal  perennial  or  rarely  annual 
herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  panicled  or  somewhat 
corymbose  heads.  Involucre  hemispheric  to  campanu- 
late,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  tips  herbace- 
ous. Ray-flowers  many,  commonly  bluish  or  pinkish, 
pistillate.  Disk -flowers  perfect,  yellow  changing  to  red- 
purple  ;  corolla-tube  slender  ;  limb  funnelform.  Style- 
branches  flattened,  their  appendages  subulate,  lanceo- 
late or  ovate,  acute.  Pappus-bristles  slender,  numerous, 
scabrous,  usually  in  1  series,  dull  white. 

i 

*  Perennials. 

1.  A.  Menziesii  Lindl.  Strictly  erect,  about  4-6  dm.  high, 
usually  simple  and  very  leafy  up  to  the  mostly  simply  racemose  or 


402  Astereae 

racemose-paniculate  inflorescence,  the  whole  plant  cinereously 
and  roughly  pubescent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  5-7.5 
cm.  long,  remotely  and  faintly  serrate;  heads  numerous  in  an 
ample  cymose  panicle ;  involucres  nearly  hemispheric,  about  6 
mm.  high;  bracts  in  rather  few  series,  spatulate-linear,  very 
obtuse,  wholly  green-herbaceous;  rays  dull  pale  purplish. 
Occasional  on  dry  wooded  hills  about  Los  Angeles  and  eastward. 

2.  A.  hesperius  Gray.      Stems  paniculately  branched,   6-10 
dm.  high,  varying  from  nearly  glabrous  to  scabrous-pubescent; 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  the  larger  with  a  few  denticulations, 
5-10  cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  wide;  heads  crowded,  8-10  mm.  high; 
involucre  of  narrowly  linear  or  more  attenuate  acute  or  gradually 
acuminate  erect  bracts,  either  unequal  and  imbricated  or  with 
some  loose  and  slender  herbaceous  exterior  ones  which  equal  the 
inner ;  rays  either  white  or  violet,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Cienega,  near  Los  Angeles,  and  in  low  ground  about  San  Bernardino. 

3.  A.  Greatae  Parish.     Stems  erect  or  assurgent,  '4-17  dm. 
high,  glabrous  or  above  sparsely  hirtellous ;  leaves  thin,  ovate, 
oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  6-15  cm.  long,  the  scabrid  mar- 
gins few-toothed   or  entire,  the  base  clasping ;   the  uppermost 
usually  reduced  to  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  bracts;    heads  5 
mm.  high,  in  an  ample  panicle;  involucral  bracts  loosely  imbri- 
cated in  a  few  series,  lanceolate,  green,  minutely  ciliate;   rays 
30-40,  light  purple,  narrow,  acute,  5-10  mm.  long;  achenes  hir- 
sute. 

Occasional  in  the  canyons  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains,  mostly  in  the 
upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt. 

**  Annuals. 

4.  A.  exilis  Ell.     Stem  erect,  6-12  dm.  high,  rather  stout  be- 
low, paniculately  branched  above  into  numerous  slender  branches ; 
lower  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  linear,  mostly  entire ;  heads 
small,  numerous,  about  6  mm.  high,  narrow;  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-subulate;  rays  15-40,  bluish-purple  or  pinkish. 

Frequent  in  low  subsaline  places,  especially  along  the  coast.  August- 
October. 

16.  ERIGERON  L. 

Branching  or  scapose  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal 
leaves  and  corymbose,  paniculate  or  solitary  heads  of 
both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric 


Aster  Tribe  403 

or  campanulate,  its  bracts  narrow,  nearly  equal,  usu- 
ally imbricated  in  but  1  or  2  series.  Receptacle  nearly 
flat,  usually  naked.  Ray-flowers  purplish  or  whitish, 
pistillate.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  tubular,  perfect,  5-lobed. 
Style-appendages  short,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse. 
Achenes  flattened,  mostly  2-nerved.  Pappus-bristles 
scabrous,  in  1  series  or  with  an  outer  shorter  series. 

1.  E.  Philadelphicus  L.     Perennial  by  stolons,  soft-pubescent 
or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous ;  stems  slender,  mostly  branched 
above,  3-6  dm.  high;  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
dentate,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole;   upper 
leaves  clasping,  often  cordate  at  base,  entire  or  dentate ;  heads 
several  or  many,  corymbose-paniculate,  1-2  cm.  broad  ;  peduncles 
slender,  thickened  at  the  summit;   involucre  depressed  hemi- 
spheric ;  its  bracts  linear,  usually  scarious-margined ;  rays  100-150, 
4-8  mm.  long,  light  rose-purple ;  pappus  simple ;  achenes  puberu- 
lent. 

Occasional  in  low  moist  ground. 

2.  E.  foliosus  Nutt.     Scabrous  and  somewhat  strigose-pubes- 
cent,  4-8  dm .  high ,  leafy  throughout ;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
entire,  about  4  mm.  broad,  3-6  cm.  long,  those  of  the  branches 
reduced;   heads  hemispheric,  12-14  mm.  broad;  rays  about  30, 
narrow,  purple ;  achenes  with  a  few  coarse  bristly  short  hairs. 

Frequent  in  sandy  soil  toward  the  coast. 

4.  E,  fragilis  Greene.  Stems  erect,  rigid,  5-7  dm.  high, 
minutely  scabrous,  leafy;  leaves  linear-filiform,  3-5  cm.  long, 
rigid,  rough  with  minute  incurved  hairs;  heads  usually  10-15, 
arranged  in  a  loose  corymbose  panicle  on  spreading  branches; 
involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  in  about  3  series ;  rays  30-40, 
very  narrow,  deep  violet;  achenes  nearly  glabrous. 

Frequent  on  the  dry  plains  and  foothills  away  from  the  coast. 

17.  L.EPTILON  Raf. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  small  racemose  or 
panicled  heads  of  white  flowers.  Involucre  mostly  cam- 
panulate, its  narrow  bracts  in  2  or  3  series.  Rays  small, 
usually  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk,  pistillate, 
or  none.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  usually  4-toothed  or 


404  Astereae 

4-lobed.    Style-branches  short.    Achenes  flattened.    Pap- 
pus-bristles in  1  series. 

1.  L.  Canadense  (L.)  Britton.  Stem  hispid-pubescent  or  gla- 
brate,  2  m.  high  or  less,  paniculate,  much  branched ;  leaves  usually 
pubescent  or  ciliate,  the  lower  spatulate,  dentate  or  entire,  5-10 
cm.  long,  the  upper  linear  and  mainly  entire ;  heads  very  numer- 
ous, about 4  mm.  broad ;  involucre  2-3  mm.  high ;  its  bracts  linear, 
acute,  glabrate,  the  outer  shorter;  rays  numerous,  white,  shorter 
than  the  pappus  and  mostly  shorter  than  their  tubes.  (Erigeron 
Canadense  L.) 

A  common  weed  in  waste  places  and  cultivated  fields. 

18.  CONYZA  L. 

Ours  a  viscid  pubescent  branching  annual,  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  small  many-flowered  heads  in  a  crowded 
thyrsoid  leafy  panicle.  Involucre  campanulate,  its 
bracts  narrow,  appendiculate,  in  2-3  series.  Pistillate 
flowers  much  more  numerous  than  the  hermaphrodite, 
their  filiform  or  slender  corollas  shorter  than  the  disk 
and  style,  truncate  or  2-4-toothed.  Achenes  small,  com-, 
pressed.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  soft  capillary  bristles, 
sometimes  with  an  outer  series  of  shorter  ones. 

1.  C.  Coulter!  Gray.  Stems  simple  belowr,  branching  above, 
about  1  m.  high  or  less,  viscid-pubescent  or  hirsute,  with  many- 
jointed  hairs ;  stem-leaves  linear-oblong,  the  lower  spatulate- 
oblong  and  with  partly  clasping  base,  dentate  to  laciniate-pinnat- 
ifid,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  involucre  2-4  mm.  high,  hirsute  with  soft 
spreading  hairs  ;  flowers  whitish  ;  corolla-tube  of  pistillate  flowers 
truncate,  half  the  length  of  the  style;  hermaphrodite  flowers 
only  5-7;  achenes  nearly  glabrous ;  pappus  bristles  several,  sca- 
brous. 

Occasional  in  subsaline  places.    July-September. 

19.  BACCHARIS  L. 

Dioecious  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
leaves  and  small  paniculate  or  corymbose  heads  of  tubu- 
lar flowers.  Involucre  of  scale-like  imbricated  bracts. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers 


Aster  Tribe  405 

slender,  truncate  or  minutely  toothed,  that  of  the  stami- 
nate  tubular,  5-lobed.  Style-branches  of  the  fertile  flowers 
smooth  exserted,  those  of  the  sterile  flowers  rudimentary, 
tipped  with  an  ovate  pubescent  appendage.  Achenes 
more  or  less  compressed,  ribbed.  Pappus  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  copious,  capillary,  very  fine  and  soft,  becoming 
elongated  in  fruit,  that  of  the  staminate  flowers  shorter. 

*  Achenes  10-nerved. 

1.  B.  pilularis  DC.     Compactly   branched   evergreen   shrub, 
2-4  m.  high  or  lower  and  depressed  when  growing  along  the  sea- 
shore ;   branchlets  angular  from  the  leaf-bases ;   leaves  subcori- 
aceous.  glutinous,  2  cm.  long  or  less,  cuneate-obovate,  coarsely 
toothed  or  some  entire;  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  4  mm.  long, 
its  bracts  oval  or  oblong,  all   but  the  innermost  very  obtuse; 
flowers  white;  fertile  pappus  not  over  8  mm.  long. 

Near  Santa  Monica,  Davidson. 

2.  B.  Emoryi  Gray.     Erect  with   slender  branches,   1-5  m. 
high  ;  leaves  mostly  oblong,  or  the  lower  broader,  with  attenuate 
or  cuneate  base  and  the  larger  somewhat  petioled,  more  or  less 
3-nerved,  often  2-4-toothed,  pale ;  those  of  the  branches  oblanceo- 
late-linear,  mostly  entire,  1-nerved ;   involucre  campanulate  or 
oblong,  6-8  mm.  long;  bracts  firm-coriaceous,  the  outermost  oval 
obtusish,  the  innermost  thin,  bearded  toward  the  tip;  pappus  of 
the  pistillate  12  mm.  long  in  fruit. 

In  low  ground  toward  the  coast.    Redondo;  San  Pedro;  Santa  Ana;  San 
Bernardino. 

**  Achenes  5-nerved  (rarely  4-nerved). 

3.  B.  Plummerae  Gray.     Loosely  pubescent  throughout,  not 
at  all  glutinous ;  stems  herbaceous  from  a  woody  base,  6-12  dm. 
high,  somewhat  branched;  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  irregu- 
larly and  acutely  serrate,  5  cm.  long  or  less,  obscurely  3-nerved; 
heads  8  mm.  long;  involucral  bracts  linear;  achenes  somewhat 
compressed,  puberulent,  obscurely  5-nerved;   pappus  in  fruit  8 
mm.  long. 

Topacgo Canyon,  Davidson. 

4.  B.   Douglasii  DC.      Glabrous   and   somewhat    glutinous; 
stems  herbaceous  nearly  or  quite  to  the  ground,  erect,  12  dm. 
high  or  less,  simple  up  to  the  terminal  corymb;  leaves  glutinous, 


406  Inuleae 

ovate-lanceolate,  either  entire  or  serrulate,  3-nerved  from  near 
the  base,  7-14  cm.  long;  heads  about  6  mm.  high;  involucral 
bracts  erose-ciliate,  thin  and  pale  with  a  greenish  center;  pappus 
of  pistillate  flowers  scarious,  4  mm.  long,  soft,  of  staminate  clav- 
ellate  and  barbellate  at  the  summit. 

Occasional    along    streams   in   our   coast   region.    Ballona  Creek;    Los 
Angeles  River.    August-October. 

5.  B.  glutinosa  Pers.     Stems  herbaceous  above,  woody  below, 
1-3  m.  high;   branches    striate-angled ;    leaves  very  glutinous, 
lanceolate,  acute,  denticulate  or  repandodentate,  5-7  cm.  long; 
heads  in  ample  cymose  panicles  at  the  ends  of  simple  slender 
branches,  mostly  6  mm.  high;  involucre  stramineous,  destitute 
of  green  center  or  distinct  costa. 

Occasional  on  borders  of  marshes.    August-November. 

6.  B.  vixninea  DC.     Shrubby  and  willow-like,  producing  short 
lateral  flowering  branches,  these  terete  and  minutely  striate; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  ob- 
scurely 3-nerved,  5-7  cm.  long;  heads  about  4  mm.  high,  hemi- 
spheric, in  small  cymose  clusters;  involucre  tawny,  destitute  of 
green  center  or  costa. 

Very  common  along  all  our  streams  throughout  our  range.    April-July. 


Tribe  3.  INULEAE.     EVERLASTING  TRIBE. 

Annual  or  perennial  mostly  white-woolly  plants,  with 
alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  small  dioecious  heads. 
Involucral  bracts  often  white  or  scarious,  imbricated. 
Pistillate  flowers  mostly  white,  with  filiform  corollas. 
Anthers  caudate  at  base,  unappendaged  at  apex.  Pappus 
capillary  or  none. 

Involucral  bracts  many;  receptacle  naked. 

Bracts  dry,  but  not  scarious.  20.  PLUCHEA. 

Bracts  scarious.  25.  GNAPHALIUM. 

Involucral  bracts  few  or  none;  receptacle  chaffy. 

Bracts  completely  enclosing  their  achenes;  pappus  none. 

Achenes  gibbous.  21.  MICROPUS. 

Achenes  straight  or  somewhat  curved. 

Receptacle  columnar.  22.  STYLOCLINE. 

Receptacle  globose  or  ovoid.  23.  PSILOCARPHUS. 

Bracts  of  2  kinds,  the  lower  completely  enclosing  their  achenes;  the  others 
chaff-like,  surrounding  a  central  cluster  of  flowers. 

24.  FILAGO. 


Everlasting  Tribe  407 

20.  PLUCHEA  Cass. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  heads 
of  tubular  flowers  in  terminal  cymose  clusters.  Involu- 
cral  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  appressed,  her- 
baceous. Receptacle  flat.  Outer  flowers  of  the  head  pis- 
tillate, their  corollas  filiform,  3-cleft  or  dentate.  Central 
flowers  perfect,  but  mostly  sterile,  their  corollas  5-cleft. 
Achenes  small,  4-5-angled  or  sulcate.  Pappus  a  series 
of  capillary  scabrous  bristles. 

1.  P.  sericea  (Nutt.)   Coville.     (ARROWWOOD.)      Shrub,  4   m. 
high  or  less,  with  suberect  slender  willowy  branches,  very  leafy 
up  to  the  cymose  clusters  of  rather  small  heads;  leaves  silky- 
pubescent,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
entire ;  involucre  campanulate ;  outer  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  tomen- 
tose ;    inner  ones  narrowly  linear,  deciduous;    flowers  whitish, 
tinged  with  purple  or  red ;  pappus  copious,  the  bristles  of  the 
sterile  flowers  clavellate-dilated,  of  the  fertile  slender.    (P.  borealis 
Gray.) 

Rather  common  along  the  streams,  especially  in  the  interior  valleys, 
May-July. 

2.  P.  camphorata  DC.     Annual,  stoutish,  minutely  and  some- 
what viscid-pubescent,  leafy,  6  dm.  high;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  toothed  or  denticulate,  the 
larger  7-12  cm.  long,  petioled  ;  heads  short-pedicelled,  dull  purple, 
crowded  in  a  corymbose  cluster;  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  often 
colored. 

Occasional  along  streams  and  marshes  about  Los  Angeles;  Ballona 
Creek. 

21.  MICBOPUS  L. 

Low  floccose  annuals  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and 
several-flowered  scattered  heads.  Pistillate  flowers  in  1 
or  2  series  on  a  small  receptacle,  each  enclosed  in  a  con- 
duplicate  bract  which  has  a  scarious,  appendiculate  lip. 
Hermaphrodite  sterile  flowers  central,  few,  mostly  naked. 
Involucre  outside  of  the  fruiting  bracts  scanty  and 
scarious.  Achenes  gibbous,  obovate,  each  enclosed  in  its 
bract  and  falling  away  with  it.  Pappus  none. 


408  Inuleae 

1.  M.  Californicus  F.  &  M.  Slender,  erect,  1-3  dm.  high; 
leaves  mostly  linear;  fructiferous  bracts  5-6,  becoming  firm-cori- 
aceous, somewhat  semicordate  or  semiobovate  in  outline,  straight 
anteriorly,  the  soon  erect  bract-like  tip  mostly  scarious. 

Frequent  on  open  hillsides  in  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains  and  in  the 
foothills  about  Los  Angeles. 

22.  STYLOCL.INE  Nutt. 

Low  and  diffuse  white-woolly  annuals,  with  alternate 
leaves  and  terminal  subglobose  heads.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  and  of  the  receptacle  deciduous  with  the 
mature  fruit,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  involute  or  sac- 
cate-conduplicate,  embracing  the  obovate  or  oblong 
obcompressed  achene  ;  those  of  the  sterile  flowers  plane 
or  concave.  Pappus  wanting  in  the  fertile  flowers,  com- 
posed of  a  few  caducous  bristles  in  the  sterile  ones. 

1.  S.  gnaphalioides  Nutt.  Stems  5-10  cm.  long;  leaves  linear 
or  the  upper  oblong,  obtuse ;  fruiting  bract  hyaline,  broadly  ovate, 
woolly  on  the  back. 

Occasional  in  open  ground,  on  wooded  slopes,  and  in  the  chaparral  belt. 
April-June. 

23.  PSILOCARPHUS  Nutt. 

Small,  usually  depressed  and  much  branched  floccose 
annuals,  with  opposite  leaves  and  globose  heads  which 
are  sessile  in  the  axils  or  at  the  forks.  Fruiting  bracts 
numerous,  crowded  on  the  globular  or  oval  receptacle, 
cucullate-saccate,  semiobovate  or  semiobcordate,  rounded 
at  the  tip,  somewhat  membranaceous,  apex  introrse,  the 
ovate  or  oblong  hyaline  appendage  inflexed  or  erect. 
Achene  loose  within  the  bract,  oblong  or  narrow,  straight, 
slightly  compressed. 

1.  P.  globiferus  Nutt.  Branched  from  the  base  and  spread- 
ing or  prostrate ;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  spatulate,  the  upper- 
most little  surpassing  the  very  woolly  heads;  achenes  obovate- 
oblong,  about  1  mm.  long. 

Frequent  on  the  plains  and  hills,  especially  in  exsiccated  places.  April- 
May. 


Everlasting  Tribe  409 

24.  FILAGO  L. 

Erect  slender  floccose-woolly  annuals  with  alternate 
entire  leaves  and  small  discoid  heads  in  capitate  lateral 
and  terminal  clusters.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  few  and 
scarious.  Receptacle  convex  or  subconic,  chaffy,  each 
chaff-scale  subtending  an  achene.  Outer  flowers  of  the 
heads  in  several  series,  pistillate,  their  corollas  filiform, 
minutely  2-4-dentate.  Central  flowers  few,  perfect,  but 
mainly  sterile,  their  corollas  tubular,  4-5-toothed. 
Achenes  terete  or  slightly  compressed. 

1.  F.  Californica  Nutt.  Slender,  erect,  annual,  2  dm.  high 
or  usually  less ;  leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  spatulate;  heads  ovate, 
slightly  angular;  pistillate  flowers  8-10-bracteate,  their  bracts 
broadly  ovate  and  deeply  boat-shaped,  somewhat  arcuate-incurved, 
very  woolly,  with  broadish  and  obtuse  hyaline  tips;  inner  bracts 
oblong,  concave,  nearly  glabrous;  achenes  narrowly  oblong, 
minutely  papillose-granular;  pappus  of  the  embraced  none;  of 
the  others  copious. 

Frequent  on  dry  hillsides  and  plains,  especially  in  sandy  soil.  April- 
June. 

25.  GNAPHAL.IUM  L.     EVERLASTING. 

Woolly  erect  or  diffusely  branched  annual,  biennial 
or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  discoid 
heads  of  pistillate  and  perfect  flowers.  Involucral 
bracts  scarious,  white  or  yellowish,  imbricated.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked.  Pistillate  flowers  in  several  series, 
their  corollas  filiform,  minutely  dentate  or  3-4-lobed. 
Central  flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  tubular,  5-toothed 
or  5-lobed.  Achenes  not  ribbed.  Pappus  a  single  series 
of  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  sometimes  thickened  above. 

*  Pappus-bristles  not  united  at  base. 

•*-  More  or  less  glandular-pubescent  and  heavy-scented. 

1.  G.  ramosissimum  Nutt.  Biennial,  erect,  6-15  dm.  high, 
paniculately  much  branched  above  the  middle ;  the  panicle  often 


410  Inuleae 

rather  narrow  and  virgate ;  herbage  glandular  and  very  sweet- 
scented,  only  the  stem  slightly  arachnoid ;  leaves  green  on  both 
sides,  distinctly  decurrent ;  heads  narrow,  4  mm.  high,  rose  color ; 
bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish. 

Occasional  on  wooded  slopes  about  Pasadena  and  Los  Angeles. 

2.  G.  Californicum  DC.     Biennial,  6-10  dm.  high,  stoutish, 
corymbosely  branched    at    the    summit,   bearing    rather    loose 
cymosely  disposed  clusters  of  broad  heads ;  leaves  lanceolate,  gla- 
brate  above,  glandular  and   balsamic-scented,  s'trongly  adnate- 
decurrent;  heads  5-7  mm.  high,  nearly  as  broad,  white  or  yellow- 
ish; outer  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  the  inner  acute. 

Rather  common  on  the  dry  plains  and  foothills.    April-July. 

3.  G.  leucocephalum  Gray.     Perennial  from  a  lignescentroot; 
stems  several,  4-6  dm.  high,  strict,  mostly  simple,  very  leafy; 
herbage  white  with   close  wool  except  the  under  sides  of  the 
leaves ;  stem -leaves  narrowly  linear,  attenuate,  acute,  erect,  short- 
decurrent  at  the  narrow  base,  viscid-glandular  above;  heads  in  a 
small  close  cyme ;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  much  imbri- 
cated, pearly  white;  bracts  ovate  and  oblong,  obtuse. 

Occasional  in  dry  washes.    Santa  Anita  Wash,  near  Monrovia. 

-*-  -*-  Not  at  all  glandular  or  heavy-scented. 

4.  G.  Chilense  Spreng.     Stems  rather  stout,  from  an  annual 
or  biennial  root,  3-6  dm.  high,  loosely  floccose  or  the  upper  faces 
of  the  leaves  often  nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower 
often  spatulate  or  oblanceolate ;   heads  in  close  clusters  at  the 
ends  of  the  corymbose  branches ;  involucre  hemispheric,  with  a 
yellowish-green  tinge;  bracts  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse. 

Common  along  the  seashore  on  the  sand-dunes  and  frequent  in  our  foot- 
hills and  mountains,  extending  into  the  pine  belt. 

5.  G.  microcephalum  Nutt.      Biennial;  stems   slender  with 
several  erect  branches,  5-8  dm.  high,  loosely  corymbose-paniculate 
above,  the  whole  herbage  white  with  a  persistent  wool,  not  at  all 
glandular  or  heavy-scented ;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate, 
slenderly  decurrent ;  heads  rather  few  or  loose  in  the  paniculately 
or  cymosely  disposed  clusters;  involucres  ovate;  bracts  white, 
ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  except  the  inner. 

Frequent  in  dry  washes  and  in  the  chaparral  belt.    June-September. 

4.  G.  palustre  Nutt.     Low,  branching  annual,  5-15  cm.  high, 
floccose  with  long  wool ;  leaves  spatulate  to  oblong  and  lanceo- 


Ambrosiae  411 

late;  heads  glomerate,  leafy-bracted ;  involucres  about  2  mm. 
high,  embedded  in  loose  wool;  bracts  linear,  obtuse,  brownish- 
green,  the  tips  white. 

Occasional  along  river  bottoms  and  on  the  margins  of  ponds.  May- 
October. 

**  Pappus  united  at  the  base,  deciduous  in  a  ring. 

5.  G.  purpureum  L.  Biennial,  simple  or  branching,  erect 
or  decumbent  at  the  base,  2-3  dm.  high,  canescent  with  a  dense 
close  wool ;  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  usually  becoming  glabrate 
and  green  above;  heads  crowded  in  an  elongated  more  or  less 
interrupted  spiciform  inflorescence  ;  involucre  brownish  ;  achenes 
sparsely  scabrous. 

Lincoln  Park,  Davidson. 

Tribe  4.  AMBROSIAE.     RAGWEED  TRIBE. 

Herbs  with  mostly  alternate  leaves  and  greenish  or 
white  unisexual  flowers.  Staminate  heads  racemose  or 
clustered  above  the  few  axillary  pistillate  ones.  Pistil- 
late heads  usually  2-flowered,  destitute  of  pappus  and 
corolla,  completely  enclosed  by  the  more  or  less  spiny 
involucre  and  becoming  a  bur  in  fruit.  Staminate 
flowers  many.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Corolla  present. 
Anthers  distinct  or  scarcely  coherent. 

Involucral  bracts  of  Staminate  heads  united. 

Involucres  of  pistillate  heads  armed  near  the  apex  with  a  single  row  of 

prickles.  26.  AMBROSIA. 

Involucre  of  pistillate  heads  armed  with  several  rows  of  prickles. 

27.  GAERTNERIA. 
Involucral  bracts  of  Staminate  heads  distinct.  28.  XANTHIUM. 

26.  AMBROSIA  L.     RAGWEED. 

Monoecious  branching  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
or  opposite,  mostly  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small 
heads  of  green  flowers,  the  staminate  spicate  or  racemose, 
the  pistillate  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils. 
Involucre  of  the  pistillate  heads  globose-ovoid,  closed, 
1-flowered,  usually  armed  with  4-8  tubercles  or  spines ; 


412  Ambrosiae 

corolla  none  ;  pappus  none.  Involucre  of  the  staminate 
heads  hemispheric,  5-12-lobed,  open,  many-flowered ; 
corolla  funnelform,  5-toothed  ;  anthers  scarcely  coherent, 
mucronate-tipped. 

1.  A.  psilostachya  DC.  Stems  erect  from  horizontal  root- 
stocks,  5-8  dm.  high,  with  strigose  pubescence  and  somewhat 
scabrous ;  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnatifid ;  fruit  mostly  solitary 
in  the  axils,  turgid-ovoid,  about  3  mm.  long,  obtusely  short- 
pointed,  rugose-reticulate,  either  unarmed  or  with  4  short  or  sharp 
tubercles. 

A  common  weed  in  low  ground,  especially  in  our  coast  valleys.  June- 
September. 

27.  GAERTNERIA  Med. 

Hispid  or  tomentose  branching  herbs,  sometimes  woody 
at  the  base,  with  mostly  alternate  lobed  or  divided 
leaves,  and  small  monoecious  greenish  heads  of  discoid 
flowers,  the  staminate  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  the 
pistillate  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Invo- 
lucre of  the  pistillate  heads  ovoid  or  globose,  closed,  1-4- 
celled,  1-4-beaked,  armed  with  several  rows  of  spines 
and  forming  a  bur  in  fruit ;  corolla  none  ;  style-branches 
exserted  ;  achenes  obovoid,  thick,  solitary  in  the  cells  ; 
pappus  none.  Staminate  heads  sessile  or  short-ped- 
uncled,  their  involucres  broadly  hemispheric,  open  5-12- 
lobed  ;  receptacle  chaffy ;  corolla  regular,  with  short 
tube  and  5-lobed  limb ;  anthers  scarcely  coherent, 
mucronate-tipped. 

1.  G.  tenuifolia  (Gray)  Kuntze.  Perennial,  erect,  4-15  dm. 
high,  leafy  throughout,  hispid  or  varying  to  glabrate;  leaves 
mostly  2-3-pinnately  parted  or  dissected  into  narrow  oblong  or 
linear  lobes,  the  narrow  rachis  often  with  a  few  interposed  small 
lobes,  the  terminal  elongated ;  staminate  racemes  elongated  and 
paniculate;  pistillate  heads  in  numerous  glomerules  below,  in 
fruit  minutely  glandular,  about  2  mm.  long,  armed  with  6-18 
short  and  stout  incurving  spines,  their  tips  usually  hooked  and 


Ragweed  Tribe  413 

with  an  excavated  cartilaginously  bordered  areola  about  each. 
(Franseria  tenui folia  Gray.) 

Rather  common  about  Cahuenga  Pass. 

2.  G.  acanthicarpa   (Hook.)   Britton.     Annual,  diffuse,  hir- 
sute or  hispid;  the  stems  and  branches  3-10  dm.  long;  leaves 
ovate  or  roundish  in  outline,  2.5-7  cm.  broad,  bipinnatifid ;  sterile 
racemes  numerous,  short;  fruiting  involucre  6-8  mm.  high,  with 
flat  lanceolate-subulate  spines.     (Franseria  acanthicarpa  Hook.) 

Not  uncommon  on  the  dry  plains  of  the  interior  valleys.    July-September. 

3.  G.  bipinnatifida  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.     Perennial,  procumbent ; 
stems  6-10  dm.  long,  hirsute;  leaves  ovate  in  outline,  2.5-5  cm. 
long,  2-3-pinnately  parted,  with  oblong  lobes,  canescent  with  soft 
tomentum  or  finely  hirsute ;  staminate  spikes  or  racemes  dense ; 
fruiting  involucre  ovate-fusiform,   6-8    mm.  long,  armed   with 
rather  short  and  thick  flattish  spines,  their  acute  tips  somewhat 
incurved.     (Franseria  bipinnatifida  Nutt.) 

Common  along  the  seashore  on  beach  sands  and  on  the  sand-dunes. 
Flowering  nearly  throughout  the  year. 

28.  XANTHIUM  L.     COCKLE-BUR. 

Monoecious  annual  branching  coarse  rough  or  spiny 
herbs,  with  alternate  lobed  or  dentate  leaves,  and  father 
small  heads  of  greenish  flowers,  the  staminate  ones  capi- 
tate-clustered at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  pistillate 
axillary.  Involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  with  short 
distinct  bracts  in  1-3  series  ;  receptacle  chaffy ;  corolla 
tubular,  5-toothed  ;  anthers  not  coherent,  mucronate  at 
apex  ;  filaments  united.  Involucre  of  pistillate  heads 
ovoid  or  oblong,  closed,  covered  with  hooked  spines,  1-2- 
beaked,  2-celled,  each  cell  containing  1  ovoid  or  oblong 
achene  ;  corolla  none  ;  pappus  none. 

1.  X.  spinosum  L.  Widely  branching  from  the  base,  about 
6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  lobed  or  pinna- 
tifid,  glabrate  and  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath ;  axils 
each  with  a  short-stalked  sponged  yellow  spine  about  2  cm.  long; 
burs  about  10  mm.  long,  armed  with  short  weak  prickles. 

Frequent  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places.    August-October. 


414  Heliantheae 

2.  X.  Canadense  Mill.  Stems  stout,  branched  above ;  leaves 
broad-ovoid,  slightly  lobed,  rough -scabrous ;  burs  about  2  cm. 
long,  densely  beset  with  stoutish  hooked  prickles  and  strongly 
2-horned  at  the  apex. 

Rather  common  in  low  ground,  especially  in  sandy  soil.    July-October. 

Tribe  5.  HELIANTHEAE.     SUNFLOWER  TRIBE. 

Herbs  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants  with  opposite  or 
basal  leaves,  and  commonly  balsamic-resinous  juice. 
Rays  present,  usually  showy.  Involucral  bracts  her- 
baceous or  foliaceous.  Receptacle  chaffy ;  chaff  sub- 
tending each  flower.  Pappus  paleaceous,  of  rigid  awns 
or  cup-like,  or  rarely  of  rather  stout  plumose  bristles. 
Rays  usually  present. 

Rays  usually  present;  pappus  paleaceous. 

Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series. 
Rays  sterile. 

Achenes  quadrangular-compressed,  glabrous.         29.  HELIANTHUS. 
Achenes  flattened,  villous,  cilate  on  tne  margins.  30.  ENCELIA. 
Rays  fertile.  31.  VERBESINA. 

Involucral  bracts  of  2  dissimilar  series. 

Rflys  present,  fertile.  32.  LEPTOSYNE. 

Rays  sterile  or  none.  33.  BIDENS. 

Rays  wanting;  pappus  of  plumose  bristles.  34.  BEBBTA. 

29.  HELIANTHUS  L.     SUNFLOWER. 

Erect  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or 
alternate  simple  leaves,  and  large  peduncled  corymbose 
or  solitary  heads  of  both  tubular  and  ray-flowers,  the 
rays  yellow,  the  disk  yellow  brown  or  purple.  Involu- 
cre hemispheric  or  depressed,  its  bracts  imbricated  in 
several  series.  Receptacle  flat,  convex  or  conic,  chaffy, 
the  chaff  subentire.  Ray-flowers  sterile.  Disk-flowers 
perfect,  with  short  tube  and  5-lobed  limb.  Style-branches 
tipped  with  hirsute  appendages.  Achenes  thick,  oblong 
or  obovate,  compressed  or  somewhat  4-angled.  Pappus 
of  2  scales  or  awns,  or  sometimes  with  2-4  additional 
shorter  ones,  deciduous. 


Sunflower  Tribe  415 

1.  H.  annuus  L.      Robust,  hispid  or  scabrous;   stems  often 
2.5  cm.  high,  thick,  mottled  or  spotted  with  purple;  leaves  all 
but  the  lowest  alternate,  acute  or  acuminate,  more  or  less  regu- 
larly dentate  or  denticulate,  10-25  cm.  long,  petiolate;    involu- 
cral  bracts  broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  aristiform-acuminate ;  disk 
2  cm.  broad  or  more,  dark  purple  or  brown;  rays  often  5  cm. 
long. 

A  common  weed  in  all  the  valleys. 

2.  H.  Oliver!  Gray.     Rather  stout,  2-4  m.  high,  leafy  through- 
out, soft-villous  and  somewhat  tomentose,  not  at  all  roughened; 
leaves  all  alternate,  lanceolate,  10-17  cm.  long,  tapering  to  an 
acute  point,  and  at  base  into  a  short-margined  petiole,  nearly 
entire,  obscurely  3-nerved  near  the  base;  involucre  villous,  its 
bracts  linear-subulate,  not  surpassing  the  disk ;  rays  2.5  cm.  long ; 
palea  of  pappus  subulate  from  broad  base. 

Cienega;  East  Los  Angeles. 

3.  H.  Parishii  Gray.     Stems  slender,  2-5  m.  high,  simple  or 
branched  above;   leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  softly  cinereous- 
puberulent  or  canescent  beneath,  scabrous  above;  heads  10-15 
mm.  high  ;  rays  20-35  mm.  long ;  involucral  bracts  linear-subulate, 
longer  than  the  disk,  villous  toward  the  base;  disk-corollas  with 
a  silky-villous  ring  or  2  tufts  above  the  short  proper  tube ;  paleae 
of  the  pappus  slender-subulate. 

Oak  Knoll,  Grant.    Rather  frequent  in  the  San  Bernardino  Valley. 

30.  ENCELIA  Adans. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves, 
and  usually  with  large  peduncled  heads  of  both  ray-  and 
disk-flowers,  the  rays  neutral  yellow,  the  disk  yellow  or 
brownish,  perfect.  Receptacle  flat,  convex  or  conic, 
chaffy  ;  chaff  usually  soft  and  mainly  scarious.  Achenes 
flattened,  thin-edged,  often  villous.  Pappus  none  or  an 
awn  or  its  rudiment  to  each  margin  of  the  wingless 
achene. 

1.  E.  Californica  Nutt.  Woody  at  base,  branched  above,  6-12 
dm.  high,  strong-scented,  minutely  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  rarely  denticulate  or  toothed,  about  5  cm.  long, 
green  and  glabrate ;  heads  commonly  solitary,  the  disk  about  2 
cm.  broad,  brownish  or  purplish;  involucre  white-villous ;  rays 


416  Heliantheae 

16-20,  2.5  cm.  long  or  more,  golden-yellow;  achenes  obovate  with 
very  shallow  notch  and  no  pappus,  the  margins  very  long  villous. 
Very  common  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  the  moun- 
tains; also  on  the  low  hills  about  Los  Angeles  and  along  the  coast.  Rang- 
ing from  Monterey  to  San  Diego.  In  the  San  Bernardino  and  Riverside  Valleys 
and  eastward  it  is  replaced  by  E.farinosa  Gray,  which  has  the  leaves  cov- 
ered with  a  silvery  tomentum. 

31.  VEBBESINA  L. 

Perennial  or  annual,  pubescent  or  scabrous  herbs  with 
alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  often  decurrent,  and  corym- 
bose or  solitary  heads  of  both  ray-  and  disk-flowers,  or 
the  rays  sometimes  wanting.  Involucral  bracts  imbri- 
cated in  few  series.  Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  chaffy, 
the  chaff  embracing  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistil- 
late or  sterile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  mostly  fertile. 
Achenes  flattened  or  those  of  the  rays  3-sided,  their 
margins  winged  or  wingless.  Pappus  of  1-3,  usually  2, 
subulate  awns,  sometimes  with  2-3  intermediate  scales. 

1.  V.  encelioides(Cav.)  Gray.  Annual ;  stems  densely  puberu- 
lent,  much  branched  or  rarely  simple,  3-6  dm.  high;  leaves 
deltoid-ovate  or  deltoid-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  coarsely  den- 
tate, green  and  minutely  pubescent  above,  pale  and  densely  canes- 
cent  beneath,  all  alternate  or  the  lowest  opposite,  narrowed  at 
the  base  to  a  margined  petiole,  these  often  with  dilated  append- 
ages at  the  base,  heads  several  or  many,  2.5-5  cm.  broad;  involu- 
cral  bracts  lanceolate,  canescent;  rays  12-15,  golden-yellow, 
3-toothed  ;  achenes  of  the  disk-flowers  obovate,  winged ;  pappus 
of  2  subulate  awns,  those  of  the  rays  rugose,  thickened,  often 
wingless. 

Occasional  in  moist  alluvial  soils  along  our  valley  streams.  Los  Angeles; 
San  Fernando  Valley.  April-June. 

32.  LEPTOSYNE  DC. 

Glabrous  annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  rarely  shrubby, 
with  dissected  leaves,  and  usually  long  scapiform  erect 
peduncles,  bearing  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
Involucral  bracts  in  2  series,  the  outer  of  narrow  foliace- 


Sunflower  Tribe  417 

ous  spreading  bracts,  the  inner  of  broad  membranous 
erect  ones.  Rays  broad,  pistillate  and  often  fertile, 
sometimes  neutral.  Chaff  of  receptacle  linear,  thin, 
scarious,  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenes  flat  or 
somewhat  concavo-convex,  margined.  Pappus  a  minute 
callous  cup  or  a  pair  of  palese. 

1.  L.  Douglasii  DC.     Annual,  3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  mostly  basal, 
2-3-parted  into  filiform  divisions ;  rays  10-15  cm.  long;  the  ring 
of   the  disk-corollas  distinctly  bearded;    achenes  sparsely  beset 
with  capitate  rigid  bristles,  the  margin  becoming  corky;   cup- 
like  ring  in  place  of  pappus  entire. 

Common  on  dry  plains  and  in  open  places  in  the  lower  portions  of  the 
chaparral  belt.  March-May. 

2.  I*,  gigantea  Kell.     Perennial;   stems   stout,   fleshy,   6-20 
dm.  high,  bearing  at  the  summit  an  ample  tuft  of  leaves  and  stout 
peduncles  of  corymbosely  arranged  heads;   leaves  3-pinnately 
divided  into  filiform  segments  ;  achenes  oblong  or  ovoid,  obscurely 
3-5-nerved,  narrowly  callous-winged  ;  pappus  a  slight  coroniform 
cup. 

Bluffs  along  the  sea  near  Santa  Monica.    Common  on  the  islands. 

33.  BIDENS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  serrate  or 
usually  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  or  the  upper  mostly 
alternate,  and  usually  rather  large  heads  of  both  tubular 
and  radiate  flowrers  or  the  rays  none.  Involucral  bracts 
in  2  series,  distinct  or  somewhat  united  at  base,  the 
outer  often  foliaceous  and  much  longer  than  the  inner. 
Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so,  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending 
the  disk-flowers.  Rays  when  present  neutral,  usually 
yellow.  Disk-flowers  perfect.  Achenes  flat,  quadrangu- 
lar or  nearly  terete.  Pappus  of  2-6  teeth  or  subulate 
awns,  barbed  or  hispid. 

1.  B.  speciosa  Parish.  Aquatic,  perennial  by  stolons,  gla- 
brous throughout;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  stout,  10-25  dm. 
high,  branched  at  the  nodes;  leaves  lanceolate,  1-2  dm.  long, 


418  Madieae 

toothed,  narrowed  to  the  connate  base;  heads  on  peduncles  4-8 
cm.  long,  erect,  nodding  in  fruit;  outer  involucral  bracts  4-8, 
foliaceous,  reflexed;  the  inner  bracts  8,  membranous,  acutely 
oval;  rays  golden-yellow,  ovate-oblong,  2  cm.  long;  chaff  linear  > 
equaling  the  disk-flowers;  achenes  black,  flat,  5  mm.  long;  awns 
2,  3  mm.  long,  or  with  a  third  half  as  long,  awns  and  edges  of  the 
achene  retrorsely  barbed. 

Frequent  in  shallow  streams  about  San  Bernardino,  apparently  less  com- 
mon toward  the  coast.  August-November. 

2.  B.  pilosa  L.  Annual ;  stems  erect,  usually  branched  from 
the  base,  4-6  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose-pubescent ; 
leaves  pinnate,  pilose-pubescent;  leaflets  3-5,  irregularly  serrate- 
or  incised,  15-25  mm.  long;  heads  scattered,  few,  10-12  mm. 
broad;  rays  none;  achenes  narrow,  linear,  about  1  cm.  long. 

Frequent  along  streets  and  irrigating  ditches.   Native  of  tropical  America. 

34.  BEBBIA  Greene. 

Much  branched  suffrutescent  plants  with  few  mostly 
opposite  narrow  leaves,  and  scattered  discoid  heads. 
Involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  3-4 
series,  the  inner  somewhat  scarious  and  striate.  Recep- 
tacle chaffy  ;  the  chaffy  bracts  persistent,  lanceolate, 
partly  embracing  the  achenes,  nearly  equaling  those  of 
the  involucre.  Corollas  tubular,  yellow.  Achenes  tur- 
binate,  slightly  obcompressed.  Pappus  consisting  of  1 
series  of  long  rather  stout  plumose  bristles. 

1.  B.  juncea  (Benth.)  Greene.  Much  branched  from  a  woody 
base,  10-15  dm.  high ;  flowering  branches  rush-like,  nearly  Leaf- 
less, pale  green  and  glabrous  or  minutely  and  sparsely  scabrous ; 
leaves  mainly  opposite,  linear;  heads  scattered,  terminating  the 
branchlets,  1  cm.  high;  pappus-bristles  equaling  the  slender 
corollas ;  achenes  appressed-pubescent. 

Occasional  in  dry  washes.  Santiago  Canyon,  Santa  Ana  Mountains,  Geis; 
Highlands. 

Tribe  6.  MADIEAE.     TARWEED  TRIBE. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  usually  glandular 
viscid  or  heavy-scented  herbage.  Leaves  alternate  or 


Tarweed  Tribe  419 

opposite.  Involucral  bracts  in  1  series,  each  partly  or 
wholly  enclosing  an  achene.  Bracts  of  the  receptacle 
commonly  in  a  single  series  between  ray-  and  disk- 
flowers.  Rays  always  present  and  fertile,  destitute  of 
pappus.  Disk-flowers  sterile  or  fertile,  their  pappus 
paleaceous,  awn-like  or  none. 

Ray-achenes  laterally  compressed,  completely  enfolded  by  the  involucral 

bract. 
Rays  inconspicuous. 

Disk-flowers  several.  35.  MADIA. 

Disk-flowers  1-4.  40.  HARPAECARPUS. 

Rays  showy.  36.  MADARIA. 

Ray-achenes  somewhat  obcompressed,  half  enclosed  by  the  bracts. 

Leaves  spiny ;  flowers  yellow.  37.  CENTROMADIA. 

Leaves  not  spiny. 

Herbage  somewhat  glandular;  flowers  yellow.      38.  DEINANDRA. 
Herbage  not  glandular;  flowers  white  or  rose  color. 

39.  CALYCADENIA. 

Ray-achenes  obcompressed  or  clavate,  completely  enfolded  by  their  bracts. 
Bracts  5;  herbage  canescent.  41.  LAGOPHYLLA. 

Bracts  more  than  5. 

Rays  showy,  yellow  or  white.  42.  BLEPHARIPAPPDS. 

Rays  inconspicuous;  pappus  becoming  showy.      43.  ACHYRACHAENA. 

35.  MADIA  Mol.     TARWEED. 

Glandular  and  viscid  heavy-scented  herbs  with  at 
least  the  upper  leaves  alternate  entire  or  toothed.  Heads 
axillary  and  terminal.  Involucre  angled  by  the  salient 
carinate  backs  of  the  uniserial  involucral  bracts,  these 
usually  completely  enclosing  the  ray-achenes,  their  tips 
herbaceous.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  bearing  a  single 
series  of  chaff  united  and  forming  a  cup  between  the 
ray-  and  disk-flowers,  the  inner  portion  naked  or  fimbril- 
late.  Ray-flowers  yellow,  rather  short,  3-lobed,  fertile. 
Disk-flowers  sterile.  Pappus  none.  Achenes  laterally 
compressed,  smooth,  beakless. 

1.  M.  sativa  Mol.  Stem  simple  with  a  few  short  ascending 
branches  above,  erect,  stout,  3-9  dm.  high,  pubescent  with  slen- 
der hairs  and  beset  with  stalked  very  viscid  glands ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, nearly  entire,  glandular-pubescent;  heads  12  mm.  high, 


420  Madieae 

short-peduncled  or  sessile  in  the  upper  axils  and  at  the  ends 
of  the  short  branches;  cup  of  receptacle  broadly  campanulate, 
enclosing  many  disk-flowers;  disk-achenes  cuneate-oblong, 
4-angled ;  ray-achenes  falcate-obovate. 

Frequent  on  the  plains  and  grassy  hills.    July-September. 

2.  M.  dissitiflora  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Slender,  loosely  branching, 
5-7  dm.  high,  viscid;  heads  scattered,  broad-ovate,  about  6  mm. 
high;  cup  of  receptacle  ovoid,  not  closed;  achenes  thin,  not  an- 
gular. 

On  wooded  slopes  in  the  Santa  Monica  Mountains.    May-July. 

36.  MADARIA  DC. 

Erect  glandular  pilose  or  somewhat  hispid  annuals, 
with  lanceolate  usually  entire  leaves,  and  corymbosely 
panicled  heads  of  showy  yellow  flowers.  Involucral 
bracts  wholly  enclosing  the  ray-achenes.  Receptacle 
convex  densely  fimbrillate-hirsute  and  with  a  circle  of 
bracts  between  ray-  and  disk-flowers.  Disk-flowers  sterile. 
Ray-flowers  fertile,  showy,  their  achenes  laterally  com- 
pressed, smooth,  not  incurved.  Pappus  none. 

1.  M.  elegans  (Don.)  DC.  Stems  rather  stout,  8-15  dm. 
high;  leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  entire  or  serrate,  sessile  by 
a  broad  base;  whole  herbage  viscid  with  stalked  glands,  the 
peduncles  and  involucres  hirsute  with  long  white  hairs ;  heads 
numerous  in  an  ample  corymbose  panicle ;  rays  12-15,  about  2 
cm.  long,  yellow,  often  with  dark  red  base;  achenes  rather  thin 
and  flat,  dark  brown  or  blackish. 

Near  Fairmont,  Davidson;  Trabuco  Canyon,  Santa  Ana  Mountains.  June- 
September. 

37.  CENTBOMADIA  Greene. 

Rigid  corymbosely  or  diffusely  branching  annuals, 
with  alternate  pinnatifid  or  entire  spinescent  leaves. 
Herbage  more  or  less  resiniferous  or  glandular  through- 
out. Involucral  bracts  subulate,  pungent,  half  enclosing 
the  ray-achenes,  persistent.  Ray-flowers  15-40,  yellow, 
small,  fertile.  Disk-flowers  sterile.  Receptacle  convex. 


Tarweed  Tribe  421 

chaffy  throughout,  the  chaff  distinct  and  persistent. 
Achenes  triangular,  the  inner  angles  terminated  by  a 
short  apiculation,  nearly  smooth  or  faintly  rugose-tuber- 
culate.  Pappus  none. 

1.  C.  pungens  (H.  &  A.)  Greene.     Stout  with  rather   rigid 
ascending  or  spreading  branches,  4-8  dm.  high,  hirsute  or  hispid, 
scarcely  viscid,  nearly  or  quite  scentless;  lower  leaves  2-pinnati- 
fid,  the  upper  1-pinnatifid,   the  lobes  pungent-tipped;  chaff  of 
receptacle  rigid-pungent ;  disk-achenes  destitute  of  pappus  ;  ray- 
achenes  nearly  black,  about  2  mm.  long,  the  ventral  angle  cari- 
nate,   the  plane  sides  and  rounded  back  faintly  tuberculate- 
rugose. 

Common  in  the  plains  in  heavy,  rather  moist  soil.    July-November. 

2.  C.  Parryi  Greene.  Widely  branching,  3-6  dm. high,  sparsely 
hirsute,   minutely  resinous-glandular,   aromatic;    lowest  leaves 
pinnatifid,the  cauline  linear,  entire,  sharply  pungent,  spreading, 
the  uppermost  pilose-ciliate  toward  the  base  ;  heads  scattered ;  ray- 
achenes  dull  black,  1.5  mm.  long,  somewhat  compressed,  smooth 
on  the  sides,  with  a  few  coarse  tuberculations  on  the  back ;  disk- 
achenes  with  3  or  more  paleee  exceeding  the  corollas ;  chaff  of 
the  receptacle  not  pungent. 

Brackish  flats  toward  the  coast.    June-August. 

38.  DEINANDRA  Greene. 

Erect,  rigid  and  brittle,  balsamic-viscid  annuals,  with 
mostly  small  few-flowered  panicled  heads,  and  entire  or 
serrate  leaves.  Involucral  bracts  few,  half  enclosing 
their  achenes,  their  tips  short,  rigid  and  erect.  Rays 
usually  5,  broad,  3-toothed,  diurnal.  Receptacle  chaffy 
only  next  the  rays.  Ray-achenes  gibbous,  tuberculate- 
rugose,  the  terminal  areola  raised  upon  a  distinct 
curved  beak  from  the  angle  of  the  ventral  face  of  the 
achene  ;  disk-achenes  mostly  sterile,  with  or  without  a 
paleaceous  crown. 

1.  D.  fasciculata  (DC.)  Greene.  Hirsute  or  hispid  below, 
glabrous  and  viscid-glandular  above,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  heads  small, 


422  Madieae 

subaessile,  usually  fasciculate-clustered;  involucral  bracts  gla- 
brous or  glandular-hispidulous  ;  bracts  of  the  receptacle  slightly 
united;  pappus  of  the  disk-achenes  of  6-10  linear  palese.  (Hem- 
izonia  fasciculata  T.  &  G.) 

Very  common  and  general  on  the  plains  and  lower  hills.    June-September. 

2.  D.  Wrightii  (Gray)  Greene.     Slender,  diffusely  and  widely 
branching;  the  filiform  branchlets  terminating  in  a  single  head; 
lower  leaves  laciniate-pinnatifid ;  pappus  of  disk-achenes  com- 
posed of  8-9  firm  distinct  palese,  laciniate  at  apex. 

Frequent  in  the  interior  valleys  beyond  our  range.  San  Bernardino; 
Riverside;  Elsinore.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Catalina  Island. 

3.  D.  Kelloggii  Greene.    Closely  resembling  the  last  in  habit; 
heads   solitary,   terminating  the  slender  paniculate  branches; 
pappus  of  the  tubular  flowers  united  to  near  the  lacerate  sum- 
mit. 

Apparently  rare  in  southern  California;  known  only  from  near  Pasadena, 
where  it  was  recently  collected  in  an  old  field  by  Joseph  Grinnell. 

39.  CALYCADENIA  DC. 

Erect  virgate  or  diffusely  branching,  more  or  less  hir- 
sute or  hispid  annuals,  with  narrowly  linear  entire 
leaves,  all  but  the  lowest  alternate.  Floral  leaves  usu- 
ally subulate  and  often  ending  in  a  saucer-shaped  gland. 
Receptacle  flat,  the  chaff  herbaceous  and  only  enclosing 
the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  1-5,  white  or  yellow,  ves- 
pertine, palmately  3-lobed  or  parted.  Ray-achenes 
obovoid-triangular,  the  terminal  areola  low,  nearly  cen- 
tral. Disk-achenes  turbinate-quadrangular,  the  outer 
fertile.  Pappus  chaffy. 

1.  C.  tenella  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Slender,  paniculately  diffusely 
branched  above,  1-5  dm.  high,  sparsely  hirsute-pubescent;  the 
filiform  branchlets  minutely  viscid-glandular;  leaves  almost  fili- 
form, the  margins  involute,  destitute  of  glands;  heads  scattered; 
involucre  cylindraceous-campanulate ;  ray-flowers  3-5,  3-parted 
to  the  slender  tube,  white  or  often  tinged  with  rose ;  ray-achenes 
rugose,  short-stipitate  and  abruptly  rostellate-apiculate ;  disk- 
flowers  5,  white,  cleft  into  oblong-linear  lobes ;  their  pappus  of 
4-5  lanceolate  palese  tapering  into  stout  rough  awns  and  as  many 


Tarweed  Tribe  423 

intermediate  short  lanceolate  truncate  ones.     (Hemizonia  tenella 
Gray.) 

Common  on  dry  barren  places  in  our  interior  valleys  and  in  open  places  in 
the  chaparral  belt.  June-August. 

40.  HARPAECARPUS  Nutt. 

Small  slender  viscid-glandular  sweet-scented  annuals 
with  entire  narrow  mostly  alternate  leaves,  and  numer- 
ous pedicellate  small  few-flowered  heads.  Ray-flowers 
fertile,  4-8,  minute.  Disk-flowers  1-4.  Bracts  of  the 
receptacle  united  and  forming  a  cup  which  encloses  the 
disk-flowers,  receptacle  otherwise  naked.  Achenes  slender 
compressed  or  obcompressed.  Pappus  none. 

1.  H.  exiguus  Gray.     Slender,  8-15  cm.  high,  hirsute,  glan- 
dular above,  paniculately  branched;    the  small  heads  on  long 
filiform   naked  peduncles ;   leaves  linear,   alternate ;   involucral 
bracts  5-8,  lunate,  almost  destitute  of  free  tips,  hispid-glandular; 
cup  of  receptacle  prismatic  and  very  narrow,  enclosing  a  single 
straight  obliquely  obovate  laterally  compressed  achene;   ray- 
achenes  obovate-lunate,  pointed  by  a  small  disk. 

Frequent  on  wooded  hillsides  in  open  places.    May-August. 

2.  H.  minimus  (Gray)  Greene.     Stems  branching,  only  about 
2.5  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  the  lowest  oval  or  oblong, 
the  others  linear,  about  6  mm.  long;  achenes  of  the  ray  broadly 
obcompressed,  rounded  at  the  summit,  beakless.     (Hemizonia 
minima  Gray.) 

Wilson's  Peak,  Davidson. 

41.  LAGOPHYLLA  Nutt. 

Slender,  villous  or  hirsute,  rigid  and  brittle,  panicu- 
lately branched  annuals,  with  mostly  alternate  com- 
monly entire  leaves,  and  many  small  heads  of  pale 
salmon-colored  or  yellow  vespertine  flowers,  subtended 
by  foliaceous  bracts.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  5,  thin, 
herbaceous,  flat  on  the  back,  completely  enclosing  its 
obcompressed  achene  and  deciduous  with  it.  Rays 
cuneate,  palmately  3-cleft,  their  achenes  obovate-oblong, 


424  Madieae 

smooth,  nearly  straight,  pointless.  Receptacle  flat  ; 
chaff  a  single  row  of  distinct  bracts  surrounding  about 
5  perfect  but  sterile  disk-flowers.  Pappus  none. 

1.  L.  ramosissima  Nutt.  Canescent  with  a  loose  silky  pubes- 
cence, 2-8  dm.  high,  diffusely  paniculate ;  lowest  leaves  spatulate- 
obovate,  stem-leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  all  entire;  heads  6  mm. 
high,  12  mm.  broad,  including  the  expanded  rays;  achenes  3 
mm.  long. 

Frequent  in  open  places  in  the  foothills  and  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the 
mountains.  May-September. 

42.  BLEPHARIPAPPUS  Hook. 

Vernal  annuals  with  alternate  leaves  or  the  lowest 
opposite,  and  usually  showy  heads  of  white  or  yellow 
flowers  terminating  the  branches.  Bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre flattened  on  the  back,  more  or  less  completely 
enfolding  their  obcompressed  achenes.  Rays  8-20 
3-lobed  ;  their  achenes  obovate  or  narrower,  destitute  of 
pappus.  Disk-flowers  with  cylindraceous  funnelform 
5-lobed  corollas  ;  their  achenes  linear-cuneiform,  usually 
with  a  pappus  of  bristles  or  awns.  Receptacle  flat,  bear- 
ing a  series  of  chaffy  bracts  between  the  ray-  and  disk- 
flowers.  (Layia.) 

^Pappus-bristles  villous  below  the  middle. 

1.  B.  hispidus  Greene.     Diffusely  branched  from  the  base  or 
simple,  3  dm.  high  or  less,  hispid   throughout  with  spreading 
hairs  and  with  a  few  small  dark-stalked  glands  on  the  uppermost 
leaves  and  involucres ;  leaves  all  narrow  and  entire ;  rays  white, 
about  1  cm.  long;  pappus  bright  white,  the  bristles  densely  vil- 
lous below  the  middle. 

Frequent  in  dry  washes  in  the  interior  valleys.  Big  Tejunga ;  La  Canada ; 
Arroyo  Seco. 

2.  B.  elegans  (Nutt.)  Greene.     Habit  of  the  last  but  taller, 
sparsely  hirsute  and  more  or  less  stipitate-glandular  throughout; 
lower  leaves  pinnately  toothed,  the  upper  entire;   rays  yellow, 


Helenieae  425 

about  1  cm.  long;  pappus  white,  bristles  densely  villous  below 
the  middle. 

Frequent  on  our  dry  interior  plains.  San  Fernando  Valley;  Pasadena; 
Santa  Ana  Mountains. 

**  Pappus-bristles  naked. 

3.  B.  platyglossus  (F.  &  M.)  Greene.  Stems  usually  about 
3  dm.  high  and  sparingly  branched,  hirsute  and  stipitate-glan- 
dular;  lower  leaves  pinnatifid  into  linear  lobes ;  rays  10-15  mm, 
long,  yellow  with  cream-colored  tips  ;  disk-achenes  silky-hirsute; 
pappus  of  15-20  scabrous  tawny  bristles. 

Frequent  in  sandy  soil,  especially  along  the  coast. 

43.  ACHYBACHAENA  Schauer. 

Soft-pubescent  sparingly  branched  annual,  with  nar- 
row leaves,  all  but  the  lowest  alternate,  and  rather  large 
oblong-campanulate  heads  terminating  pedunculiform 
branches.  Involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  herbaceous,  each 
enfolding  a  ray-achene.  Bracts  of  the  low  convex  recep- 
tacle membranous  in  a  single  row  between  ray-  and 
disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  6-8,  very  short,  3-cleft  ;  their 
achenes  slightly  obcompressed,  destitute  of  pappus. 
Disk-flowers  mostly  fertile,  clavate,  10  striate,  bearing  a 
showy  pappus  of  10  elongated-oblong  obtuse  silvery- 
scarious  palese. 

1.  A.  mollis  Schauer.  Erect,  2-4  dm.  high;  leaves  linear,, 
entire  or  serrulate  ;  heads  2.5  cm.  long  or  less  in  flower ;  rays  very 
short  and  involute,  yellow,  changing  to  reddish-brown  ;  heads  ex- 
panded in  fruit,  forming  a  globose  cluster ;  pappus  becoming  very 
showy. 

Occasional  in  the  coast  valleys,  on  grassy  plains  or  in  grain  fields.  Ex- 
tending south  to  San  Diego. 

Tribe  7.  HELENIEAE.     SNEEZEWEED  TRIBE. 

Herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  alternate  or  oppo- 
site leaves.  Receptacle  naked  or  with  a  few  fimbrillae. 
Involucral  bracts  in  1-2  series  or  rarely  in  3  series. 
Pappus  of  palese,  awns  or  bristles,  or  wanting. 


426  Helenieae 

Leaves  opposite. 

Involucral  bracts  in  more  than  1  series.  44.  JAUMEA. 

Involucral  bracts  in  1  series. 

Bracts  distinct.  47.  BAERIA. 

Bracts  united  into  a  toothed  cup.  48.  LASTHENIA. 

Leaves  alternate. 
Rays  present. 

Rays  with  toothed  appendages  opposite  the  ligules. 

49.  MONOLOPIA. 
Rays  unappendaged. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  erect. 

Herbage  pubescent  and  viscid-glandular. 

Bracts  equal,  in  1-2  series.  46.  PERITYLE. 

Bracts  imbricated,  in  2-3  series.  54.  HULSEA. 

Herbage  more  or  less  floccose-woolly. 

Perennial  or  suffrutescent  plants.  50.  ERIOPHYLLUM. 

Low  annuals.  51.  ACTINOLEPIS. 

Outer  bracts  foliaceous,  spreading.  45.  VENEGASIA. 

Bracts  reflexed.  55.  HELENIUM. 

Rays  wanting. 

Bracts 5-6;  herbage  viscid;  heads  small.  52.  AMBLYOPAPPUS. 

Bracts  more  numerous ;  heads  middle-sized.  53.  CHAENACTIS. 


44.  JAUMEA  Pers. 

Succulent  and  glabrous  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite 
entire  subterete  fleshy  leaves,  and  solitary  terminal 
short-peduncled  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
Involucre  cylindraceous-campanulate,  its  bracts  broad 
and  imbricated,  the  outermost  short  and  fleshy.  Rays 
pistillate,  fertile.  Receptacle  naked,  conical.  Disk- 
flowers  yellow.  Style-branches  papillose  or  hairy. 
Achenes  10-nerved.  Pappus  none. 

1.  J.  carnosa  (Le&s.)  Gray.  Stems  rather  slender,  prostrate, 
many  from  fleshy  crown  of  the  tap-root,  mostly  simple,  1-2  dm. 
long,  rooting  at  the  nodes;  leaves  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  heads  about 
1  cm.  high;  rays  about  6,  linear,  not  surpassing  the  disk;  achenes 
glabrous. 

Common  in  salt  marshes  along  the  coast.    April-October. 

45.  VENEGASIA  DC. 

Stout  perennial  leafy  branching  herbs  with  scattered 
large  and  showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre 


Sneezeweed  Tribe  427 

hemispheric,  broad,  the  round-ovate  bracts  imbricated 
in  several  series,  the  outer  somewhat  foliaceous,  the 
innermost  narrow  and  scarious.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Ray-flowers  many,  long,  narrow,  entire  or  3-toothed. 
Disk-flowers  glandular-bearded  especially  at  the  base  of 
the  tube,  5-angled  and  many-nerved.  Pappus  none. 

1.  V.  carpesioides  DC.  Stems  widely  branching,  1.5  m.  high 
or  less,  glabrous  ;  leaves  thin,  ovate-deltoid  or  ovate-cordate,  acute, 
crenate,  7-10  cm.  long,  petioled,  resinous-dotted  beneath;  heads 
terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils,  short-peduncled,  about  2  cm. 
broad ;  rays  about  15,  and  about  2.5  cm.  long. 

Frequent  in  the  Santa  Monica,  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains. 

46.  PEBJTYLE  Benth. 

Mostly  annuals  with  dentate  or  palmately  lobed 
leaves,  all  but  the  lower  alternate,  and  small  or  middle- 
sized  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  distinct,  more  or  less  overlapping,  cari- 
nate-concave  and  partly  embracing  the  outer  achenes. 
Receptacle  flat  or  concave.  Ray-flowers  yellow  or  white, 
pistillate  or  none.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  narrow,  4-toothed. 
Achenes  flat,  cartilaginous-margined,  usually  strongly 
ciliate.  Pappus  a  squamellate  or  cupulate  crown  and 
commonly  a  slender  awn  from  one  or  both  of  the  angles. 

1.  P.  Californica  nuda  (Torr.)  Gray.  Somewhat  pubescent 
and  viscid-glandular ;  leaves  roundish-cordate,  about  1  cm.  broad, 
incisely  lobed,  the  lobes  coarsely  dentate ;  heads  narrowly  oblong ; 
achenes  oblong,  densely  hispid- villous  on  the  margins;  pappus 
none. 

Bluffs  along  the  sea  at  Santa  Monica,  Hasse. 

47.  BAERIA  F.  &  M. 

Low  mostly  slender  annuals,  commonly  pubescent, 
with  opposite  linear  entire  or  laciniate-pinnatifid  leaves, 
and  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  slender 


428  Helenieae 

peduncles.  Involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  usually 
in  1  series,  distinct,  usually  carinate  below.  Ray-flowers 
few  or  many,  often  short.  Achenes  clavate,  linear  or 
linear-cuneiform.  Pappus  of  few  awns  or  palese  or  both 
or  rarely  none. 

*  Leaves  entire. 

1.  B.  chrysostoma  F.  &  M.     Stems  slender,  freely  branching, 
2  dm.  high  or  less,  hirsute-pubescent;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
entire;  heads  6-8  mm.  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  7-12;   rays 
7-12,  6-8  mm.  long;  achenes  clavate-linear,  slightly  contracted  at 
the  summit,  glabrous;  pappus  none. 

Rather  common  in  open  places  in  our  coast  valleys  and  foothills.    Port 
Ballona;  Santa  Monica  Mountains.    April-May. 

2.  B.  gracilis  (DC.)  Gray.     Closely  resembling  the  last;  stems 
slender,  usually  about  1  dm.  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  bracts 
and  rays  10-12  or  sometimes  less;  rays  4-6  mm.  long;  achenes 
linear-cuneate,  broad  at  the  summit,  commonly  canescent ;  pap- 
pus of  white,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  slender,  awned  palese  or  the 
palese  sometimes  almost  obsolete. 

Common  on  dry  hillsides  throughout  our  range.    April-May. 

**  Leaves  dissected. 

3.  B.  affinis  (Nutt.)  Gray.     Erect,  sparingly  branched,  10-15 
cm.  high,  minutely  pubescent,  obscurely  or  not  at  all  glandular; 
leaves  with  filiform  divisions;  rays  6-8,  oblong,  short;  involucral 
bracts   ovate-oval;  pappus  of  8-10  oblong  or  lanceolate  palese 
with  laciniate-setulose  margins,  fully  equaling  the  corolla-tube, 
some  or  most  of  them  produced  into  an  awn  almost  equaling  the 
disk-flowers,  or  in  the  rays  blunt  and  awnless. 

Occasional  in  dry  sandy  places  in  our  interior  valleys.    Chatsworth  Park; 
Verdugo  Hills;  Arroyo  Seco. 

4.  B.  tenella  (Nutt.)  Gray.     Closely  resembling  the  last  and 
associated  with  it,  but  pappus  of  6-10  short  and  firm  quadrate  or 
broadly  cuneate  palese  with  the  truncate  muticous  summit  den- 
ticulate or  nearly  entire,  not  surpassing  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Sycamore  Grove,  Greata. 

5.  B.  mutica  (Nutt.)  Gray.     Stems  slender,  erect,  branching, 
1-2 dm.  high,  glandular-pubescent;  rays  10-15,  elongated-oblong; 


Sneezeweed  Tribe  429 

pappus  of  6-8  quadrate-oblong  paleae  with  obtuse  or  truncate 
erose  summits. 

In  sandy  soil  along  the  coast  near  Port  Ballona;  common  about  San 
Diego.  April-May. 

48.  LASTHENIA  Cass. 

Low  slender  glabrous  and  usually  succulent  annuals, 
with  opposite  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate  mostly 
entire  leaves,  their  sessile  bases  connate  around  the 
stem.  Heads  middle-sized  on  peduncles  terminating  the 
stem  and  branches,  composed  of  yellow  flowers.  Invo- 
lucral  bracts  a  single  series  connate  by  their  edges  into 
-a  5-15-toothed  glabrous  green  cup.  Rays  usually  pres- 
ent. Disk-flowers  all  fertile,  4-5-lobed.  Achenes  linear 
or  narrowly  oblong,  compressed,  sometimes  slightly  2-3- 
nerved.  Pappus  of  5-10  firm  subulate-tipped  paleae  or 
none. 

1.  L.  glabrata  Coulter!  Gray.  Somewhat  fleshy,  rarely 
slightly  pubescent;  stems  erect,  branching,  2  dm.  high  or  less; 
peduncles  somewhat  enlarged  under  the  erect  heads;  involucre 
hemispheric;  rays  5-10  mm.  long;  achenes  narrowly  obovate- 
oblong,  with  obtuse  edges  and  with  minute  scattered  rough  points 
or  glands. 

Common  in  saline  marshes,  especially  along  the  coast. 

49.  MONOLOPIA  DC. 

White-woolly  annuals  with  alternate  entire  or  den- 
ticulate leaves  and  large  peduncled  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  united  into  a 
cup  with  broad  triangular  teeth  or  distinct  to  the  base. 
Receptacle  conical,  naked.  Ray-flowers  3-4-toothed, 
bearing  at  the  base  of  the  ligule  an  oblong  or  roundish 
denticulate  appendage.  Disk-corollas  somewhat  hairy 
on  the  lobes.  Achenes  angular,  black.  Pappus  none. 

1.  M.  major  DC.  Stoutish,  nearly  simple  or  with  several 
pedunculiform  naked  monocephalous  branches,  about  5  dm.  high  ; 


430  Helenieae 

heads  about  3  cm.  broad;  bracts  of  the  involucre  joined  into  a 
broad  campanulate-toothed  cup;  achenes  4  mm.  long. 

Occasional  on  grassy  hills  mostly  toward  the  coast,  especially  on  heavy 
soils.  Santa  Monica  Mountains,  north  slope ;  San  Pedro  Hills. 

50.  ERIOPHYLLUM  Lag. 

Annual  or  perennial  floccose  herbs  or  suffrutescent 
plants,  with  entire  or  divided  alternate  leaves,  and 
mostly  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre 
oblong  to  hemispheric,  its  bracts  of  firm  texture  and  per- 
manently erect.  Rays  usually  few,  short  and  broad. 
Disk-flowers  with  slender  tube,  commonly  glandular  and 
hairy.  Style-branches  truncate  or  obtuse.  Achenes 
clavate-linear  to  cuneate-oblong,  mostly  4-angled. 
Pappus  of  firm  pointless  palese. 

1.  E.  confertiflorum  (DC.)  Gray.  Stems  suffrutescent,  4-6 
dm.  high,  usually  branched  from  the  woody  base,  with  a  close 
dense,  at  length  deciduous  tomentum ;  flowering  branches  leafy ; 
leaves  1-4  cm.  long,  ternately  or  pinnately  3-7-parted  into  nar- 
rowly linear  divisions ;  heads  many  in  compact  terminal  clusters, 
3-4  mm.  high ;  involucre  obovoid-oblong,  its  bracts  about  5,  ovate ; 
rays  4-5,  3-4  mm.  long;  palese  8-10,  nearly  equal,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  achene. 

Common  throughout  the  lower  altitudes  of  the  chaparral  belt  in  all  our 
mountains  and  hills.  March-August. 

51.  ACTINOLEPIS  DC. 

Small  floccose-woolly  simple  or  freely  branching 
annuals,  with  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre 
obovate  or  oblong,  its  bracts  few,  thinnish,  sometimes 
concave  and  partly  embracing  the  achenes.  Receptacle 
convex  or  nearly  flat.  Ray-flowers  few,  broad  and  usu- 
ally short.  Achenes  oblong  subclavate  and  4-angled. 
Pappus  composed  of  several  scarious  or  somewhat  opaque 
paleaceous  scales. 

1.  A.  Wallace!  Gray.  Diffusely  branched  or,  when  dwarfed, 
simple,  4-8  cm.  high,  densely  white-tomentose ;  leaves  alternate, 


Sneezeweed  Tribe  431 

obovate  or  spatulate,  entire;  heads  short-peduncled ;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  about  8,  becoming  somewhat  carinate-concave,  with 
scarious  margins  embracing  the  ray-achenes;  ray-flowers  short 
and  broad,  yellow;  achenes glabrous;  palese  10,  very  short,  obtuse. 

Dry  washes  in  the  interior  valleys.    La  Canada;  San  Fernando  Valley. 

April-May. 

*• 

52.  AMBLYOPAPPTJS  H.  &  A. 

Rigidly  erect  panicled  small  maritime  annual  with 
gummy  sweet-scented  very  bitter  herbage,  narrow  entire 
alternate  leaves,  and  small  discoid  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  Involucral  bracts  5-6,  broadly  obovate,  their 
middle  part  becoming  somewhat  carinate-concave.  Re- 
ceptacle small  conical.  Corollas  all  short,  tubular,  those 
of  the  pistillate  flowers  minutely  2-3-toothed,  of  the 
perfect  5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  soon  connivent.  Achenes 
obpyramidal,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  8-12  oblong  obtuse 
palese  about  equaling  the  corollas. 

1.  A.  pusillus  H.  &  A.  Somewhat  corymbosely  much  branch- 
ed, 10-25  cm.  high,  the  lowest  leaves  pinnately  3-5-parted  and 
opposite,  their  segments  narrowly  linear;  involucre  4  mm.  high. 

Occasional  on  bluffs  overhanging  the  sea.  Port  Los  Angeles ;  Playa  del 
Rey.  June-August. 

53.  CHAENACTIS  DC. 

Annual  herbs,  often  more  or  less  woolly,  with  com- 
pound leaves  and  discoid  heads  mostly  solitary  and 
peduncled.  Involucre  campanulate,  the  linear  bracts 
equal,  uniserial,  herbaceous.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Corollas  with  short  tube,  long  narrow  throat  and  short 
teeth,  those  of  the  outer  row  sometimes  more  ample 
and  resembling  rays.  Achenes  slender,  smooth.  Pappus 
of  hyaline  nerveless  paleae. 

*  Corollas  yellow,  the  outer  somewhat  enlarged  and  unequally  lobed. 

1.  C.  lanosa  DC.  Stems  short,  branching,  bearing  few- 
many  long  naked  peduncles,  1-2  dm.  high,  the  earlier  scapiform; 


432  Helenieae 

herbage  floccose-woolly  when  young;  leaves  thickish,  simply  pin- 
nately-parted  into  few  narrowly  linear  lobes,  or  the  uppermost 
entire;  heads  about  12  mm.  high;  the  outer  flowers  only  moder- 
ately enlarged,  not  surpassing  the  disk;  involucral  bracts  nearly 
linear ;  pappus  of  4  equal  long  palese. 

Common  on  plains  and  foothills,  especially  in  sandy  soil. 

2.  C.  glabriuscula  DC.     Taller  and  more  caulescent,  branch- 
ing above,  2-3  dm.  high,  herbage  thinly  floccose,  becoming  gla- 
brate;  peduncles  long,  stout;  heads  15-20  mm.  high;  involucral 
bracts    glabrate,    broader,   thickish,   obtuse;    marginal    flowers 
ample,  much  exceeding  the  others;  pappus  of  4  equal  narrowly 
oblong  acutish  palese. 

Common  on  sandy  soil  or  rocky  ground  in  the  lower  hills  and  along  the 
coast. 

**  Corollas  whitish  or  at  least  not  yellow. 

3.  C.  santolinoides  Greene.    Subacaulescent  perennial ;  leaves 
all  crowded  on  short  tufted  shoots  from  a  slightly  ligneous  crown, 
white-tomentose,  linear  in  outline  with  broad  rachis,  thickly  beset 
with  small  oblong  obtusely  few-lobed  crispate  divisions ;  peduncles 
scapiform,  10-15  cm.  long,  simple  or  once  or  twice  forked,  glan- 
dular  and   viscid;    heads   12   mm.  high,   rather   narrow;    outer 
flowers  scarcely  or  not  at  all  enlarged;   pappus  of  8-10  linear- 
ligulate  palese  a  little  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

In  the  higher  altitudes  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains, 
in  open  pine  woods.    June- August. 

4.  C.  artemisiaefolia  Gray.     Stems  paniculately  branched  or 
nearly  simple,  3-8  dm.  high,  furfuraceous-pubescent,  somewhat 
viscid,  above  glandular-hirsute;   leaves  2-3-pinnately  divided  or 
parted  into  short  linear  or  oblong  lobes;  heads  loosely  cymose- 
paniculate,  about  12-15  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute;   flowers  all  alike;   achenes  clavate,  flattened;  pappus  a 
small  minutely  annular  disk. 

Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains.    April-June. 

54.  HULSEA  T.  &  G. 

Viscid  or  floccose-woolly  leafy   herbs   with   alternate 
entire  toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 


Sneezeweed  Tribe  433 

and  large  solitary  or  scattered  heads.  Involucral  bracts 
thin,  herbaceous,  linear  to  oblong,  in  2-3  series.  Recep- 
tacle flat.  Ray-flowers  yellow  or  purplish.  Disk-flowers 
with  long  narrow  throat  and  5  short  lobes.  Achenes 
linear-clavate  or  cuneate-oblong,  villous.  Pappus  of 
4-5  hyaline  palese,  either  erose  or  lacerate  at  the  sum- 
mit or  dissected  into  capillary  bristles. 

1.  H.  heterochroma  Gray.  Annual,  stout,  6  dm.  high  or 
more;  leaves  oblong,  saliently  dentate;  involucre  about  2  cm. 
high,  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate-acute;  ray-flowers 
many,  6-8  mm.  long,  rose-purple,  occasionally  reduced  or  obso- 
lete ;  palese  oblong,  the  2  over  the  angles  of  the  achenes  longer 
than  the  others,  the  shorter  truncate-lacerate. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains  in  the  upper  portions  of  the 
chaparral  belt.  Mount  Lowe,  Dudley;  Wilson's  Peak. 

55.  HELENIUM  L.     SNEEZEWEED. 

Erect  perennial  resinous-dotted  herbs,  with  alternate 
leaves  sessile  except  the  lowest  and  often  decurrent  on 
.the  stem.  Heads  solitary  or  corymbose,  borne  on  long 
naked  peduncles.  Flowers  yellow,  those  of  the  ray 
several,  usually  small  and  drooping,  those  of  the  disk 
numerous,  minute,  often  brownish.  Bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear,  reflexed.  Receptacle  globose  or  hemi- 
spheric, naked.  Achenes  turbinate,  ribbed,  usually  more 
or  less  pubescent.  Pappus  of  5-12  thin  or  hyaline 
palese. 

1.  H.  puberulum  DC.  Puberulent,  paniculately  branched, 
6-12  dm.  high,  the  branches  ending  in  slender  peduncles;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  narrowly  linear  or  the  longest  oblong,  sessile  and 
strongly  decurrent  on  the  stem  ;  heads  globose,  10-15  mm.  broad ; 
ray-flowers  and  bracts  of  the  involucre  reflexed,  short  and  incon- 
spicuous; disk-flowers  brownish;  pappus-scales  ovate,  with  a 
short  slender  awn;  achenes  about  1  mm.  long. 

Frequent  along  mountain  streams,  especially  in  the  chaparral  belt. 


434  Anthemideae 


Tribe  8.  ANTHEMIDEAE.     MAYWEED  TRIBE. 

Strong-scented  or  aromatic  herbs,  with  alternate, 
mostly  dissected,  pinnately  parted  or  pinnatifid  leaves. 
Involucral  bracts  imbricated,  commonly  dry  and  scari- 
ous  or  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  naked  or  with 
chaff-like  bracts.  Rays  present  or  none.  Pappus  none 
or  a  short  scarious  crown. 

Receptacle  chaffy;  rays  present. 

Heads  solitary;  rays  14-20.  56.  ANTHEMIS. 

Heads  in  a  terminal  corymb;  rays  4-5.  57.  ACHILLEA. 

Receptacle  naked;  rays  none. 

Marginal  flowers  destitute  of  corollas.  59.  COTULA. 

Marginal  flowers  not  apetalous. 

Heads  solitary,  terminating  leafy  branches.  58.  MATBICARIA. 

Heads  small,  in  panicled  racemes  or  spikes.  60.  ARTEMISIA. 

56.  ANTHEMIS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  ill-scented  branching  herbs,  with 
finely  dissected  alternate  leaves,  and  radiate  heads  soli- 
tary on  terminal  peduncles.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its. 
bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  scarious-margined, 
appressed,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  convex  or 
conical,  chaffy  at  least  toward  the  summit ;  the  chaff 
subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fer- 
tile or  neutral,  white  or  yellow.  Disk-flowers  perfect, 
yellow,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Achenes  oblong,  ribbed  or 
striate.  Pappus  none. 

1.  A.  Cotula  L.  (MAYWEED.)  Annual,  glabrous  or  some- 
times pubescent  above,  glandular,  much  branched,  2-6  dm.  high ; 
leaves  mostly  sessile,  finely  1-3-pinnately  dissected  into  narrow 
acute  lobes;  heads  about  2  cm.  broad,  including  the  rays;  these 
10-18,  white,  neutral,  mostly  3-toothed;  receptacle  conic,  its 
chaff  bristly,  subtending  the  central  flowers ;  achenes  10-ribbed, 
rugose  or  glandular-tuberculate. 

Common  in  moist  places  in  all  our  valleys.  Native  of  Europe.  April- 
June. 


Mayweed  Tribe  435 

57.  ACHILLEA  L.     (YARROW,  MILFOIL.) 

Perennial  herbs,  with  finely  dissected,  leaves,  and  small 
heads  of  both  tubular  and  ligulate  flowers  corymbose  at 
the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Involucre  ovoid  or 
campanulate,  its  bracts  compressed,  imbricated  in  few 
series.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  chaffy  ;  chaff  mem- 
branous, subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  white 
or  pink,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  yellow. 
Achenes  oblong  or  obovate,  slightly  compressed.  Pappus 
none. 

1.  A.  lanulosa  Nutt.  Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  simple  or 
corymbosely  branched  above,  3-6  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  and 
those  of  the  sterile  shoots  petioled,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  all 
narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline,  finely  dissected  into 
narrow  pinnatifid  segments;  heads  numerous,  4-6  mm.  broad,  in 
terminal  compound  dense  corymbs;  rays  4-6,  white. 

Rather  common  in  the  pine  belt  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains. 

58.  MATBICABIA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  dis- 
sected into  filiform  or  narrowly  linear  segments,  and 
discoid  or  radiate  peduncled  heads.  Involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  imbricated  in  few  series.  Receptacle 
conic  or  elongated,  naked.  Rays  in  ours  wanting. 
Disk-flowers  yellow,  perfect,  fertile,  4— 5-toothed.  Achenes 
3— 5-ribbed.  Pappus  a  coroniform  border  or  none. 

1.  M.  matricariodes  (Less.)  Porter.  Annual, glabrous;  stems 
leafy,  becoming  much  branched,  often  more  or  less  decumbent, 
1-3  dm.  high;  leaves  2-3-pinnately  dissected  into  linear  acute 
lobes;  heads  numerous,  6-8  mm.  broad;  involucral  bracts  oval 
or  oblong,  green  with  broad  white  scarious  margins,  much  shorter 
than  the  ovoid  disk ;  achenes  oblong,  faintly  nerved ;  pappus  an 
obscure  crown.  (M.  discoidea  DC.) 

Frequent  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  plases.    May-July. 


436  Anthemideae 

59.  COTULA  L. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  lobed  or 
dissected  leaves,  and  slender  peduncled  discoid  short- 
hemispheric  heads.  Involucral  bracts  in  about  2  series, 
greenish.  Receptacle  naked,  flat  or  nearly  so.  Marginal 
flowers  pistillate  and  apetalous.  Disk-flowers  4-toothed, 
fertile  or  sterile.  Achenes  pedicellate,  compressed, 
spongy-margined  or  narrowly  winged.  Pappus  none. 

1.  C.  coronopifolia  L.     Perennial,  usually  subaquatic,  some- 
what succulent  and  glabrous;  stems  clustered,  stoutish,  decum- 
bent, 25-30  cm.  long ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  laciniate-pinnatifid 
or  the  upper  entire,  clasping  or  sheathing  at  the  base ;   heads 
much  depressed,  8-12  mm.  broad;   apetalous  flowers  in  1  row, 
their  achenes  with  a  thick  spongy  wing;   disk-flowers  yellow, 
their  achenes  with  wing  reduced. 

Common  in  wet  places  along  streams  and  marshes,  especially  toward  the 
coast.  Flowering  nearly  throughout  the  year. 

2.  C.  australis  Hook.    Annual,  slender  and  diffusely  branched, 
pubescent  with  soft  spreading  hairs,  not  at  all  succulent,  5-12  cm. 
long;  leaves  1-2-pinnately  divided  into  linear  lobes;  heads  2-3 
mm.  broad ;  involucral  bracts  brownish-tipped,  scarious-margined ; 
apetalous  flowers  in  2-3  rows,  pedicellate,  their  achenes  minutely 
hispid  on  both  faces,  the  margins  smooth. 

In  waste  places  along  streets,  not  common.    January-March. 

60.  ARTEMISIA  L. 

Mostly  aromatic  and  bitter  herbs  or  shrubs  with 
alternate  leaves  and  panicled  spikes  or  racemes  of  small 
discoid  heads.  Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  few 
series,  the  outer  gradually  shorter.  Receptacle  flat, 
convex  or  hemispheric,  naked  or  pubescent,  riot  chaffy. 
Marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile,  their  corollas  2-3- 
toothed.  Central  flowers  perfect,  sterile  or  fertile,  or 
flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile.  Anthers  often  tipped  at 
apex  with  subulate  appendages.  Achenes  obovoid  or 
oblong,  2-ribbed  or  striate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the 


Senecioneae  437 

summit,  with  a  small  terminal  areola.     Pappus  none  or 
minute  and  coroniform. 

1.  A.  heterophylla  Nutt.     Perennial;  stems  erect,  somewhat 
woody  at  base,  1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  ovate  or 
elliptic,  5-10  cm.  long,  sparingly  pinnatifid,  cleft  or  often  entire, 
green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath ;   heads  mostly  erect  in 
dense  terminal  panicles,  the  axis  leafy;  involucre  oblong ;  margi- 
nal flowers  pistillate;  disk-flowers  perfect,  all  fertile.     (A.  vulya- 
ris  Calif ornica  Bess.) 

Common  in  low  ground  and  along  streams  in  the  foothills.    July-October. 

2.  A.  biennis  Willd.     Annual;  stems  erect,  virgate,  3-10  dm. 
high,  leafy  to  the  summit;  herbage  deep  green,  glabrous  and 
nearly  tasteless,  aromatic ;  leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted  into  lanceo- 
late or  broadly  linear  laciniate  or  toothed  lobes,  or  the  upper- 
most only  pinnatifid;   heads  small,  in  close  glomerules  on  the 
spiciform   short  branches  and   stems;    involucre   hemispheric; 
achenes  with  small  epigynous  disk. 

Occasional  in  low  moist  ground  about  Los  Angeles.    Native  of  Europe. 

3.  A.  dracunculoid.es    Pursh.      Perennial;   stems  clustered, 
herbaceous,  6-12  dm.  high,  virgately  branched,  glabrous,  pungent- 
scented  when  bruised,  tasteless ;  lowest  leaves  3-cleft  at  summit, 
the  others  linear,  entire;  heads  numerous,  nodding  on  very  slen- 
der short  peduncles  in  a  close  or  open  panicle,  the  clusters  some- 
times secund  ;  involucre  hemispheric,  about  2  mm.  broad  ;  margi- 
nal flowers  fertile  ;  disk-flowers  perfect,  sterile. 

Frequent  in  the  valleys  and  foothills  throughout  our  range.    August- 
October. 

4.  A.  Californica  Less.     (CALIFORNIA  SAGE.)     Shrubby,  with 
numerous  ascending  branches,  6-12  dm.  high,  aromatic;  leaves 
cinereous  with  a  minute  appressed  pubescence,  the  lowest  parted 
into  a  few  linear  filiform   segments,  the  upper  entire;   heads 
many,  nodding  in  long  racemose  leafy  panicles ;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, about  4  mm.  broad ;  achenes  truncate  at  summit,  with  a 
squamellate  or  coroniform-dentate  pappus. 

Common  on  dry  hillsides  in  the  lower  altitudes  of  the  chaparral  belt. 
September-December. 

Tribe  9.  SENECIONEAE.     GROUNDSEL  TRIBE. 

Herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  alternate  or  basal 
leaves.     Involucral  bracts  little  or  not  at  all  imbricated, 


438  Senecioneae 

mostly  in  1-2  series.    Receptacle  naked.    Pappus-bristles 
soft,  commonly  copious  and  usually  white. 

Shrubby  or  suffrutescent  plants. 
Rays  wanting. 

Bracts  imbricated;  leaves  mostly  scale-like.  61.  LEPIDOSPARTUM 

Bracts  in  1  series ;  herbage  woolly.  62.  TETRAD YMIA. 

Rays  present.  63.  SENECIO. 

Herbs;  rays  present  or  wanting.  63.  SENECIO. 

61.  LEPIDOSPARTUM  Gray. 

A  low  rigid  green  scaly-bracted  almost  leafless  shrub, 
somewhat  fastigiately  branching,  and  bearing  some- 
what corymbose  or  racemosely  arranged  heads  of  pale 
yellow  flowers.  Involucral  bracts  of  2  sets,  the  inner 
long,  linear,  8-12  in  2  or  more  series,  the  outer  much 
shorter  and  imbricated.  Receptacle  naked.  Rays  none. 
Disk-flowers  with  long  tube  and  lanceolate-linear  spread- 
ing lobes.  Achenes  oblong,  terete,  8-10-nerved,  with 
large  epigynous  disk.  Pappus  copious,  of  soft  white 
capillary  bristles. 

1.  L.  squamatum  Gray.  Branching  shrub,  broom-like,  6-12 
dm .  high  ;  young  seedlings  and  shoots  floccose-tomentose,  and  with 
spatulate  entire  leaves,  becoming  glabrous  and  nearly  leafless  in 
age;  heads  6-10  mm.  high,  terminal  on  the  branches. 

Frequent  in  dry  washes  in  all  our  interior  valleys.    July-October. 

62.  TETBADYMIA  DC. 

Low  rigid  canescently  tomentose  shrubs  with  alter- 
nate narrow  entire  leaves  and  cymose-clustered  discoid 
heads  of  yellow  flow^ers.  Involucre  long  and  narrow, 
of  4-6  bracts.  Corollas  with  long  tube,  the  narrow 
spreading  lobes  longer  than  the  campanulate  involucre. 
Achenes  terete,  short,  5-nerved,  from  long-villous  to  gla- 
brous. Pappus  of  fine  and  soft  long  capillary  white  or 
whitish  bristles. 

1.  T.  comosa  Gray.  Branches  erect,  elongated,  4-8  dm.  high  ; 
primary  leaves  linear,  softly  floccose-tomentose,  the  earlier  5-7  cm. 


Groundsel  Tribe  439 

long,  and  4  mm.  wide,  plane ;  those  of  the  branches  often  filiform, 
deciduous,  some  of  the  upper  changed  to  long  soft  spines;  heads 
corymbose  or  glomerate  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  ;  involucre 
5-9-flowered,  its  bracts  5-6;  pappus  fine,  concealed  by  the  long 
wool  of  the  achene. 

Dry  washes  of  the  interior  valleys,  perhaps  not  within  our  region  but 
found  as  far  westward  as  Cucamonga.  July-August. 

63.  SENECIO  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
or  basal  leaves,  and  solitary  corymbose  or  paniculate 
many-flowered  heads  of  both  tubular  and  ray-flowers  or 
only  tubular,  in  ours  yellow.  Involucre  cylindric  or 
campanulate,  its  principal  bracts  in  1  series,  distinct  or 
united  at  the  base,  usually  with  some  shorter  outer  ones. 
Receptacle  flat  or  somewhat  convex,  mostly  naked. 
Rays  when  present  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  perfect, 
o-toothed.  Achenes  terete  or  those  of  the  marginal 
flowers  so  ewhat  compressed,  5-10-ribbed,  papillose  or 
canescent  and  usually  emitting  a  pair  of  spiral  threads 
after  wetting.  Pappus  copious,  of  white  scabrous  or 
smooth  capillary  bristles. 

1.  S.   vulgaris  L.     Annual,   puberulent  or  glabrate;   stems 
slightly  fleshy,  1-3  dm.  high,  more  or  less  branched ;  leaves  clasp- 
ing at  the  base,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  and  sinuses  sharply  toothed  ; 
heads  7-9  mm.  high;    bracts  black-tipped;  rays  none;  achenes 
slightly  canescent. 

Common  in  neglected  gardens  and  yards.  Flowering  throughout  the  year. 
Native  of  Europe. 

2.  S.  Californicus  DC.     Annual,   glabrous  or  becoming   so, 
slender  1.5-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  varying  from 
denticulate  to  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  short  and  obtuse,  all  but  the 
lowest  sessile  and  auriculate-clasping,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  involucre 
6-8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  narrow;  rays  oblong,  6-8  mm.  long, 
light  yellow ;  achenes  canescent. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  in  dry  places  in  our  interior  valleys  and  foothills, 
and  on  the  sand-dunes  along  the  seashore.  February-May. 

3.  S.  ilicetorum  Davidson.     Stems  erect,  from  a  biennial  or 
perennial  root,   5-10  dm.  high,  very  floccose-woolly,  at  length 


440  Cynareae 

glabrate  above;  basal  leaves  thin,  2-3  dm.  high,  elliptic-oblong, 
acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely  dentate,  the  teeth  spreading,  triangu- 
lar, callous-tipped,  the  sinuses  rounded  and  the  larger  denticulate, 
lower  leaves  resembling  the  basal,  the  uppermost  narrow  lanceo- 
late, entire  or  irregularly  dentate;  heads  1-2  cm.  broad,  less  than 
1  cm.  high,  6-10  in  a  close  cluster  at  the  ends  of  the  peduncles ; 
rays  none;  flowers  all  fertile. 

Wilson's  trail  at  2500  feet  altitude,  Davidson. 

4.  S.  Douglasii  DC.  Suffrutescent,  usually  about  1  m.  high, 
branching  from  the  base,  whitish-tomentose  or  becoming  gla- 
brate; lower  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  about  5  narrowly 
linear  lobes,  the  uppermost  entire,  all  with  revolute  margins; 
heads  rather  few,  corymbose,  10-15  mm.  high;  rays  light  yel- 
low, 10  mm.  long;  achenes  hoary  with  a  short  pubescence. 

Common  on  dry  plains  and  foothills,  mostly  below  3000  feet  altitude. 
July-November. 


Tribe  10.  CYNAREAE.     THISTLE  TRIBE. 

Herbs  with  alternate  prickly  leaves  and  mostly  large 
heads.  Involucral  bracts  imbricated,  usually  spinescent, 
Receptacle  bristly  or  hairy.  Rays  none.  Corollas  tubu- 
lar, deeply  and  narrowly  lobed.  Anthers  caudate  at  the 
base  and  appendaged  at  the  apex.  Pappus  bristly  or 
plumose,  rarely  paleaceous. 

Pappus  bristles  plumose,  deciduous  in  a  ring. 

Pappus  in  1  series.  64.  CARDUUS. 

Pappus  in  several  series.  65.  CYNARA. 

Pappus  bristles  setose.  66.  CENTAUREA. 

64.  CARDUUS  L.     THISTLE. 

Erect,  branching  or  simple,  prickly  herbs,  with  alter- 
nate or  basal  sinuate  dentate  lobed  or  pinnatifid  usu- 
ally spiny  leaves,  and  large  many-flowered  solitary  or 
clustered  discoid  heads  of  crimson  purple  or  white 
flowers.  Involucre  ovoid  or  globose,  its  bracts  prickly- 
tipped  or  unarmed,  imbricated  in  many  series.  Recep- 
tacle flat  or  convex,  bristly.  Flowers  all  tubular,  per- 


Thistle  Tribe  441 

feet  and  fertile  or  rarely  dioecious,  their  corollas  slender, 
with  deeply  5-cleft  limb.  Filaments  pilose  or  rarely 
glabrous.  Achenes  obovate  or  oblong,  compressed  or 
obtusely  4-angled,  smooth  or  ribbed.  Pappus  of  several 
series  of  slender  plumose  minutely  serrulate  or  simple 
bristles,  connate  at  base. 

1.  C.  edulis  (Nutt.)  Greene.     Stout,  1-2  m.  high,  pubescent, 
leafy  up  to  the  short  panicle ;  leaves  oblong  or  narrower,  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  weakly  prickly;  heads  3-4  cm.  high,  depressed-glo- 
bose, few  in  a  terminal  cluster,  leafy-bracted  at  base;  involucre 
arachnoid   when   young;    flowers  deep  purple,   their  segments 
shorter  than  the  throat. 

Pasadena,  McClatchie. 

2.  C.  Californicus  (Gray)  Greene.     Rather  slender,  6-12  dm. 
high,  canescently  woolly;  leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid,  moderately 
prickly;    heads   solitary  on  long  peduncles,  about  4  cm.  high; 
involucres  somewhat  woolly ;  the  lower  bracts  coriaceous-acerose, 
spreading  and  incurved,  the  others  straight,  all  subulate-spines- 
cent  at  the  tip ;  flowers  lilac-purplish  or  rose  color ;  lobes  shorter 
than  the  throat. 

Occasional  in  open  places  in  the  Santa  Monica,  San  Gabriel  and  Santa 
Ana  Mountains.  May-July. 

3.  C.  occidentalis  Nutt.     Stout,  6-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  deeply 
pinnatifid,    glabrate    above,    canescently     tomentose     beneath; 
heads  solitary  on  stout  peduncles ;  involucre  subglobose;  bracts 
straight,  subulate-lanceolate,  with  short  spines,  densely  covered 
with  cobwebby  hairs  ;  flowers  deep  red-purple ;  lobes  longer  than 
the  throat. 

Common  on  sandy  soil,  especially  toward  the  coast.    May-July. 

65.  CYNABA  L.     ARTICHOKE. 

Stout  perennial  prickly  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  sessile 
leaves,  their  lobes  spinescently  tipped,  and  large  heads  of 
purple  tubular  flowers.  Involucral  bracts  well-imbri- 
cated, coriaceous,  spinescent.  Receptacle  fleshy,  fimbril- 
late.  Achenes  obovate,  compressed  and  somewhat 
4-angled.  Pappus  of  many  series  of  plumose  bristles. 


442  Mutisieae 

1.  C.  Scolynms  L.  Stout  and  low,  with  very  ample  hoary- 
tomentose  bipinnatifid  leaves;  involucral  bracts  ovate  obtuse  or 
emarginate. 

An  occasional  escape  from  gardens.,  June-July. 

66.  CENTAUREA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  den- 
tate or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  large  or  middle-sized  heads 
of  variously  colored  flowers.  Involucre  ovoid  or  globose, 
its  bracts  imbricated  in  many  series,  tipped  with  a  stout 
spine.  Receptacle  flat,  bristly.  Corolla-tube  slender, 
the  limb  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Achenes  oblong  or 
obovoid,  compressed  or  somewhat  4-angled,  obliquely  or 
laterally  attached  to  the  receptacle.  Pappus  of  many 
slender  scabrous  bristles  or  scales  or  rarely  none. 

1.  C.  Melitensis  L.  (STAR-THISTLE.)  Erect,  branching,  5-8 
dm.  high,  cinereous-pubescent  or  when  young  somewhat  woolly; 
basal  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate, 
mostly  entire,  narrowly  decurrent;  principal  bracts  with  slender 
spines  of  about  their  own  length,  spines  pectinate-spinulose  at 
base,  innermost  with  spinescent  tips ;  flowers  yellow ;  pappus  of 
very  unequal  rather  rigid  bristles  or  squamellate. 

A  common  weed  in  waysides  and  fields.  July-November.  Native  of 
southern  Europe. 

Tribe  11.  MUTISIEAE.     PEREZIA  TRIBE. 

Ours  perennial  herbs  with  subcoriaceous  setulose- 
ciliate  alternate  leaves.  Involucral  bracts  imbricated. 
Corollas  2-lipped,  the  outer  lip  3-lobed,  the  inner  2-lobed. 
Anthers  caudate  and  with  a  long  appendage  at  the  apex. 

Represented  with  us  by  the  single  genus.  67.  PEREZIA. 

67.  PEREZIA  Lag. 

Perennial  herbs  with  mostly  reticulated  often  setulose- 
ciliate  or  spinulose  leaves,  and  solitary  cymose  or  panic- 
ulate middle-sized  discoid  heads  of  rose-purple  white 
or  blue  flowers.  Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  few- 


Cichorieae  443 

several  series,  dry,  chartaceous  or  coriaceous.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked,  rarely  pilose  or  fimbrillate.  Corollas 
5-lobed  and  somewhat  bilabiate.  Achenes  narrowed  at 
apex.  Pappus  of  copious  capillary  scabrous  rigid  or  soft 
bristles. 

1.  P.  microcephala  Gray.  Tall,  branching  above,  1.5-2  m. 
high,  leafy;  leaves  oblong,  the  upper  ovate,  cordate-clasping, 
8-12  cm.  long,  thin-coriaceous,  minutely  glandular-scabrous, 
veiny,  closely  spinulose-denticulate;  heads  corymbose  at  the 
summits  of  the  paniculate  branches,  12-15  mm.  high;  involucral 
bracts  very  acute,  coriaceous;  flowers  10-15  in  a  head,  their 
corollas  8-10  mm.  long,  rose-purple. 

Frequent  on  the  dry  interior  plains  and  foothills.    July-August. 

» 

Tribe  12.  CICHORIEAE.     CHICORY  TRIBE. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice  and  alternate  or  basal  leaves 
and  perfect  flowers  with  ligulate  corollas.  Receptacle 
naked  or  chaffy. 

Pappus  paleaceous. 

Paleae  not  awned ;  flowers  blue.  68.  CICHORIUM. 

Paleee  with  a  slender  awn  or  bristle. 

Palese  cleft  at  the  apex,  the  bristle  or  awn  proceeding  from  the  cleft. 

70.  UBOPAPPUS. 

Palete  not  cleft  at  the  apex.  69.  MICBOSERIS. 

Pappus  of  rather  rigid  plumose  bristles. 

Receptacle  chaffy.  71.  HYPOCHAERIS. 

Receptacle  naked. 

Achenes  not  beaked.  72.  PTILORIA. 

Achenes,  at  least  the  inner,  with  a  slender  beak. 

Flowers  white.  73.  NEMOSERIS. 

Flowers  purple;  pappus  brownish.  74.  TRAGOPOGON. 

Pappus  of  soft  capillary  scabrous  bristles. 
Achenes  beakless. 

Achenes  not  flattened. 

Pappus  deciduous,  or  1-2  outer  bristles  persistent. 

75.  MALACOTHRIX. 
Pappus  persistent. 

Pappus  white.  .  80.  CREPIS. 

Pappus  tawny.  81.  HIERACIUM. 

Achenes  flattened.  77.  SONCHUS. 

Achenes  beaked. 

Achenes  flattened.  78.  LACTUCA. 

Achenes  not  flattened.  79.  AGOSERIS. 


444  Cichorieae 

68.  CICHOBIUM  L. 

Erect  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  and  basal 
leaves,  and  large  heads  of  usually  blue  flowers  ped- 
uncled  or  in  sessile  clusters  along  the  branches.  Invo- 
lucral  bracts  in  2  series,  herbaceous,  the  outer  somewhat 
spreading,  the  inner  erect  and  subtending  or  partly 
enclosing  the  outer  achenes.  Receptacle  flat,  naked  or 
slightly  fimbrillate.  Rays  truncate  and  5-toothed  at  the 
apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches 
slender,  obtusish.  Achenes  5-angled  or  5-ribbed,  trun- 
cate, beakless.  Pappus  of  2-3  series  of  short  blunt 
scales. 

1.  C.  Intybus  L.  (CHICORY.)  Perennial  from  a  long  deep  tap- 
root; stems  slightly  hispid,  stiff,  branched,  3-9  dm.  high;  basal 
leaves  spreading  on  the  ground,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  spatulate 
in  outline,  8-16  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  long  petioles;  upper 
leaves  much  smaller,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  lobed  or  entire,  clasp- 
ing or  auricled  at  the  base;  heads  numerous,  25-40  mm.  broad, 
1-4  together  in  sessile  clusters  on  the  nearly  naked  or  bracted 
branches ;  flowers  bright  blue,  rarely  white. 

Occasional  in  waste  places.    Hyde  Park;  Shermans. 

69.  MICBOSEBIS  Don. 

Acaulescent  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent  annuals, 
with  basal  tufted  leaves  pinnatifid  with  mostly  linear 
and  often  falcate  lobes  or  entire.  Heads  solitary  in 
long  leafless  scape-like  peduncles,  these  nodding  in  bud, 
becoming  erect  in  fruit.  Involucre  narrowly  oblong  to 
ovoid  or  subglobose.  Ligules  short,  yellow.  Achenes 
slender-fusiform  or  cylindric,  ribbed,  mostly  truncate. 
Pappus  paleae  5,  mostly  short,  abruptly  or  gradually 
passing  into  the  scabrous  awn. 

1.  M.  aphantocarpha  tenella  Gray.  Scapes  usually  decum- 
bent at  base,  15-35  cm.  high ;  leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid ;  invo- 
lucre calyculate;  achenes  slender,  3-4  mm.  long,  oblong-clavate ; 


Chicory  Tribe  445 

palese  ovate,  scarcely  1  mm.  long;  bristles  6-8  mm.  long,  slender, 
fragile  or  deciduous. 

Near  Santa  Monica,  Davidson. 

2.  M.  cyclocarpha  Gray.  Scapes  2-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  nar- 
row, 1-2  dm.  long;  heads  about  10  mm.  broad;  achenes  oblong- 
turbinate,  5  mm.  long,  the  outer  ones  white-villous ;  palea  of  the 
pappus  ovate,  2-3  mm.  long,  about  half  the  length  of  the  slender 
persistent  bristles. 

Occasional  in  open  grassy  places  on  the  north  slope  of  the  Santa  Monica 
Mountains. 

70.  UROPAPPUS  Nutt. 

Nearly  acaulescent  annuals  with  pinnatifid  or  entire 
leaves  and  solitary  heads  on  scape-like  peduncles. 
Heads  erect,  oblong.  Involueral  bracts  about  equal, 
with  shorter  ones  at  the  base,  all  membranous.  Ligules 
short,  yellow.  Achenes  10-12-ribbed.  Pappus-paleae  5, 
elongated,  tipped  with  a  very  short  awn  or  bristle  which 
proceeds  from  the  cleft  summit. 

1.  U.  linearifolius  (DC.)  Nutt.     Stems  or  peduncles  usually 
several  from  the  base,  erect,  2-4  dm.  high,  in  robust  plants  thick- 
ened and  fistulose  under  the  oblong  head  ;  leaves  linear,  7-15  cm. 
long;  2-4  mm.  wide,  with  2-several  pairs  of  more  or  less  serrate 
salient  attenuate  lobes;  achenes  attenuate  above  into  a  beak,  10 
mm.  long;  pappus  silvery-white,  12-14  mm.  long;  the  awn  deli- 
cate, about  half  the  length  of  the  deeply  notched  palea. 

Common  on  grassy  hillsides  in  the  foothills.    March-May. 

2.  U.  Lindleyi  (DC.)  Nutt.     Stout,  2-4  dm.  high;  peduncles 
scarcely  thickened  under  the  head ;  leaves  as  in  the  last  or  some- 
what broader;  achenes  brownish,  10  mm.  long,  slightly  narrowed 
above;  pappus  dull  brown  or  sordid,  12-14  mm.  long;  awn  nearly 
equaling  the  palese,  from  a  very  shallow  notch. 

Same  range  as  the  last,  but  not  common. 

71.  HYPOCHAERIS  L. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs,  with  scapose,  often  branched 
stems,  mostly  basal  tufted  leaves  pinnatifid  or  entire, 


446  Cichorieae 

and  mostly  large  long-peduncled  heads.  Involucre 
oblong-cylindric  to  campanulate,  its  bracts  herbaceous 
in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat,  chaffy.  Flowers 
yellow.  Achenes  oblong  to  linear,  10-ribbed,  contracted 
above  or  the  outer  truncate.  Pappus  of  1  row  of  plu- 
mose bristles,  sometimes  with  some  shorter  simple  ones. 

1.  H.  radicata  L.  Perennial ;  steins  several,  slender,  3-6 
dm.  high,  branched  or  rarely  simple;  leaves  spreading  on  the 
ground,  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  pinnatifid-lobed  to  dentate,  5-15 
cm.  long,  hirsute;  heads  2.5  cm.  broad  or  more;  achenes  rough, 
all  with  slender,  long  beaks. 
Pasadena,  McClatchie. 

72.  PTILOR.IA  Raf. 

Annual  or  perennial,  mostly  glabrous,  often  glaucous 
herbs,  with  erect  simple  or  branched  usually  rigid  stems, 
alternate  or  basal  entire  or  runcinate-pinnatind  leaves, 
those  of  the  branches  often  small  and  scale-like,  and 
small  erect  heads  of  usually  pink  flowers  paniculate  or 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre  cylin- 
dric  or  oblong,  its  principal  bracts  few,  equal,  scarious- 
margined,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  with  numerous 
short  exterior  ones.  Flowers  pinkish,  opening  in  the 
morning.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Anthers  sagittate  at 
base.  Style-branches  slender.  Achenes  oblong  or  linear, 
terete,  5-ribbed,  truncate  or  beaked  at  summit.  Pappus 
of  1  series  of  rather  rigid  plumose  bristles. 

1.  P.  virgata  (Benth.)  Greene.     Stems  rigid,  3-10  dm.  high, 
virgate,  glabrous  throughout  and  the  herbage  deep  green ;  leaves 
runcinate ;  heads  6-8  mm.  high,  subsessile  along  the  naked  upper 
part  of  the  stem  and  branches,  4-8-flowered ;  achenes  subclavate  or 
oblong,  ribbed  and  with  as  many  mostly  closed  grooves,  rugose ; 
pappus  white,  plumose  almost  throughout,  rather  persistent. 

Common  on  dry  ground,  especially  toward  the  coast.    July-September. 

2.  P.  pleurocarpa  Greene.    Taller  and  stouter  than  the  last, 
virgate-paniculate,  glabrous  and  glaucous;    heads  rather  small, 


Chicory  Tribe  447 

fe\v-flowered ;  achenes  fusiform,  rugose-tuberculate  between  the 
salient  rib-like  angles,  intervening  grooves  wanting;  pappus- 
bristles  numerous,  distinctly  plumose  to  the  base,  bright  white, 
soft,  early  deciduous. 

Common  in  fields  and  along  waysides  about  Pasadena  and  eastward  to 
San  Bernardino.  July-August. 

3.  P.  cichoriacea  (Gray)  Greene.  Perennial,  3-8  dm.  high, 
rather  stout,  tomentulose  at  least  when  young;  leaves  lanceolate, 
sparsely  denticulate  to  runcinate-laciniate ;  heads  sessile  along 
naked  branches;  involucre  12  mm.  high;  mature  achenes  short- 
linear,  smooth,  slightly  and  acutely  5-angled;  pappus  sordid, 
persistent. 

Frequent  in  rocky  canyons  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.  July-Septem- 
ber. 

73.  NEMOSERIS  Raf. 

Glabrous  and  slightly  succulent  branching  annuals 
with  pinnatifid  leaves  and  rather  large  heads  of  white  or 
rose-tinged  flowers.  Involucre  conic  or  cylindric,  of 
7-15  linear  acuminate  equal  bracts,  somewhat  fleshy  at 
base,  and  a  few  loose  calyculate  outer  ones.  Achenes 
terete,  somewhat  fusiform,  obscurely  few-ribbed,  attenu- 
ate into  a  slender  beak.  Pappus  white,  of  10-15  slender 
bristles,  softly  long-plumose  from  the  base  to  near  the 
tip. 

1.  N.  Californica  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Rather  stout,  glabrous; 
stems  white,  6-9  dm.  high;  leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid,  sessile  and 
clasping,  the  upper  reduced  ;  heads  many  in  a  paniculate-corym- 
bose inflorescence,  1.5-2  cm.  high;  ligules  rather  short;  outer 
achenes  pubescent;  beak  slender,  equaling  the  body;  pappus 
•dull  white.  (Rafinesquia  Californica  Nutt.) 

Common  on  rather  shady  slopes  in  the  foothills  and  in  the  chaparral  belt 
of  all  the  mountains.  May-August. 

74.  TBAGOPOGON  L. 

Biennial  or  perennial  erect  usually  branched  some- 
what succulent  herbs,  with  slender  fleshy  tap-roots, 
alternate  entire  linear-lanceolate  long-acuminate  leaves 


448  Cichorieae 

clasping  at  the  base,  and  long-peduncled  large  heads  of 
purple  or  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  cylindric,  its  bracts 
in  1  series,  acuminate,  united  at  the  base.  Ligules  trun- 
cate, 5-toothed.  Achenes  linear,  terete  or  5-angled,  5-10- 
ribbed,  with  slender  beaks  or  the  outer  beakless.  Pappus 
bristles  in  1  series,  plumose,  connate  at  the  base. 

1.  T.  porrifolius  L.  (SALSIFY.)  Erect,  somewhat  branched, 
5-8  dm.  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat  succulent;  peduncles 
thickened  and  hollow  for  some  distance  below  the  head ;  bracts 
exceeding  the  purple  flowers;  achenes  often  4  mm.  long,  the 
outer  ones  with  scale-like  tubercles,  especially  on  the  ribs ;  beak 
long,  slender ;  pappus  tawny. 

A  frequent  escape  from  cultivation,  especially  in  the  coast  valleys. 

75.  MALACOTHBIX  DC. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  or  basal 
mostly  pinnatifid  leaves  and  long-peduncled  panicled  or 
solitary  heads  of  yellow  rarely  white  flowers.  Involucre 
campanulate,  its  principal  bracts  in  1—2  series,  equal  or 
nearly  so,  with  several  series  of  short  exterior  ones. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked  or  bristly.  Rays  truncate  and 
5-toothed  at  apex.  Achenes  oblong  or  linear,  glabrous, 
10-15-ribbed,  truncate  or  margined  and  4— 5-toothed  at 
the  summit.  Pappus  bristles  in  2  series,  the  inner 
naked  or  minutely  serrulate,  slender,  coherent  at  the 
base  and  deciduous  in  a  ring,  the  outer  few,  more  persist- 
ent. 

1.  M.  Californica  DC.  Annual,  scapose,  3  dm.  high  or  less; 
leaves  basal,  tufted,  laciniately  1-2-pinnatifid  into  narrow  linear 
lobes,  when  young  woolly  with  long,  loose,  soft  hairs ;  heads  soli- 
tary on  naked  scapes,  large  and  showy,  5  cm.  broad  or  less;  in- 
volucre broadly  campanulate,  about  2  cm.  high;  outer  bracts 
slender-subulate;  flowers  pale  yellow;  achenes  narrow,  faintly 
striate-costate ;  outer  pappus  of  2  persistent  bristles,  the  inner 
capillary,  deciduous. 

Common  on  sandy  soil  along  the  coast  and  in  the  interior  valleys.  March- 
May. 


Chicory  Tribe  449 

2.  M.  Cleveland!  Gray.     Annual,    paniculately    branched,   5 
dm.  high  or  less;  stems  and  branches  rather  naked ;  only  some 
of  the  basal  leaves  pinnatifid ;  heads  numerous;  involucre  about 
6   mm.  high,   narrow,    few-flowered ;    bracts   usually    purplish- 
tipped  ;  flowers  yellow ;  achenes  oblong-linear,  minutely  striate- 
costate,  4-5  of  the  ribs    more   prominent;    outer    pappus  of   1 
persistent  bristle  and  a  conspicuous  circle  of  narrow  white  setu- 
lose  teeth. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains.  More  common  in  the  mountains 
and  foothills  of  Riverside  and  San  Diego  Counties.  May-July. 

3.  M.  saxatilis  tenuitblia  (Nutt.)  Gray.     Somewhat  suffru- 
tescent  and  leafy,  paniculately  branching,  perennial,  minutely 
tomentose,  soon  becoming  glabrate  or  glabrous,  6-12  dm.  high ; 
the  long   slender  loosely-paniculate   branches    bearing    slender 
pedunculate  heads;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  about  1  cm. 
high  ;  the  loose  calyculate  bracts  numerous,  subulate,  passing  into 
similar  bractlets  on  the  peduncle ;  flowers  white,  changing  to  rose 
color;  achenes  narrowly  oblong,  10-15  costate,  becoming  some- 
what 4-5-angled,  apex  slightly  contracted,  bearing  a  very  short 
multidenticulate  white  border. 

Common  in  stony  places  in  the  foothills,  especially  toward  the  coast. 
April-May. 

77.  SONCHUS  L.     SOW-THISTLE. 

Annual  succulent  herbs  with  alternate  mostly  auricu- 
late-clasping  entire  or  pinnatifid  prickly-margined  leaves 
and  yellow  flowers  in  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads. 
Involucre  usually  becoming  thickened  and  more  or  less 
conic  at  base,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the 
outer  successively  smaller.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Achenes  flattened,  10-20-ribbed,  truncate.  Pappus  of 
copious  soft  white  simple  capillary  bristles  usually  fall- 
ing away  connected. 

1.  S.  oleraceus  L.  Stoutish,  5-10  dm.  high,  sparingly  leafy, 
glabrous  or  with  a  few  glandular  hairs  on  the  pedicels  and 
involucre,  glaucescent ;  leaves  obovoid  or  narrower,  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  toothed  but  not  prickly-margined,  amplexicaul,  the 
auricles  straight,  acute;  achenes  striate-nerved,  transversely 
rugulose-scabrous. 

Common  everywhere,  flowering  at  all  seasons.    Native  of  Europe. 


450  Cichorieae 

2.  S.  asper  (L.)  All.  Stouter  than  the  last,  the  stems  distinctly 
angled,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid,  prickly-margined, 
the  auricles  helicoid  and  appressed  to  the  stem  ;  achenes  3-nerved 
on  each  side,  otherwise  shiooth. 

A  less  common  weed  than  the  last.    Native  of  Europe. 

78.  LACTUCA  L. 

Tall  leafy  herbs  with  small  panicled  heads.  Involu- 
cre cylindric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the 
outer  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenes  flat- 
tened; 6-10-ribbed,  beaked.  Pappus  of  copious  white  or 
brownish  capillary  bristles. 

1.  L.  Scariola  L.  Biennial,  glaucous;  stems  leafy,  panicu- 
lately  branched,  hirsute  at  the  base  or  glabrous  throughout,  6-18 
dm.  high ;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  spinulose-mar- 
gined,  denticulate  or  pinnatifid,  sessile  or  auriculate-clasping, 
midrib  spinulose  or  hispid ;  heads  4-8  mm.  broad,  6-12-flowered, 
very  numerous,  in  an  open  panicle ;  involucre  cylindric ;  ligules 
yellow;  achenes  obovate-oblong,  about  equaling  the  filiform 
beak ;  pappus  white. 

Rather  common  in  streets  about  Los  Angeles.    Native  of  Europe. 

79.  AGOSEBIS  Raf. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  mostly  acaulescent,  with 
tufted  basal  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  of  yellow  or  rarely 
purple  flowers  at  the  ends  of  naked  or  bracted  scapes. 
Involucre  campanulate  to  oblong,  its  bracts  imbricated 
in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked  or  faveolate. 
Achenes  not  flattened,  10-ribbed,  beaked  at  the  summit. 
Pappus  of  copious  slender  simple  white  bristles. 

1.  A.  plebeia  Greene.  Robust,  4-6  dm.  high;  leaves  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  pinnatifid  into  slender  ascending  lobes,  apex 
usually  entire  and  slenderly  acuminate;  ligules  short,  deep  yel- 
low, scarcely  or  not  at  all  surpassing  the  involucral  bracts,  these 
woolly  at  the  base ;  achenes  4-5  mm.  long;  the  beak  10-12  mm. 
long ;  pappus  soft,  white. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  Santa  Ana  Mountains.    May-July. 


Chicory  Tribe  451 

2.  A.  retrorsa  (Benth.)  Greene.  Peduncles  usually  about  3 
dm.  high;  herbage  woolly-pubescent,  the  wool  more  or. less  de- 
ciduous in  age;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear  or 
lanceolate  retrorse  segments  ;  outer  involucral  bracts  broad,  inner 
linear,  narrowly  acuminate,  equaling  the  pappus;  ligules  short; 
achenes  5-6  mm.  long,  beak  slender,  18-20  mm.  long. 

Summit  of  Santiago  Peak.    May-July. 

80.  CBEPIS  L. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal 
mostly  toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  or  middle- 
sized  heads,  usually  paniculate-corymbose,  of  yellow 
flowers.  Involucre  cylindric  or  campanulate,  its  princi- 
pal bracts  in  1  series,  equal,  with  a  number  of  exterior 
smaller  ones,  10-20-ribbed  or  -nerved,  not  transversely 
rugose,  beakless.  Pappus  copious,  of  very  slender  white 
bristles. 

1.  C.  biennis  L.  Annual  or  biennial,  pubescent  or  hirsute, 
leafy  at  least  below,  branched  above,, 6-9  dm.  high;  leaves  run- 
cinate-pinnatifid,  oblong  or  spatulate,  at  least  the  upper  clasp- 
ing; heads  several,  subcorymbose,  2.5-4  cm.  high;  involucre 
canescent  or  pubescent,  8-12  mm.  high,  its  principal  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  downy  within;  achenes  glabrous,  13-striate. 

Occasional  along  streets  in  Los  Angeles  and  Pasadena. 

81.  HIEBACIUM  L. 

Perennial  hispid  or  villous  herbs,  with  alternate  or 
basal  leaves,  and  solitary  corymbose  or  paniculate,  small 
or  middle-sized  heads  of  usually  yellow  flowers.  Invo- 
lucre with  its  principal  bracts  in  1-3  series,  the  outer 
gradually  smaller  or  abruptly  much  smaller.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked  or  short  fimbrillate.  Achenes  terete  or 
4-5-angled,  10-15-ribbed,  beakless.  Pappus  copious,  of 
1-2  rows  of  simple  rather  stiff  persistent  brownish 
bristles. 

1.  H.  Parishii  Gray.  Puberulent  above  with  no  glandular 
hairs,  leafy  up  into  the  narrowly  oblong  panicle,  3-6  dm.  high; 


452  Appendix 

lower  leaves  shaggy-hirsute,  lanceolate,  12-18  cm.  long,  tapering 
to  the  base  or  margined  petiole,  with  5-8  salient  teeth  to  each 
margin  ;  upper  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire ;  peduncles  seldom 
much  longer  and  often  shorter  than  the  heads ;  involucre  pale, 
granulose-puberulent,  oblong-campanulate,  of  rather  numerous 
narrow  acute  or  acutish  bracts;  flowers  15-30,  yellow;  achenes 
columnar,  about  3  mm.  long;  pappus  sordid  or  dull  white. 

Occasional  in  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains.    June- 
August. 


APPENDIX 


ONAGRACEAE. 

[This  species  should  follow  Onagra,  page  269.] 

Anogra  Californica  (Wats.)  Small.  Stems  decumbent  from 
a  running  rootstock,  1-2  dm.  long,  branching;  herbage  hoary- 
pubescent  and  more  or  less  villous ;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
sinuately  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  6-8  cm.  long;  ovary  and  calyx 
villous;  calyx-tube  about  2  cm.  long;  petals  white  turning  pink, 
lobed  at  apex,  with  a  rounded  sinus ;  capsule  4-6  cm.  long. 
( (Enothera  Californica  Wats. ) 

Occasional  in  sandy  soil.    Near  Santa  Ana,  Gets;  Cucamonga. 

CONVOLVULACEAE. 

[This  species  should  precede  Ipomoea,  page  308.] 

Cressa  Truxillensis  H.  B.  K.  Perennial  herb,  much  branched 
from  the  base,  erect  or  ascending,  1-2  dm.  high,  silky-villous, 
leafy;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  4-7  mm.  long; 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  upper  axils;  corolla  deeply 
5-cleft,  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  white,  silky-pubescent  with- 
out. 

Frequent  in  saline  places  throughout  our  range.    June-October. 


GLOSSARY 


(icaiilescent,  apparently  stemless;  the 
proper  stem  being  very  short  or 
subterranean. 

accrescent,  growing  larger  after  flow- 
ering. 

decumbent,  lying  against  a  thing. 
The  cotyledons  are  accumbent 
when  they  lie  with  their  edges 
against  the  caulicle. 

acerose,  needle-shaped. 

achene,  a  dry  indehiscent  1-seeded 
fruit. 

acicular,  needle-shaped,  more  slender 
than  acerose. 

aculeate,  armed  with  prickles. 

acuminate,  taper-pointed. 

acute,  ending  in  a  point  less  than  a 
right  angle. 

adherent,  sticking  to,  or  growing  fast 
to  another  body. 

adnate,  born  adherent. 

festival,  produced  in  summer. 

(estivation,  the  arrangement  of  parts 
in  a  flower-bud. 

alate,  winged. 

alliaceous,  with  the  odor  of  onions. 

alternate,  one  after  another. 

alveolate,  honeycomb-like. 

ainent,  the  scaly  spike  of  trees,  like 
the  alder  and  willow. 

amphitropous,  attached  by  the  middle 
and  having  the  micropyle  at  one 
end  and  the  chalaza  at  the  other. 

amplexicaul,  clasping  the  stem  by  the 


anatropous,  inverted,  when  the  micro- 
pyle is  at  the  same  end  as  the 
hilum. 

ancipital,  2-edged. 


androgynous,  having  both  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same 
cluster. 

annual,  producing  flowers  and  fruit 
the  first  year  and  then  dying. 

anterior,  in  a  flower,  is  the  part  next 
the  bract.  See  posterior. 

anther,  the  part  of  the  stamen  which 
bears  the  pollen. 

antheriferous,  anther-bearing. 

anthesis,  the  period  of  flowering. 

antrorse,  directed  upward. 

apetalous,  destitute  of  petals. 

apical,  belonging  to  the  apex. 

apiculate,  tipped  with  a  small  point. 

apophysis,  any  irregular  swelling. 

aquatic,  growing  in  water. 

arachnoid,  cobwebby. 

arborescent,  tree-like. 

arcuate,  bent  or  curved. 

areolate,  marked  out  into  little 
spaces. 

aristate,  awned. 

aristulate,  short-awned. 

articulated,  jointed. 

ascending,  rising  obliquely  upward. 

assurgent  —  see  ascending. 

aunculate,  with  auricles  or  ear-like 
appendages. 

awl-shaped,  sharp- pointed  from  a 
broader  base. 

awn,  a  bristle  or  beard-like  append- 
age. 

axillary,  occurring  in  an  axil. 

baccate,  berry-like. 
barbate,  bearded. 

berry,  a  fruit,  pulpy  or  juicy  through- 
out, as  a  grape. 


454 


Glossary 


biennial,  flowering  and  dying  the 
second  year. 

biftd,  2-cleft  to  about  the  middle. 

bifurcate,  2-forked. 

bilabiate,  2-lipped. 

bladdery,  thin  and  inflated. 

blade,  the  expanded  portion  of  a  leaf 
or  petal. 

bloom,  a  whitish  powder. 

brachiate,  in  pairs,  each  pair  arrang- 
ed at  right  angles  to  the  next. 

bract,  the  leaf  of  an  inflorescence. 

bractlet,  bracts  that  occur  on  flower- 
pedicels. 

bulb,  a  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales, 
usually  subterranean. 

bullate,  appearing  as  if  blistered  or 
bladdery. 

caducous,  dropping  off  very  early. 

ccespitose,  growing  in  tufts. 

callous,  hardened. 

calyptra,  a  hood. 

calyx,  the  outer  set  of  the  perianth. 

campanulate,  bell-shaped. 

canescent,  grayish-white,  caused  usu- 
ally by  a  covering  of  fine  whitish 
hairs. 

capitate,  having  a  head. 

capsule,  a  dry  dehiscent  fruit  formed 
from  a  compound  pistil. 

carinate,  keeled. 

carpel,  a  pistil-leaf  or  sporophyll. 

caruncle,  an  excrescence  at  the  hilum 
of  some  seeds. 

catkin,  see  ament. 

caudate,  tailed. 

caudex,  an  upright  stock. 

caudicle,  the  stalk  of  a  pollen-mass. 

caulescent,  having  an  obvious  stem. 

caulicle,  rudimentary  stem  of  a  seed- 
ling. 

cauline,  belonging  to  the  stem. 

cell,  the  cavity  of  an  anther  or  ovary. 

chaff,  small  membranous  scales  on 
the  receptacle  of  Compositae. 

chaparral,  a  thick  growth  of  shrubs, 
such  as  manzanita  or  scrub-oak 

chartaceous,  of  the  texture  of  paper. 

ciliate,  beset  on  the  margin  with  a 
fringe  of  hairs  or  bristles. 


clavate,  club-shaped. 

claw,  the  stalk-like  base  of  some 
petals. 

cleistogamous,  fertilized  in  closed 
buds. 

cleft,  cut  into  lobes. 

comose,  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

commissure  —  see  page  276. 

connate,  united  or  grown  together. 

connivent,  converging. 

convolute,  rolled  up  lengthwise. 

cordate,  heart-shaped. 

coriaceous,  leathery  in  texture. 

corm,  a  solid  bulb. 

cornute,  horned. 

corolla,  the  inner  set  of  perianth 
leaves. 

corona,  a  crown. 

corymb,  a  flat  or  convex  flower-clus- 
ter. 

corymbose,  in  corymbs. 

costa,  a  rib. 

cotyledons,  the  seed-leaves. 

creeping,  growing  flat  on  the  ground 
and  rooting. 

crenate,  with  rounded  teeth. 

cruciate,  cross-shaped. 

cucullate,  hood-shaped  or  hooded. 

culm,  the  stem  of  grasses  or  sedges. 

cuneate,  wedge-shaped. 

cuspidate,  tipped  with  a  sharp  stiff 
point. 

cyme,  a  cluster  of  centrifugal  inflor- 
escence. 

cymose,  with  cymes. 

deciduous,  falling  off. 

decompound,  several  times  com- 
pound. 

decumbent,  reclined  on  the  ground, 
the  summit  tending  to  rise. 

decurrent,  prolonged  on  the  stem  be- 
neath the  insertion. 

decussate,  arranged  in  pairs,  which 
successively  cross  each  other. 

dehiscence,  the  regular  splitting  open 
of  a  capsule  or  anther. 

dentate,  toothed,  the  teeth  pointing 
outward. 

diadelphous  —  see  page  204. 

dichotomous,  2-forked. 


Glossary 


455 


,  spreading  widely  and  irregu- 
larly. 

(ti</if <it< — leaflets  are  digitate  when 
they  are  all  borne  on  the  end  of  a 
petiole. 

dissected,  cut  deeply  into  many  lobes 
or  divisions. 

<lixx{i>i>ii<:»ts,  the  partitions  in  a  com- 
pound ovary. 

diurnal,  expanded  during  the  day, 
closed  at  night. 

distichous,  2-ranked. 

distinct,  free. 

divaricate,  widely  divergent. 

divided,  cut  into  divisions  down  to  the 
midrib. 

drupe,  a  fleshy  fruit  containing  a 
stone,  as  the  plum. 

ec/iinafe,  armed  with  prickles. 

elliptical,  oval  or  oblong,  with  the 
ends  regularly  rounded. 

emarginate,  notched  at  the  summit. 

emersed,  raised  out  of  water. 

endocarp,  the  inner  layer  of  a  peri- 
carp. 

endosperm,  the  nutritive  matter  in 
a  seed,  surrounding  the  embryo. 

ephemeral,  lasting  for  a  day  or  less. 

cpigynons,  upon  the  ovary. 

eguitant,  folded  longitudinally,  and 
each  embracing  the  next  within. 

erase,  eroded  as  if  gnawed. 

exocarp,  outer  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

extrorse,  turned  outward. 

falcate,  scythe-shaped. 
farinaceous,  mealy  in  texture. 
fascicle,  a  close  cluster. 
fastigiate,  close,  parallel  and  upright 
faveolate,  favose  —  see  alveolate, 
ferruginous,  resembling  iron-rust. 
filament,  the  stock  of  a  stamen. 
filiform,  thread-like. 
fimbriate,  fringed. 
.fixtulose,  hollow  and  cylindric. 
fiabelliform,  fan-shaped. 
flavescent,  yellowish. 
fiexuous  or  fiexuose,  bending  in  op- 
posite directions,  zig  zag. 
Jtoccose,  woolly. 


foliate,  provided  with  leaves. 
follicle,  a  pod  composed  of  a  single 

carpel,  opening  down  the  inner 

suture. 
fruit,  the  mature  ovary  and  all  that 

is  connected  with  it. 
frutescent,  somewhat  shrubby. 
fugacious,  soon  perishing  or  falling 

off. 

fulvous,  tawny. 
funiculus,  the  stock  of  an  ovule  or 

seed. 

furfuraceous,  bran-like. 
fusiform,  spindle-shaped. 

galea,  a  helmet-shaped  body. 

geniculate,  bent  abruptly. 

gibbous,  somewhat  swollen  or  enlarg- 
ed. 

glabrate,  becoming  glabrous  or  al- 
most so. 

glabrous,  smooth,  not  hairy. 

glands,  small  cellular  organs  which 
secrete  certain  substances,  such 
as  oil. 

glandular,  with  glands. 

glaucescent,  slightly  glaucous. 

glaucous,  covered  with  a  bloom. 

glomerate,  closely  aggregated  in  a 
dense  head. 

glume,  floral  bracts  in  grasses. 

gramineous,  grass-like. 

habit,  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant. 
habitat,   the    place   where    a    plant 

grows. 

hairy,  beset  with  rather  long  hairs. 
hastate,  halberd-shaped. 
herb,  a  plant  that  is  not  woody. 
hilum,  the  scar  of  a  seed,  the  place  of 

attachment. 

hirsute,  with  stifflsh  hairs. 
hirsutulous,  minutely  hirsute. 
hispid,  beset  with  stiff  hairs. 
hoary  —  see  canescent. 
horn,  a  spur. 
hyaline,  transparent  or  partly  so. 

imbricate,  overlapping  one  another, 
like  shingles. 

immersed,  growing  wholly  under  wa- 
ter. 


456 


Glossary 


incised,  cut  rather  deeply  and  irregu- 
larly. 

incumbent — the  cotyledons  are  in 
cumbent  when  the  back  of  one  of 
them  lies  against  the  caulicle. 

inferior,  growing  below  some  other 
organ. 

inflorescence,  the  arrangement  of  the 
flowers  on  a  stem. 

insertion,  the  place  or  mode  of  attach- 
ment. 

introrse,  turned  or  facing  inward. 

involucel,  a  small  involucre. 

involucre,  a  whorl  or  set  of  bracts 
around  a  flower,  umbel  or  head. 

keel,  a  projecting  ridge. 

lacerate,  appearing  as  if  torn. 

laciniate,  slashed. 

lanate,  woolly. 

lanceolate,  lance-shaped. 

legume,  a  simple  pod  which  dehisces 
in  2  pieces. 

lenticular,  lens-shaped. 

ligneous,  woody. 

ligulate,  strap-shaped. 

limb,  the  border  of  a  corolla. 

linear,  narrow  and  flat,  the  margins 
parallel. 

loculicidal,  dehiscent  through  the 
back  of  each  cell. 

lodicule  —  see  page  18. 

lunate,  crescent-shaped. 

lyrate,  lyre-shaped. 

marcescent,  withering  without  falling 

off. 

maritime,  belonging  to  the  seacoast. 
membranous,    thin   and   soft,  like  a 

membrane. 
merous,  the   number  of   parts  in  a 

circle. 

mesocarp,  the  middle  part  of  a  peri- 
carp. 
monoecious,  having  stamens  or  pistils 

only. 
mucronate,  tipped    with   an   abrupt 

short  point. 

mucronulate,  diminutive  of  the  last. 
muricate,  beset  with   short   prickly 

points. 
muticous,  blunt,  pointless. 


nectar,  a  sweet  secretion  in  flowers. 
nectariferous,  having  nectary. 
nerve,  veins,  usually  confined  to  those 

that  are  parallel. 
nervose,  conspicuously  nerved. 
nodose,  knotty. 

oblong,  2-4  times  as  long  as  broad. 

obovate,  inversely  ovate. 

obtuse,  blunt  or  rounded  at  the  end. 

ochroleucous,  yellowish- white. 

oculate,  with  eye-shaped  markings. 

opposite,  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
stem,  in  pairs. 

orbicular,  circular  in  outline. 

orthotropous,  straight,  when  the  mi- 
cropyle  is  on  the  opposite  end 
from  the  hilum. 

oval,  broadly  elliptic. 

ovary,  that  part  of  the  pistil  contain- 
ing the  ovules. 

ovate,  shaped  like  an  egg,  with  the 
broad  end  downward. 

ovoid,  ovate  or  oval. 

ovuliferous,  ovule-bearing. 

palea,  chaff. 

palmate  —  see  digitate. 

panicle,  an  open  and  branched  cluster, 
a  compound  raceme. 

papilionaceous,  butterfly -shaped. 

papilla,  little  nipple-shaped  protu- 
berances. 

papillate,  papillose,  covered  with  pa- 
pillae. 

pappus,  the  bristles,  scales,  etc.,  at 
the  apex  of  the  achenes  in  the 
Composite. 

parasitic,  living  on  another  plant  or 
animal. 

parietal,  attached  to  the  walls  of  the 
ovary. 

pectinate,  pinnatifid  into  narrow  di- 
visions, like  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

pedate,  like  a  bird's  foot. 

pedicel,  the  stalk  of  each  flower  in  a 
cluster. 

pedicellate,  pedicelled. 

peduncle,  a  flower-stalk,  whether  of  a 
single  flower  or  of  a  cluster. 

peltate,  shield-shaped. 

pepo,  a  fruit  like  the  melon. 


Glossary 


457 


perennial,  lasting  from  year  to  year. 

perfect,  having  both  stamens  and  pis- 
til. 

perianth,  the  floral  leaves — the  calyx 
and  corolla. 

perigynium,  bodies  around  a  pistil; 
see  page  73. 

pcrigynous,  the  petals  and  stamens 
borne  on  the  calyx. 

personate,  masked;  a  bilabiate  flower 
with  a  palate  in  the  throat. 

petal,  a  leaf  of  the  corolla. 

petaloid,  petal-like. 

petiole,  a  stalk  of  a  leaf. 

petiolulate,  a  stalked  leaflet. 

pilose,  clothed  with  long  slender 
hairs. 

pinnate,  with  leaflets  arranged  along 
the  side  of  a  common  petiole. 

pinnatifld,  same  as  pinnately  cleft  or 
divided. 

pistil,  the  seed-bearing  organ  of  a 
flower. 

pistillate,  having  a  pistil. 

placenta,  the  part  of  the  ovary  to 
which  the  ovules  are  attached. 

plaited,  folded  lengthwise. 

plumose,  feathery. 

pollen,  the  fertilizing  powder -con- 
tained in  the  anthers ;  the  micro- 
spores. 

polygamous,  having  some  perfect  and 
some  unisexual  flowers. 

pome,  a  fleshy  fruit,  such  as  the  apple 
and  pear. 

posterior  portion  of  a  flower  is  that 
toward  the  axis. 

primordial,  earliest  formed. 

procumbent,  trailing  on  the  ground. 

proliferous,  where  a  new  branch  rises 
out  of  an  older  one,  or  one  cluster 
of  flowers  out  of  another. 

prostrate,  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 

pr ui nose,  frosted. 

puberulent,  with  fine  short  pubes- 
cence. 

pubescent,  with  fine  soft  hairs. 

punctate,  dotted  with  minute  holes. 

puncticulate,  minutely  punctate. 

pungent,  prickly  pointed, 

pyriform,  pear-shaped. 


raceme,  with  1-flowered  pedicels  ar- 
ranged along  a  common  peduncle. 

racemose,  bearing  racemes. 

rac fit's,  the  axis,  especially  of  a  spike. 

receptacle,  the  axis  or  support  of  a 
flower. 

regular,  all  the  parts  of  a  circle  simi- 
lar in  shape. 

reniform,  kidney-shaped, 

repand,  wavy-margined. 

reticulated,  netted. 

retuse,  with  a  blunt  somewhat  in- 
dented apex. 

revolute,  rolled  back. 

rootstock,  root  like,  usually  under- 
ground  stems. 

rosulate,  in  a  rosette. 

rotate,  wheel-shaped. 

rugose,  wrinkled. 

runcinate,  coarsely  saw- toothed. 

runner,  a  slender  prostrate  branch 
rooting  at  the  ends  o.r  joints. 

saccate,  sac-shaped. 

sagittate,  arrow-shaped. 

salmginous,     growing    in    brackish 

places. 
salver-shaped,  with  a  border  spreading 

at  right  angles  to  a  slender  tube, 
samara,  a  winged  fruit  or  key. 
scabrous,  rough  or  harsh  to  the  touch. 
scape,  a   peduncle   rising   from   the 

ground  or  near  it. 
scapiform,  scape-like. 
scarious,  thin,  dry  and  membranous. 
scor2)ioid,  curved  or  circinate  at  the 

end. 

scrobiculate,  pitted. 
scuttelate,  saucer-shaped. 
secund,  1-sided. 
segment,  a  subdivision  or  lobe. 
sepal,  a  leaf  or  division  of  the  calyx. 
septate,  divided  by  partitions. 
seirticidal,  where   the   dehiscence    is 

through  the  partitions. 
serrate,  the   margin   cut   into  teeth 

pointing  upward;  saw-toothed. 
serrulate,  minutely  serrate. 
sessile,  not  stalked. 
seta,  a  bristle,  or  bristle-like, 
setaceous,  bristle-like. 


458 


Glossary 


silicle,  a  short  silique. 

siliquc,  capsule  of  the  mustard  family. 

sinuate,  with  margins  alternately 
bowed  inward  and  outward. 

sinus,  the  angle  between  two  lobes. 

smooth,  not  rough,  or  same  as  gla- 
brous. 

sordid,  dirty  in  hue. 

spadix,  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers. 

spathaceous,  resembling,  or  furnished 
with,  a  spathe. 

sjjathe,  a  bract  which  enwraps  an  in- 
florescence. 

si)atulate,  club-shaped. 

spike,  flowers  sessile  on  an  elongated 
rachis. 

spinescent,  tipped  with  a  spine. 

spinose,  spiny. 

spur,  any  hollow  appendage  which 
looks  like  a  spur. 

squamate,  furnished  with  scales. 

squarrose,  where  scales,  leaves  or 
any  appendages  spread  widely 
from  the  axis  on  which  they  are 
thickly  set. 

stalk,  stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  etc. 

stamen,  the  organ  which  bears  the 
pollen,  composed  of  an  anther 
and  usually  a  filament. 

staminate,  furnished  with  stamens. 

staminodium,  an  abortive  stamen. 

standard,  the  upper  petal  of  a  papili- 
onaceous flower. 

stellate,  star-like. 

stigma,  the  receptive  part  of  the  pis- 
til. 

stipe,  the  stalk  of  the  pistil. 

stipitate,  furnished  with  a  stipe. 

stipules,  appendages  situated  on 
either  side  of  the  base  of  some 
leaves. 

stolon,  a  trailing  or  reclined  and 
rooting  shoot. 

stomata,  breathing  pores  of  leaves. 

stramineous,  straw-like. 

striate,  marked  with  slender  longi- 
tudinal stripes. 

strict,  close  and  narrow;  straight  and 
narrow. 

strigose,  beset  with  stout  appressed 
hairs  or  bristles. 


style,  the  stalk  between  the  ovary  and 
stigma. 

stylopodium,  an  enlargement  at  the 
base  of  the  style. 

subulate,  awl-shaped,  tapering  from 
a  broad  base  to  a  sharp  point. 

suckers,  shoots  from  subterranean 
branches. 

suffrutescent,  somewhat  woody  or 
shrubby  at  the  base. 

sulcate,  grooved  longitudinally. 

superior,  above. 

suture,  the  line  of  junction  of  con- 
tiguous parts  grown  together. 

sympetalous,  petals  united. 

tawny,  dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of 

brown. 
tendril,  a  thread-like  organ  used  in 

climbing. 
terete,  cylindrical. 
ternate,  inS's. 
testa,  the  outer  seed  coat. 
throat,  the  expanded  portion  between 

the  lobes  and  the  proper  tube  in 

a  sympetalous  corolla. 
thyrsus,  a  compact    and   pyramidal 

panicle  of  cymes. 
torus,  the  receptacle  of  the  flower. 
trifld,  3-cleft. 

trifoliolate,  with  3  leaflets. 
triquetrous,  sharply  3-angled. 
truncate,  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top. 
tuberculate,  bearing  little  pimple-like 

bodies. 

tunicate,  coated,  as  an  onion. 
turbinate,  top-shaped. 

umbel,  an  inflorescence  in  which  a 
number  of  pedicels  of  nearly 
equal  length  spring  from  the 
same  point,  as  in  the  parsley 
family. 

umbellate,  in  umbels. 

unarmed,  destitute  of  thorns  or 
spines,  etc. 

uncinate,  hook-shaped. 

undulate,  wavy-margined,  or  wavy. 

unguiculate,  clawed. 

unisexual,  having  stamens  or  pistils 
only. 


Glossary 


459 


urceolate,  urn- shaped. 
utricle,  a  small  thin-walled,  1-seeded 
fruit. 

valve,  one  of  the  pieces  into  which  a 
dehiscent  fruit  splits. 

ralvate,  opening  by  valves ;  in  aesti- 
vation when  the  parts  just  meet 
and  do  not  overlap. 

venation,  the  veining  of  leaves. 

ventral,  the  opposite  of  dorsal. 

ventricose,  inflated  on  one  side. 


verrucoBe,  warty. 

versatile,  attached  by  a  point  so  that 

it  may  swing  to  and  fro. 
verticil,  a  whorl. 
vespertine,  appearing   or   expanding 

in  the  evening. 
virgate,  wand-like. 
viscid,  having  a  glutinous  surface. 

wedge-shaped,  broad  above,  tapering 

to  the  base  by  straight  lines. 
whorled,  arranged  in  whorls  or  circles. 


INDEX 


Abies,  6 

Allium,  84 

Anagallis,  299 

concolor,  6 

haematochiton,  84 

arvensis,  300 

Abronia,  137 

serratum,  85 

Andropogon,  20 

maritima,  137 

Allocarya,  330 

glomeratus,  20 

umbellata,  137 

trachycarpa,  331 

?nacrourus,  20 

Acanthocyphus,  115 

Alnus,  103 

saccharoides.  21 

Parishii,  115 

rhombifolia,  103 

ANDROPOGONEAE,  20 

Acer,  240 

Alopecurus,  33 

Anemopsis,  96 

macrophyllum,  240 

geniculatus,  33 

Californica,  96 

ACERACBAE,  240 

Alsine,  145 

Anogra,  452 

Achillea,  435 

media,  145 

Californica,  452 

lanulosa,  435 

nitens,  145 

ANTHEM  IDEAE,  434 

Achyrachaena,  425 

Alternanthera,  131 

Anthemis,  434 

mollis,  425 

Achyrantha,  134 

Cotula,  434 

Actinolepis,  430 

Alyssum,  180 

•  Antirrhinum,  357 

Wallace!,  431 

maritimum,  180 

Coulterianum,  358 

Adenostegia,  371 

Amaranth,  133 

glandulosum,  358 

fllifolia,  372 

Amaranth  Family,  132 

Nuttallianum,  358 

maritima,  372 

AMAKANTHACEAE,  132 

strictum,  358 

Adenostoma,  202 

Amaranthus,  133 

subsessile,  358 

fasciculatum,  202 

albus,  133 

Aphanisma,  124 

Agoseris,  450 

blitoides,  133 

blitoides,  124 

plebeia,  450 

deflexus,  133 

Aphyllon,  374 

retroraa,  451 

graecizans,  133 

fasciculatum,  374 

Agrostis,  36 

retroflexus,  133 

Apiastrum,  282 

asperifolia,  36 

Amblyopappus,  431 

angustifolium,  282 

Diegoensis,  37 

pusillus,  431 

Apium,  284 

verticillata,  36 

Ambrosia,  411 

graveolens,  284 

Agropyron,  59 

psilostachya,  412 

Aplopajipus  ctmeatus, 

Parishii,  59 

AMBROSIAE,  411 

Palmeri,  398 

laeve,  59 

Ammannia,  260 

pinifolius,  399 

AIZOACEAB,  138 

coccinea,  261 

squarrosus,  400 

Alchemilla,  202 

Amorpha,  221 

APOCYNACEAE,  304 

arvensis,  203 

Californica,  221 

Apocynum,  304 

Alder,  103 

Amsinckia,  335 

cannabinum,  305 

Alfalfa,  210 

intermedia,  335 

Aquilegia,  152 

Alfllerilla,  227 

lycopsoides,  335 

truncata,  152 

Algaroba,  205 

spectabilis,  335 

Arabis,  178 

ALJSMACEAE,  16 

ANACARDACEAE,  238 

glabra,  179 

Index 


461 


Arabis  Ludoviciana,  178 

Aster,  401 

perfoliata,  179 

exilis,  402 

repanda,  178 

Greatae,  402 

Virginica,  178 

hesperius,  402 

Aralia,  275 

Menziesii,  401 

Californica,  275 

Aster  Tribe,  392 

AKAMAOKAE,  274 

ASTEREAE,  392 

Arbutus,  296 

Astragalus,  222 

Menziesii,  296 

Antiselli,  223 

ArcenthobiHin,  110 

Brauntonii,  223 

occidentalis,  110 

didymocarpus,  222 

Arctostaphylos,  297 

leucopsis,  223 

bicolor,  298 

nigrescens,  222 

glandulosa,  298 

Parishii,  223 

glauca,  298 

pycnostachys,  223 

Manzanita,  297 

strigosus,  222 

patula,  297 

Athysanus,  176 

Pringlei,  298 

pusillus,  176 

tomentosa,  297 

Atriplex,  127 

Arenaria,  147 

hructeosa,  128 

Douglasii,  147 

Breweri,  129 

Fendleri,  147 

Californioa,  129 

paludicola,  147 

canescens,  130 

palustris,  148 

decumbens,  128 

Argemone,  162 

expansa,  127 

platyceras  hispida,  162 

leucophylla,  129 

Aristida,  28 

microcarpa,  127 

Americana     bromoides, 

orbicularis,  129 

28 

patula,  127 

purpurea      aequiramea, 

semibaccata,  128 

29 

Serenana,  128 

fjitrjji/rea  Californica,  29 

Watsoni,  128 

Arrow-grass,  14 

Audibertia,  344 

Arrow-grass  Family,  14 

Australian  salt-bush,  129 

Arrow-head,  17 

AVENEAE,  38 

Artemisia,  436 

A  vena,  39 

biennis,  437 

fatua,  39 

Califoruica,  437 

glabrescens,  40 

dracunculoides,  437 

sativa,  40 

heterophylla,  437 

vulgaris  Californica,  437 

Baccharis,  404 

Artichoke,  441 

Douglasii,  405 

Arundo,  44 

Emory  i,  405 

Donax,  44 

glutinosa,  406 

ASCLEPIADACEAE,  305 

Plummerae,  405 

Asclepias,  306 

pilularia,  405 

eriocarpa,  307 

viminea,  406 

Mexicana,  307 

Baeria,  427 

Ash,  302 

afflnis,  428 

Asparagus,  92 

chrysostoma,  428 

offlcinalis,  92 

gracilis,  428 

Baeria  mutica,  429 

tenella,  428 
Barbarea,  171 

Barbarea,  171 

vulgariH,  171 
Barberry,  156 
Barberry  Family,  156 
Barley  Tribe,  57 
Bastard  Oats,  40 
BATIDACKAE,  134 
Batis,  135 

maritima,  135 
Batis  Family,  134 
Bay  Tree,  157 
Bayberry  Family,  97 
Bebbia,  418 

juncea,  418 
Bedstraw,  377 
Beech  Family,  104 
Bellflower  Family,  385 
Bent-grass  Tribe,  27 
BERBERIDACEAE,  156 
Berberis,  156 

dictyota, 157 

Nevinii,  157 
Berula,  287 

ereota, 287 
BETUL.ACEAE,  103 
Bicuculla,  163 

chrysantha,  163 

ochroleuca,  163 
Bidens,  417 

pilosa,  418 

speciosa,  417 
Bigelovia  Parishii,  398 

veneta,  399 
Birch  Family,  103 
Blackberry,  198' 
Blazing  Star,  256 
Blepharipappus,  424 

elegans,  424 

hispidus,  424 

platyglossus,  425 
Black  Sage,  345 
Bloomeria,  86 

aurea,  86 
Blue-curls,  339 
Boisduvalia,  265 

glabella,  265 
Borage  Family,  328 
BORAGINACEAE,  328 


462 


Index 


Bowlesia,  277 

CACTACEAE,  257 

Carex  marcida,  76 

lobata,  278 

Cactus  Family,  257 

multicaulis,  75 

septentrionalis,  278 

Calabazilla,  354 

occidentalis,  76 

Boxthorn,  352 

Calandrinia,  140 

Pseudo-Cyperus  Ameri- 

Boykinia, 189 

caulescens  Menziesii,140 

cana,  73 

occidentalis,  189 

elegans,  141 

siccata,  75 

rotundifolia,  190 

Menziesii,  141 

spissa,  74 

Bramble,  198 

California  Laurel,  157 

teretiuscula,  76 

Brassica,  169 

California  Lilac,  242 

triquetra,  75 

alba,  170 

California  Poppy,  161 

Carpet-weed,  138 

campestris,  170 

California  Sage,  437 

Carpet-weed  Family,  138 

nigra,  170 

California     Slippery-elm, 

Carrot  Family,  275 

Brickellia,  392 

250 

Carum,  285 

California,  392 

California  Spikenard,  275 

Gairdneri,  286 

Bristly  Foxtail,  25 

CALLITRICHACEAE,  237 

Lemmoni,  286 

Brodiaea,  86 

Callitriche,  237 

CAKYOPHYLLACEAE,  143 

capitata,  87 

marginata,  237 

Castilleja,  368 

tea,  87 

Calochortus,  89 

Californica,  369 

minor,  87 

albus,  89 

foliolosa,  370 

Bromus,  52 

Catalinae,  90 

Martini,  369 

carinatus,  56 

clavatus,  90 

stenanthe,  369 

Californicum,  57 

invenustus,  90 

Castor-bean,  233 

hordeaceus,  53 

splendens,  90 

Catch-fly,  143 

Madritensis,  54 

venustus,  91 

Cat-tail,  8 

marginatus,  56 

sulphureus,  91 

Cat-tail  Family,  8 

maximus  Gussoni,  54 

Weedii,  90 

Caucalis,  281 

mollis,  53 

purpurascens,  90 

microcarpa,  282 

Orcuttianus,  55 

vestus,  90 

nodosa,  282 

Richardsoni,  55 

Calyptridium,  141 

Caulanthus,  166 

rubens,  54 

monandrum,  141 

amplexicaulis,  166 

secalinus,  53 

CAMPANULACEAE,  385 

Ceanothus,  242 

Trinii,  53 

Canary-grass  Tribe,  26 

crassifolius,  244 

pallidiflorus,  54 

Cauchalagua,  303 

cuneatus,  244 

unioloides,  55 

Caper  Family,  180 

divaricatus,  243 

Haenkeanus,  56 

CAPPABIDACEAE,  180 

hirsutus,  244 

Brookweed,  299 

CAPBIFOLIACEAE,  380 

integerrimus,  242 

Broom,  210 

Capsella,  175 

macrocarpus,  244 

Broom-rape,  373 

Bursa-pastoris,  175 

oliganthus,  244 

Buckthorn,  241 

divaricata,  175 

sorediatus,  243 

Buckthorn  Family,  240 

elliptica,  175 

spinosus,  242 

Buckwheat  Family, 

Cardamine,  172 

tomentosus,  243 

110 

Gambellii,  172 

Cenchrus,  26 

Btida,  148 

Carduus,  440 

tribuloides,  26 

Bulrush,  67 

Californicus,  441 

Centaurea,  442 

Bur-clover,  210 

edulis,  441 

Melitensis,  442 

Bur-head,  16 

occidentalis,  441 

Centromadia,  420 

Bur-reed,  9 

Carex,  74 

Parryi,  421 

Burs  a,  175 

Barbarae,  74 

pungens,  421 

Bursa-pastoris,  175 

filiformis  latifolia,  75 

Cerastium,  145 

Bush  Poppy,  160 

Hookeriana,  76 

trivale,  146 

Buttercup,  155 

laciniata,  74 

viscosum,  146 

Index 


463 


Cerastium  vulgatum.  146 

Chrysoma  Palmeri,  398 

Convolvulus  repens, 

CEHATOPH  VM.ACKAK,  150 

Parishii,  398 

309 

Ceratophyllum,  151 

pinifolia,  398 

Soldanella,  309 

demersum,  151 

Chrysopsis,  395 

Conyza,  404 

Cercocarpus,  201 

fastigiata,  396 

Coulter!,  404 

betulaefolius,  2U2 

sessilifolia,  396 

Corilijlanthus,  372 

Cereus,  258 

CICHOHIEAE,  443 

fllifoliu*,  372 

Emory  i,  258 

Cichorium,  444 

Corethrogyne,  400 

Chaenactis,  431 

Intybus,  444 

virgata,  401 

artemisiaefolia,  432 

Cicuta,  285 

Bernard  ina,  401 

glabriuscula,  432 

occidentalis,  285 

Corn  Spurry,  148 

lanosa,  432 

Cistaceae,  252 

COKNACEAE,  292 

santolinoides,  432 

Cladium,  72 

Cornus,  293 

Chaetochloa,  25 

mariscus  Californicum, 

occidentalis,  293 

glauca,  25 

73 

pubescens,  293 

imberbis,  25 

Clarkia,  266 

Cottonwood,  99 

Chamiso,  202 

elegans,  266 

Cotula,  436 

Cheiranthus,  179 

rhombifolia,  266 

australis,  436 

angustatus,  179 

Claytonia,  142 

coronopifolia,  436 

suffrutescens,  179 

perfoliata,  142 

Cotyledon,  186 

CHKNOPODIACEAE,  123 

*l><ithulatat  142 

nudicaule,  186 

Chenopodium,  124 

Clematis,  154 

pulverulenta,  187 

album,  124 

lasiantha,  154 

CRASSULACEAE,  183 

viride,  125 

ligusticifolia,  154 

Creamcup,  159 

ambrosioides,  125 

Cleome,  181 

Crepis,  451 

Californicum,  125 

lutea,  181 

biennis,  451 

murale,  125 

Clover,  211 

Cressa,  452 

rubrum,  125 

Cockle-bur,  413 

Truxillensis,  452 

Cherry,  203 

Coleosanthus,  391 

Croton,  232 

Chia,  343 

Californicus,  391 

Californicus,  232 

Chickweed,  145 

Nevini,  392 

tenuis,  233 

Chicory,  444 

Collins  ia,  362 

Crowfoot  Family,  151 

Chilicothe,  385 

bicolor,  362 

CRUCIFERAE,  164 

Chimaphila,  295 

callosa,  363 

Cryptanthe,  333 

Menziesii,  295 

tinctoria,  363 

ambigua,  334 

CHLORIDEAE,  41 

Collomia,  312 

barbigua,  334 

Chlorogalum,  83 

rfilioides,  315 

flaccida,  334 

pomeridianum,  84 

grandiflora,  312 

intermedia,  334 

Chorizanthe,  112 

gracilis,  312 

leiocarpa,  335 

Californica,  113 

Columbine,  152 

microstachys,  334 

Fernandina,  114 

COMPOSITAE,  389 

muriculata,  333 

leptoceras,  113 

Conanthus,  326 

Cucurbita,  384 

Parryi,  114 

demissus,  327 

foetidissima,  384 

procumbens,  114 

stenocarpus,  327 

CUCURBITACEAE,  384 

staticoides,  113 

Conium,  283 

Cuscuta,  310 

Thurberi,  113 

maculatum,  283 

arvensis,  310 

Xanti,  114 

CONVOLVttLACEAE,  307,  452 

Californica,  310 

Christmas  Berry,  196 

Convolvulus,  308 

salina,  311 

Chrysoma,  397 

arvensis,  309 

subinclusa,  311 

cuneata,  398 

occidentalis,  309 

CUSCUTACEAE,  310 

ericoides,  398 

tenuissimus,  309 

Cynara,  441 

464 


Index 


Cynara  Scolymus,  442 

Diplacus,  363 

ELATINACEAE,  251 

CYNAREAE,  440 

longiflorus,  364 

Elatine,251 

Cynodon,  41 

puniceus,  364 

brachysperma,  251 

Dactylon,  41 

Diplotaxis,  169 

Elder,  380 

Cynosurus,  48 

tenuifolia,  169 

Eleocharis,  70 

cristatus,  48 

DlPSACEAE,  383 

acicularis,  70 

CYPEBACEAE,  64 

Dipsacus,  383 

arenicola,  71 

Cyperus,  65 

fullonum,  383 

montana,  72 

diandrus  capitatus,  65 

Distichlis,  47 

palustris,  70 

castaneus,  66 

spicata,  47 

rostellata,  71 

erythrorhizos,  66 

Dithyrea,  174 

occidentalis,  71 

esculentus,  66 

Californica  maritima, 

Ellisia,  321 

laevigatus,  66 

174 

chrysanthemifolia,  321 

Cytisus,  210 

Dock,  119 

Elymus,  61 

Canariensis,  210 

Dodecatheon,  300 

condensatus,  61 

Cleveland!,  300 

glaucus,  62 

Dactyl  is,  47 

Dodder,  310 

Orcuttianus,  62 

glomerata,  48 

Dodder  Family,  310 

triticoides,  61 

Danthonia,  40 

Dogbane,  304 

Emmenanthe,  326 

Californica,  40 

Dogbane  Family,  304 

penduliflora,  326 

Darnel,  58 

Dogwood,  293 

Encelia,  415 

Datisca,  257 

Dogwood  Family,  292 

Californica,  415 

glomerata,  257 

Dondia,  131 

farinosa,  416 

Datisca  Family,  257 

Californica,  131 

Epicampes,  35 

DATISCACEAE,  257 

depressa,  131 

rigens,  35 

Datura,  353 

Moquini,  131 

Epilobium,  264 

meteloides,  353 

multiflora,  131 

Californicum,  264 

Daucus,  291 

Draba,  175 

holosericeum,  261 

Carota,  292 

cuneifolia,  176 

paniculatum,  264 

pusillus,  292 

integrifolia,  176 

Parishii,  265 

Deinandra,  421 

Sonorae,  176 

Eragrostis,  44 

fasciculata,  421 

Drudeophytum,  284 

major,  45 

Kelloggii,  422 

Parishii,  284 

Orcuttianus,  45 

Whrightii,  422 

Drymocallis,  199 

pilosa,  45 

Delphinium,  152 

glandulosa,  209 

Eremocarpus,  233 

cardinale,  153 

monticola,  200 

setigerus,  233 

decorum,  153 

Duckweed,  78 

Eremocarya,  331 

patens,  153 

Duckweed  Family,  77 

lepida,  331 

Parryi,  153 

Dudleya,  186 

micrantha,  331 

variegatum,  153 

Brauntoni,  187 

ERICACEAE,  295 

Dendromecon,  160 

elongata,  188 

Ericameria,  398 

rigidum,  160 

lurida,  188 

microphylla,  398 

Dentaria,  173 

minor,  187 

Erigeron,  402 

Californica,  173 

ovatifolia,  187 

Canadense,  404 

Deschampsia,  39 

pulverulenta,  186 

foliosus,  403 

calycina,  39 

Durango  Root,  257 

fragilis,  403 

Deweya,  283 

Philadelphicus,  403 

arguta,  283 

Echinodorus,  16 

Eriodictyon,  327 

Diceniba,  163 

cordifolius,  16 

Californicum,  327 

chrysantha,  163 

rostral-us,  17 

glutinosum,  328 

ochroleuca,  163 

Eel-grass,  13 

Parryi,  328 

Index 


465 


Eriodictyon  tomentosum, 

Euryptera  lucida,  290 

Fritillaria  biflora,  88 

328 

Eutbamia,  397 

Fuller's-teasel,  383 

Eriophyllum,  430 

occidentalis,  397 

confertiflorum,  430 

Evening  -  primrose    Fam- 

Gaertneria, 412 

Eriogonum,  116 

ily,  261 

acanthicarpa,  413 

Bloomeri,  118 

Everlasting,  409 

bipinnatiflda,  413 

cinereum,  117 

Everlasting  Tribe,  406 

tenuifolia,  412 

elongatum,  118 

Galingale,  65 

fasciculatum,  117 

FAGACEAE,  140 

Galium,  377 

gracile,  119 

False    Mermaid   Family, 

Andrewsii,  379 

leucocladon,  119 

237 

angustifolium,  378 

latifolium,  117 

Fennel,  288 

Aparine,  378 

nudum,  117 

Fescue  Tribe,  43 

Californicum,  379 

parvifolium,  117 

Festuca,  51 

grande,  379 

saxatile,  118 

microstachys,  51 

Nuttallii,  379 

Thurberi,  116 

ciliata,  52 

siccatum,  378 

vimineum,  119 

Grayi,  52 

trifldum  subbiflorum,  378 

virgatum,  119 

Myuros,  52 

Garrya,  293 

Wrightii,  118 

ciliata,  52 

flavescens  Palmeri,  294 

Erodium,  227 

octoflora,  52 

pallida,  294 

cicutarium,  228 

FESTTJCEAE,  43 

Veatchii  Palmeri,  294 

macro  phy  Hum,  228 

Figwort,  £59 

undulata,  294 

moschatum,  228 

Figwort  Family,  355 

Gastridium,  37 

Eryngium,  280 

Filago,  409 

lendigerum,  37 

Parishii,  280 

Californica,  409 

Gayophytum,  272 

Erysimum,  168 

Fimbristylis,  71 

pumilum,  273 

offlcinale,  169 

thermalis,  71 

ramosissimum,  272 

Erysimum,  179 

Finger-grass  Tribe,  41 

Gentian  Family,  303 

Erythraea,  303 

Flax,  230 

GENTIANACEAE,  303 

venusta,  304 

Flax  Family,  229 

GERANIACEAE,  227 

Eschscholtzia,  161 

Foeniculum,  288 

Geranium,  227 

Californica,  161 

Foeniculum,  288 

Carolinianum,  227 

hypocoides,  161 

vulgare,  288 

Richardson!,  227 

peninsularis,  161 

Four-o'clock,  136 

Geranium  Family,  227 

Eucrypta,  321 

Four-o'clock  Family,  136 

Giant-reed,  44 

chrysanthemifolia,  321 

Frankenia,  252 

Gingseng  Family,  274 

Eulobus,  269 

grandiflora,  252 

Gilia,  313 

Californicus,  269 

Frankenia  Family,  251 

abrotanifolia,  313 

EUPATORIEAE,  390 

FRANK  ENIACEAE,  251 

achilleaefolia,  314 

Euphorbia,  234 

Franseria,  413 

atractyloides,  313 

albomarginata,  235 

acanthicarpa,  413 

aurea,  314 

dictyosperma,  236 

bipinnatiftda,  413 

Californica,  317 

melandenia,  235 

tenuifolia,  413 

ciliata,  319 

nutans,  236 

Fraxinus,  302 

densifolia,  316 

polycarpa,  235 

dipetala,  302 

dianthoides,  317 

serpyllifolia,  236 

Oregana,  302 

gilioides,  315 

EUPHORBIACEAE,  231 

Fremontia,  251 

inconspicua,  315 

Eupatorium,  391 

Californica,  251 

latiflora  exilis,  315 

Pasadense,  391 

Fremontodendron,  250 

Lemmoni,  318 

Euryptera,  290 

Californicum,  250 

liniflorus,  318 

Hassei,  291 

Fritillaria.  88 

micrantha,  318 

466 


Index 


Gilia  multicaulis,  314 

Grass,  Foxtail,  33 

Helianthus  Parishii,  415 

prostrata,  313 

Hair,  38 

Heliotrope,  329 

staminea,  314 

Hard,  58 

Heliotropium,  329 

tenella,  319 

Johnson,  21 

curvassavicum,  329 

tenuiflora  altissima, 

Kentucky  Blue,  50 

Hemizonia,  422 

315 

Meadow,  49 

fasciculata,  422 

virgata,  316 

Melic,  46 

minima,  423 

floribunda,  316 

Nit,  37 

tenella,  423 

mscidula,  313 

Orchard,  47 

Hesperocnide,  108 

Githopsis,  387 

Pampas,  44 

tenella,  108 

specularioides,  387 

Panic,  23 

Hesperoyucca,  91 

Glycyrrhiza,  224 

Ray,  57 

Whipplei,  92 

glutinosa,  224 

Salt,  47 

Heteromeles,  196 

Gnaphalium,  409 

Triple-nerved,  28 

arbutifolia,  197 

Californicum,  410 

Velvet,  38 

Heterotheca,  395 

Chilense,  410 

Wheat,  59 

grandifolia,  395 

leucocephalum,  410 

Wild  Oat,  40 

Heuchera,  190 

microcephalum,  410 

Grass  Family,  18 

elegans,  191 

palustre,  410 

Grindelia,  393 

Hieracium,  451 

purpureum,  411 

camporum,  393 

Parishii,  451 

ramosissimum,  410 

cuneifolia;  393 

Hippuris,  273 

Godetia,  266 

robusta,  393 

vulgaris,  273 

Bottae,  267 

Ground-cherry,  349 

Hoarhound,  341 

Dudleyana,  267 

Groundsel  Tribe,  437 

Holcus,  38 

epilobioides,  268 

Gutierrezia,  394 

lanatus,  38 

pulcherrima,  267 

divergens,  394 

Holodiscus,  196 

quadrivulnera,  267 

Gynerium,  44 

discolor,  196 

viminea,  267 

argentium,  44 

dumosus,  196 

Goldenrod,  396 

Gyrostachys,  95 

Honeysuckle,  381 

Golden  Stars,  86 

Romanzofflana,  95 

Honeysuckle  Family,  380 

Golden-top,  49 

HORDEAE 

Goosefoot,  124 

Habenaria,  94 

Hordeum,  59 

Goosefoot  Family,  123 

Unalaschensis,  94 

Gussonianum,  60 

Gourd  Family,  384 

HALORAGIDACEAE,  273 

maritimum,  60 

GRAMINEAE,  18 

Hasseanthus,  184 

murinum,  60 

Grape  Family,  244 

elongatus,  184 

nodosum,  60 

Grass,  Barley,  59 

multicaulis,  185 

depressum,  60 

Beard,  35 

Hazardia,  399  • 

Horkelia,  200 

Bent,  36 

squarrosa,  400 

Calif  ornica  sericea,  201 

Bermuda,  34 

Heath  Family,  295 

platycalyx,  201 

Blue-eyed,  93 

Hedge-nettle,  341 

puberula,  201 

Brome,  52 

HELENIEAE,  425 

sericea,  201 

Bur,  26 

Helenium,  433 

Hornwort,  151 

Canary,  26 

puberulum,  433 

Hornwort  Family,  150 

Cord,  41 

HELIANTHEAE,  414 

Hosackia,  216 

Crab,  23 

Helianthemum,  253 

brachycarpa,  217 

Ditch,  22 

Aldersonii,  253 

glabra,  219 

Drop-seed,  32,  34 

scoparium,  253 

maritima,  217 

English  Ray,  57 

Helianthus,  414 

parviflora,  217 

Feather,  29 

animus,  415 

Purshiana,  216 

Fescue,  51 

Oliveri,  415 

sericea,  219 

Index 


467 


Hulsea,  432 

Knotweed,  121 

Lepidospartum,  438 

heterochroma,  433 

Koeleria,  45 

squamatum,  438 

Hutchinsia,  174 

cristata,  45 

Leptilon,  403 

procumbens,  175 

pinetorum,  46 

Canadense,  404 

Hydrocotyle,  277 

pubescens,  46 

Leptochloa,  42 

ranunculoides,  277 

Koellia,  347 

mucronata,  42 

umbellata,  277 

Californica,  347 

Leptodactylon,  316 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE,  319 

Konig,  180 

Californicum,  317 

Hypochaeris,  445 

maritima,  180 

Leptosiphon,  318 

radicata,  446 

Krynitzkia,  334 

bicolor,  319 

oxycarya,  334 

parvijlorus,  318 

Ice-plant,  139 

Leptosyne,  416 

Incense  Cedar,  7 

LABIATAE,  338 

Douglasii,  417 

Indian  Hemp,  305 

Lace  Pod,  176 

gigantea,  417 

INULEAE,  406 

Lactuca,  450 

Lepturus,  58 

Ipomoea,  308 

Scariola,  450 

cylindricus,  58 

purpurea,  308 

Lady's  Mantle,  202 

incurvatus,  58 

Iris  Family,  92 

Lagophylla,  423 

Lessingia,  400 

Isocoma,  399 

ramosissima,  424 

glandulifera,  400 

vernonioides,  399 

Lamarckia,  48 

Libocedms,  7 

Isomeris,  181 

aurea,  49 

decurrens,  7 

arborea,  181 

Larkspur,  152 

Licorice,  224 

globosa,  181 

Lastarriaea,  112 

Lilaea,  15 

Chilensis,  112 

subulata,  15 

Jamestown-weed,  353 

Lathyrus,  226 

LlLIACEAE,  82 

Jaumea,  426 

Alfeldi,  226 

Lilium,  88 

carnosa,  426 

laetiflorus,  226 

Humboltii,  88 

JUGLANDACEAE,  96 

splendens,  226 

Lily,  88 

Juglans,  97 

violaceus,  226 

Lily  Family,  82 

Californica,  97 

Lasthenia,  429 

LlMNANTHACEAE,  237 

JUNCACEAE,  79 

glabrata  Coulteri,  429 

Limnanthus,  238 

JUNCAGINACEAE,  14 

Laurel  Family,  157 

Douglasii,  238 

Juncus,  80 

Lauraceae,  157 

Limonium,  301 

acutus  sphaerocarpus.80 

Layia,  424 

Californicum,  301 

Balticus,  80 

Legouzia,  386 

LlNACEAE,  229 

bufonius,  81 

biflora,  386 

Linanthus,  317 

Lescurii  elatus,  80 

LEGUMINOSAE,  2Q4 

aureus,  318 

longistylis,  81 

Lemna,  78 

bicolor,  319 

Mexicanus,  80 

cyclostasa,  78 

ciliatus,  319 

nodosm  megacephalus,  82 

gibba,  78 

dianthiflorus,  318 

patens,  81 

minima,  78 

Lemmoni,318 

phaeocephalus,  82 

minor,  78 

liniflorus,  317 

paniculatus,  82 

trisulca,  78 

parviflorus,  318 

robustus,  80 

Valdiviana,  78 

pusillus,  318 

Torreyi,  81 

LEMNACEAE,  77 

Linaria,  357 

Juniperus,  7 

Lepidium,  167 

Canadensis,  357 

Californica,  7 

acutidens,  168 

Linseed,  230 

occidentalis,  8 

dictyotum  acutidens,  168 

Linum,  230 

Jussiaea,  262 

lasiocarpum,  168 

usitatissimum,  230 

Californica,  262 

medium,  167 

Lippia,  338 

repens  Californica,  262 

nitidum,  168 

lanceolata,  338 

468 


Index 


Lithophragma,  191 

Lupinus  gracilis,  208 

Matilija  Poppy,  159 

afflnis,  192 

Grayi,  209 

Matricaria,  435 

Lizard-tail  Family,  95 

hirsutissimus,  207 

discoidea,  435 

Loasa  Family,  255 

latifolius,  208 

matricarioides,  435 

LOASACEAE,  255 

longifolius,  209 

Mayweed,  434 

Lobelia,  388 

micranthus,  208 

Mayweed  Tribe,  434 

splendens,  388 

rivularis  latifoliuf,  209 

Meadow-rue,  156 

Loco-  weed,  222 

sparsiflorus,  207 

Meconopsis,  162 

Loeflingia,  150 

truncatus,  207 

heterophylla,  162 

squarrosa,  150 

Lycium,  352 

Medicago,  210 

Lolium,  57 

Californicum,  352 

apiculata,  210 

perenne,  57 

Parishii,  353 

denticulata,  210 

multiflorum,  58 

Richii,  352 

lupulina,  211 

temulentum,  58 

Lycopus,  347 

orbicularis,  211 

Lomatium,  289 

lucidus,  348 

sativa,  210 

dasycarpum,  290 

LYTHRACEAE,  260 

Melica,  46 

utriculatum,  289 

Lythrum,  261 

imperfecta,  46 

Vaseyi,  289 

Californicum,  261 

flexuosa,  46 

Lonicera,  381 

minor,  46 

subspicata,  381 

Madaria,  419 

refracta,  47 

Loosestrife  Family,  260 

elegans,  420 

Melilotus,  211 

Lophotocarpus,  17 

Madder  Family,  377 

alba,  211 

calycinus,  17 

Madia,  419 

Indica,  211 

LORANTHACEAE,  109 

dissitiflora,  420 

Mentha,  348 

Lotus,  215 

sativa,  419 

piperita,  348 

Americanus,  216 

MADIEAE,  418 

spicata,  349 

argophyllus,  219 

Madrono,  296 

viridis,  349 

Davidsoni,  219 

Malacothrix,  448 

Mentzelia,  255 

glaber,  218 

Californica,  448 

afflnis,  256 

grandiflorus,218 

Cleveland!,  449 

albicaulis  integrifolia,25Q 

Heermanni,  220 

saxatilis  tenuiflora,  449 

dispersa,  256 

humistratus,  217 

Mallow,  246 

gracilenta,  256 

junceus,  219 

Mallow  Family,  245 

integrifolia,  256 

lathyroides,  216 

Malva,  246 

laevicaulis,  256 

leucophyllus,  219 

parviflora,  247 

micrantha,  256 

micranthus,  217 

pusilla,  247 

Mesembrianthemum,  139 

Nevadensis,  219 

MALVACEAE,  245 

aequilaterale,  139 

nudiflorus,  218 

Malvastrum,  248 

crystallinum,  139 

oblorigiflorus,  216 

Davidsonii,  249 

nodiflorum,  140 

rubellus,  217 

exile,  248 

Mesquit,  205 

salsuginosus,  217 

fasciculatum,  249 

Micrampelis,  385 

strigosus,  218 

Fremontii,  249 

macrocarpa,  385 

Wrangelianus,  216 

splendidum,  249 

Micromeria,  346 

Ludwigia,  263 

Thurberi,  249 

Chamissonis,  346 

dlffusa  Calif  ornica,  263 

Manzanita,  297 

Douglasii,  346 

Lupinus,  206 

Maple,  240 

Micropus,  407 

afflnis,  208 

Maple  Family,  240 

Californicus,  408 

Chamissonis,  209 

Mariposa  Lily,  89 

Microseris,  444 

longifolius,  209 

Marrubium,  341 

aphantocarpha   tenella, 

concinnus,  207 

vulgare,  341 

444 

cytisoides,  209 

Marsh  Rosemary,  301 

cyclocarpha,  445 

Index 


469 


Microsteris,  312 

Californica,  312 
Mignotte  Family,  182 
Milkweed,  306  • 
Milkweed  Family,  305 
Milkwort  Family,  230 
Millet  Tribe,  22 
Mimulus,  364 

Bigelovii,  365 

brevipes,  365 

cardinalis,  365 

fjrili*,  367 

floribundus,  366 

Fremonti,  365 

Langsdorfii  grandis,  366 

lutea*,  366 

microphyllus,  367 

moschatus,  365 

sessilifolium,  366 
Miners  Lettuce,  141 
Mint  Family,  338 
Mirabilis,  136 

Californica,  137 

multiflora  pubescens,136 
Mission  Bells,  88 
Mistletoe,  110 
Mistletoe  Family,  109 
Mock-orange,  384 
Modiola,  246 

Caroliniana,  246 
Mollugo,  138 

verticillata,  138 
Monanthochloe,  44 

littoralis,  44 
Monardella,  346 

lanceolata,  346 
Monkey-flower,  364 
Monolepsis,  126 

Nuttaliana,  126 
Monolopia,  429 

major,  430 
Montia,  141 

perfoliata,  142 

spathulata,  142 
Morning-glory,  308 
Morning-glory  Family,  307 
Mountain  Mahogany,  201 
Muhlenbergia,  32 

Californica,  32 

Parisfiii,  32 

sylvatica  Californica,  32 


Muilla,  85 

(Enanthe  sannentosa 

serotina,  85 

Californica,  287 

Mullen,  346 

fKiiothera,  269 

Mustard,  169 

alyssoidw,  272 

Mustard  Family,  164 

biennis  hirsutissima. 

MUTISEAE,  442 

269 

Myrica,  98 

bistorta,  270 

Californica,  98 

Veitchiano,  270 

MYRICACEAE,  97 

Californica,  452 

Myriophyllum,  274 

cheiranthifolia,  270 

spicatum,  274 

suffruticosa,  279 

dentata,  271 

Naiad,  12 
NAIDACEAE,  9 

hirtella,  271 
micrantha,  271 

Naias,  12 
flexilis.  13 
Nama  Parryii,  328 
Xaxtitrtiurn  officinale,  172 
Navarretia,  312 
atractyloides,  313 
prostrata,  313 
viscldula,  313 
Nemacladus,  387 

strigulosa,  271 
viridescens,  270 
OLEACEAE,  302 
Oligomeris,  182 
glaucescens,  183 
Olive  Family,  302 
ONAGKACEAE,  261 
Onagra,  268 

ramosissimus,  387 

Opuntia,  258 

montanus,  387 
pinnatifldus,  388 
Nemacaulis,  112 

Bernardina,  259 
Lindheimeri  littor- 

denudata,  112 
Nuttallii,  112 
Nemophila,  320 
aurita,  320 
insignis,  320 
integrifolia,  321 
Menziesii     integrifolia, 

alis,  259 
occidentalis,  259 
prolifera,  260 
Orchid  Family,  93 
ORCHIDACEAE,  93 
OROBANCHACEAE,  373 
Orobanche,  374 
Californica,  375 

321 
racemosa,  320 
Nemoseris,447 
Californica,  447 

tuberosa,  375 
Orthocarpus,  370 
densiflorus,  371 
Parishii,  371 

Nettle,  107 

Nettle  Family,  106 
Nicotiana,  &=>3 
Bigelovii,  354 
Cleveland!,  354 

purpurascens,  370 
Osmorhiza,  281 
brachypoda,  281 

OXALIDACEAE,  228 

Oxalis.229 

glauca,  354 
Nightshade,  350 
NYCTAGINACEAE,  136 

corniculata,  229 
Wrightii,  229 
Oxygraphis,  154 

Oak,  104 

Cymbalaria,  154 

Oat,  39 

Oxytheca,  115 

Wild,  39 

Parishii,  115 

Oat  Tribe,  38 

trilobata,  116 

CEnanthe,  287 

Owl-clover,  370 

470 


Index 


Paeonia,  152 

Petunia  parvifiora,  355 

Pinus  flexilis,  2 

Brownii,  152 

J'eucedanum,  289 

Jeffreyi,  4 

Palmerella,  388 

Phacelia,  321 

Lambertiana,  2 

debilis  serrata,  389 

brachyloba,  325 

monophylla,  3 

PANICEAE,  22 

ciliata,  323 

Murrayana,  4 

Panicum,  23 

Davidsonii    macrantha, 

Parryana,  3 

capillare,  24 

325 

ponderosa,  4 

colonum,  24 

distans,  323 

Sabiniana,  4 

Crus-galli,  23 

Douglasii,  325 

Torreyana,  3 

pube.8ce.ns,  24 

Fremontii,  326 

tuberculata,  5 

sanguinale,  23 

grandiflora,  324 

Piperia,  94 

scoparium,  24      ,; 

hispida,  322 

lancifolia,  94 

Papaver,  162 

longipes,  324 

longispica,  95 

Californicum,  163 

Magellanica,  322 

Piptocalyx,  331 

PAPAVEKACEAE,  158 

Parry  i,  324 

circumscissus,  332 

Parietaria,  108 

ramosissima    suffrutes- 

Plagiobothrys,  332 

debilis.  109 

cens,  322 

canescens,  332 

Paspalum,  22 

tanacetifolia,  323 

Cooperi,  333 

distichum,  22 

viscida,  323 

nothofulvus,  332 

Pastinaca,  291 

albiflora,  324 

Plane-tree,  195 

sativa,  291 

PHALABIDEAE,  26 

Plane-tree  Family,  194 

Pectocarya,  329 

Phalaris,  27 

PLANTAGINACEAE,  375 

linearis,  330 

Lemmoni,  27 

Plantago,  376 

penicillata,  330 

minor,  27 

Bigelovii,  377 

setosa,  330 

Philibertella,  306 

erecta,  376 

Pedicularis,  372 

Hartwegii  heterophylla, 

ob  versa,  377 

densiflora,  372 

306 

hirtella,  376 

semibarbata,  373 

Phleum,  33 

lanceolata,  376 

Penneywort,  277 

pratense,  33 

major,  376 

Pentacaena,  150 

Phoradendron,  110 

obversa,  376 

ramosissima,  150 

villosum,  110 

Plantain,  376 

Pentachaeta,  394 

macrophyllum,  110 

Plantain  Family,  375 

aurea,  394 

Phyllospadix,  13 

PLATANACEAE,  194 

Lyoni,  395 

Torreyi,  14 

Platanus,  195 

Pentstemon,  359 

Physalis,  349 

racemosa,  195 

centranthifolius,  360 

Greenei,  350 

Platystemon,  159 

cordifolius,  360 

ixocarpa,  350 

Californicum,  159 

heterophyllus,  361 

pedunculata,  350 

Platystigma,  159 

labrosus,  360 

Pbytolacca,  135 

denticulata,  159 

Palmeri,  361 

decandra,  135 

Plectritis,  382 

Parishii,  361 

PHYTOLACCACEAE,  135 

congesta  minor,  382 

spectabilis,361 

Pickeringia,  206 

minor,  382 

ternatus,  360 

montana,  206 

Pleuchea,  407 

Peony,  152 

Pimpernel,  299 

borealis,  407 

Peppergrass,  167 

PlNACEAE,  1 

camphorata,  407 

Perezia,  442 

Pine,  2 

sericea,  407 

microcephala,  443 

Pine  Family,  1 

PLUMBAGINACEAE,  301 

Perezia  Tribe,  442 

Pink  Family,  143 

Plumbago  Family,  301 

Perityle,  427 

Pinus,  2 

Poa,  49 

Californica  nuda,  427 

attenuata,  5 

annua,  49 

Petunia,  355 

Coulteri,  5 

Fendleriana,  50 

Index 


471 


Poa  inflrma,  50 

Prosopis  juliflora,  205 

Ranunculus  hebe- 

pratensis,  50 

pubescens,  206 

carpus,  155 

scabrella,  51 

Prunus,  203 

trichophyllus,  155 

Poison  Hemlock,  283 

demissa,  204 

Raphanus,  170 

Poison  Oak,  239 

tlicifolia,  204 

sativus,  170 

Pokeweed  Family,  135 

Pseudotsuga,  5 

Raspberry,  198 

POLEMONIACEAE,  311 

macrocarpa,  6 

Rattle-  weed,  222,  223 

Polycarpon,  149 

Psilocarphus,  408 

Razoumofskya,  109 

depressum,  149 

globiferus,  408 

occidentalis,  109 

Polygala,  231 

Psoralea,  220 

Rein-orchis,  94 

Californica,  231 

Californica,  221 

Reseda,  182 

POLYGALACEAE,  230 

macrostachya,  220 

lutea,  182 

POLYGONACEAE,  110 

orbicularis,  221 

RESEDACEAE,  182 

Polygonum,  121 

physodes,  220 

RHAMNACEAE,  240 

avioulare,  122 

Pterostegia,  111 

Rhamnus,  241 

Convolvulus,  123 

drymarioides,  111 

Californica,  241 

hydropiperoides,  122 

Ptiloria,  446 

tomentella,  242 

incarnatum,  122 

cichoriacea,  447 

crocea,  241 

lapathifolium,  122 

pleurocarpa,  446 

ilicifolia,  241 

nodoftum,  122 

virgata,  446 

Rhus,  238 

Polypogon,  35 

Pulse  Family,  204 

diversiloba,  239 

littoralis,  36 

Purslane,  142 

integrifolia,  239 

Monspeliensis,  35 

Purslane  Family,  140 

laurina,  239 

Pondweed,  10 

Pycnanthemum,  347 

ovata,  239 

Pondweed  Family,  9 

Californicum,  347 

trilobata,  240 

Pop-corn  Flower,  332 

PYROLACEAE,  294 

Ribes,  192 

Poplar,  99 

amarum,  193 

Poppy  Family,  158 

Querous,  104 

divaricatum,  193 

Populus,  99 

agrifolia,  106 

hesperium,  194 

Fremonti,  99 

Californica,  106 

malvaceum     viridifoli- 

trichocarpa,  99 

chrysolepis,  106 

um,  192 

Portulaca,  142 

Douglasii,  105 

Nevadense,  193 

oleracea,  142 

dumosa,  105 

speciosum,  194 

PORTULACEAE,  140 

Engelmanni,  105 

tenuiflorum,  192 

Potentilla,  198 

lobata,  105 

Ricinus,  233 

Anserina,  199 

Wislizeni,  106 

communis,  234 

glandulosa,  200 

Rock-rose,  253 

Neradensis,  200                   Radish,  170 

Rock-rose  Family,  252 

multijuga,  198                        Bafinesquia      Californica, 

Romero,  340 

Potamogeton,  10                                447 

Romneya,  159 

foliosus  Californicus,  11      Ragweed,  411 

Coulteri,  160 

fluitans,  10                              Ragweed  Tribe,  411 

trichocalyx,  160 

lonchites,  10 

Ramona,  344 

Roripa,  171 

natans,  10 

grandiflora,  344 

curvisliqua,  172 

pauciflorus  Californicus,         nivea,  344 

Nasturtium,  171 

11                                          polystachya,  345 

Rosa,  203 

pectinatus,  11                            stachyoides,  345 

Californica,  203 

Potato  Family,  349                  RANUNCULACEAE,  151 

ROSACEAE,  195 

Primrose  Family,  298              Ranunculus,  155 

Rose,  203 

PBIMTJLACEAE,  298                     Californicus,  155 

Rose  Family,  195 

Prosopis,  205                                 Cymbalaria,  155 

RUBIACEAE,  377 

472 


Index 


Rubus,  197 

Sambucus  glauca,  380 

Sedum  spathulifolium,  184 

leucodermis,  198 

Samolus,  299 

Senecio,  439 

Nutkanus,  197 

floribundus,  299 

Californicus,  439 

parviflorus,  197 

Valerandi     Americanus, 

Douglasii,  440 

vitifolius,  198 

299 

ilecetorum,  439 

Rumex,  119 

Sand  Rocket,  169 

vulgaris,  439 

Acetosella,  120 

Sand-verbena,  137 

SENECIONEAE,  437 

conglomeratus,  121 

SANICULA,  278 

Sesuvium,  138 

crispus,  121 

arguta,  279 

sessile,  139 

hymenosepalus,  121 

bipinnata,  280 

Shooting-star,  300 

persicarioides,  120 

bipinnatifida,  279 

Sida,  249 

pulcher,  120 

laciniata,  279 

hederacea,  249 

salicifolius,  120 

Menziesii,  278 

Sidalcea,  247 

Ruppia,  11 

Nevadensis,  279 

delphinifolia,  248 

maritima,  11 

tuberosa,  280 

humilis,  248 

Rush,  80 

Sarcodes,  295 

malvaeflora,  247 

Rush  Family,  79 

sanguinea.  295 

parviflora,  248 

Russian  Thistle,  132 

SAUBTTRACEAE,  95 

Silene,  143 

Roubieve,  126 

Saxifraga,  190 

Anglica,  144 

multifida,  126 

California,  190 

antirrhina,  144 

SAXIFBAGBACEAE,  188 

Gallica,  144 

Sage,  343 

Saxifrage,  190 

laciniata,  144 

Sagina,  146 

Saxifrage  Family,  188 

multinervia,  144 

occidentalis,  146 

Schoenus,  72 

verecunda,  145 

Sagittaria,  17 

nigricans,  72 

Silk-tassel  Tree,  293 

calycina,  17 

Scirpus,  67 

Sisymbrium  acutangulum, 

latifolia,  18 

Americanus,  67 

166 

variabilis,  18 

atrovirens,  69 

canescens,  177 

SALICACEAE,  98 

Californicus,  68 

offlcinale,  169 

Salicornia,  130 

cernuus,  67 

reflexum,  166 

ambigua,  130 

lacustris     occidentalis, 

Sisyrinchium,  93 

subterminalis,  130 

68 

bellum,  93 

Salix,  99 

maritimus,  69 

Sitanion,  62 

argophylla,  102 

microcarpus,  69 

anomalum,  64 

exigua,  102 

Olneyi,  68 

Californicum,  64 

virens,  102 

pungens,  68 

jubatum,  63 

laevigata,  100 

riparius,  67 

multisetum,  63 

.    lasiandra,  100 

robustus,  69 

Sium,  256 

lasiolepis,  101    • 

Tatora,  69 

cicutaefolium,  286 

macrostachyia,  101 

Screw  bean,  206 

heterophyllum,  286 

leucodendroides,  102 

Scrophularia,  359 

Skullcap,  340 

nigra  vallicola,  100 

Californica,  359 

Snap-dragon,  357 

Parishiana,  101 

SCROPHULARIACEAE,  355 

Sneezeweed,  433 

Salmon  Berry,  197 

Scutellaria.  340 

Sneezeweed  Tribe,  425 

Salsify,  448 

Bolanderi,  341 

Snowberry,  381 

Salsola,  132 

tuberosa,  340. 

Snow-plant,  295 

Tragus,  132 

Sea  Purslane,  138 

Soap-plant,  83 

Salvia,  343 

Sedge,  73 

SOLANACEAE,  349 

carduacea,  343 

Sedge  Family,  64 

Solanum,  350 

Columbariae,  343 

Sedum,  184 

Douglasii,  351 

Sambucus,  380 

obtusatum,  184 

rostrata,  352 

Index 


473 


Solanum  villosum,  351 

Sporobolus,  84 

Teasel  Family,  383 

Wallace!,  351 

airoides,  34 

Tetradymia,  438 

Xanti,  351 

asperifolius,  34 

comosa,  438 

glabrescens,  351 

Spruce,  6 

Thalesia,  374 

intermedium,  351 

Big-cone,  6 

fasciculata,  374 

Solidago,  396 

False,  5 

Thalictrum,  156 

Californica,  396 

Spurge  Family,  231 

polycarpum,  156 

confinis,  397 

Stanleya,  165 

Thelypodium,  165 

Sonchus,  449 

pinnata,  165 

lasiophyllum,  166 

asper,  450 

Star-thistle,  442 

inalienum,  166 

oleraceus,  449 

titellaria  media,  145 

Therofon,  189 

Sophia,  177 

nitens,  145 

elatum,  189 

incisa,  177 

Stercula  Family,  250 

rotundifolium,  189 

pinnata,  178 

STERCULIACEAE,  250 

Thistle,  440 

Sorghum,  21 

Stillingia,  234 

Thistle-sage,  343 

Halepense,  21 

linearifolia,  234 

Thistle  Tribe,  440 

Sorghum  Tribe,  20 

Stipa,  29 

Thorn-apple,  353 

Sow-thistle,  449 

coronata,  30 

Thysanocarpus,  176 

Spanish  Bayonet,  91 

eminens,  30 

curvipes,  177 

Sparganium,  9 

Andersonii,  30 

laciniatus,  177 

eurycarpum,  9 

Hassei.  29 

Tillaea,  188 

Spartina,  42 

Parishii,  30 

minima,  188 

folios  a,  42 

setigera,  31 

Timothy,  33 

glabra,  42 

speciosa,  31 

Tissa,  149 

Specularia,  386 

viridula,  31 

gracilis,  149 

biflora,  386 

Stone-crop  Family,  183 

macrotheca,  149 

Speedwell,  367 

Stramonium,  353 

marina,  148 

Spergula,  148 

Streptanthus,  166 

tenuis,  149 

arvensis,  148 

heterophyllus,  167 

Tobacco,  353 

Spergularia,  148 

Stylochine,  408 

Tornilla,  206 

Spike-rush,  70 

gnaphalioides,  408 

Tragopogon,  447 

Spiranthes,  95 

Stylophyllum,  185 

porrifolius,  448 

Romanzoffiana,  95 

densiflorum,  186 

Trichostema,  339 

Spirodela,  77 

Hassei,  185 

lanatum,  340 

polyrhiza,  77 

insulare,  185 

lanceolatum,  339 

Sphacele,  345 

Suada,  131 

Trifolium,  221 

calycina  Wallacei,  346 

Californica,  131 

albopurpureum,  213 

Sphaerostigma,  269 

mffrutescens,  131 

bifidum,  212 

alyssoides,  272 

Torreyana,  131 

ciliatum,  212 

bistorta,  270 

Sumac  Family,  238                       ciliolatum,  212 

campestre,  271 

Sunflower,  414 

depauperatum,  215 

Parishii,  272 

Sunflower  Family,  389 

furcatum,  214 

contortum,  271 

Sunflower  Tribe,  414 

gracilentum,  212 

Greenei,  271 

Sweet  Alyssum,  180 

involucratum,  213 

hirtellum,  271 

Sweet  Clover,  211 

Macraei,  213 

micranthum,  271 

Sycamore,  195                                  albopurpureum,  213 

spirale,  270 

Syntherisma,  23 

microcephalum,  214 

Veitchianum,  270 

sanguinalis,  23 

obtusiflorum,  214 

viridescens,  270 

pratense,  213 

Sphenosciadium,  288 

Tarweed,  419 

repens,  212 

capitellatum,  288 

Tarweed  Tribe,  418 

roscidum,  214 

474 


Index 


Trifolium  spinulosum,  213 

Verbesina,  416 

Waterwort  Family,  251 

stenophyllum,  215 

encelioides,  416 

Wax  Myrtle,  98 

tridentatum,  214 

Veronica,  367 

Western  Nettle,  108 

variegatum,  213 

Buxbaumii,  368 

Whispering  Bells,  326 

Wormskjoldii,  213 

Byzantina,  368 

White  Fir,  6 

Triglochin,  14 

peregrina,  368 

White  Sage,  345 

maritima,  15 

Vervain  Family,  336 

Wild  Buckwheat,  117 

Trisetum  barbatum,  53 

Vetch,  224 

Wild  Cucumber,  385 

Tropidocarpum,  173 

Vicia,  224 

Wild  Grape,  245 

dubium,  174 

Americana,  224 

Wild  Hyacinth,  86 

gracile,  173 

linearis,  225 

Wild  Pea,  226 

Typha,  8 

truncatus,  225 

Wild  Rye,  61 

angustifolia,  8 

Californica,  225 

Wild  Toad-flax,  357 

latifolia,  8 

exigua,  225 

Willow,  99 

TYPHACEAE,  8 

Hassei,  225 

Wintergreen  Family,  294 

sativa,  225 

Wolfflella,  79 

UMBELLIFERAE,  275 

Viola,  253 

lingulata,  79 

Umbellularia,  157 

bland  a,  254 

oblonga,  79 

Californica,  158 

crysantha,  225 

Wood-sorrel,  229 

Uropappus,  445 

Douglasii,  255 

Wood-sorrel  Family,  228 

Lindleyi,  445 

lobata,  254 

Woolly  Blue-curls,  340 

linearifolius,  445 

palmata  cucullata,  254 

Urtica,  107 

pedunculata,  254 

Xanthium,  413 

Breweri,  108 

VlOLACEAE,  253 

Canadense,  414 

holosericea,  107 

Violet,  253 

spinosum,  413 

urens,  107 

Violet  Family,  253 

Xylothermia,  206 

URTICACEAE,  106 

Virgin's  Bower,  154 

montana,  206 

VlTACEAE,  244 

Valerian  Family,  382 

Vitis,  245 

Yerba  Buena,  346 

VALERIANACEAE,  382 

Girdiana,  245 

Yerba  Manse,  96 

Valerfonella,  382 

Yucca,  92 

macrocera,  382 

Wallflower,  179 

arborescens,  92 

Velaea,  284 

Walnut,  97 

Whipplei,  92 

arguta,  284 

Walnut  Family,  96 

graminifolia,  92 

Parishii,  284 

Washingtonia,  281 

Venegasia,  426 

brachypoda,  281 

Zannichellia,  12 

carpesioides,  427 

Watercress,  171 

palustris,  12 

Verbascum,  356 

Water-hemlock  285 

Zauschneria,  263 

virgatum,  356 

Water-hoarhound,  347 

Californica  latifolia,  2€ 

Verbena,  336 

Water-leaf  Family,  319 

microphylla,  263 

bracteosa,  337 

Water-milfoil  Family,  273 

Zostera,  13 

polystachya,  337 

Water-plantain  Family, 

marina,  13 

prostrata,  337 

16 

Zygadene,  83 

urticifolia,  337 

Water-starwort  Family, 

Zygadenus,  83 

VERBENACEAE,  336 

237 

Fremontii,  83 

.      /             OF  THE    -^\ 

; 

'V                    OF                     Jt 

ERRATA 


Page  19,  line  8  —  for  " Andropogyneae  "  read  "Andropogoneae." 
"    28,    "  26  —  for  "  Pleum  "  read  "Phleum." 
"  159,    "     1  —  for  "  Cream  Cup  "  read  "  Creamcup." 
"  230,    "  15  — for  "L.   usitatissmum "   read   "  L.  usitatissi- 

mum." 

"  265,    "  15  —  after  "  Boisduvalia  "  insert  "  Spach." 
"  351,  after  line  5  insert   "Occasional  in  waste  places   about 

Los  Angeles." 


JIQLOGY  USftARl 


